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Policy Framework for Fire Risk Management of Built Heritage: A Comparison of the England and Turkey

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 24, 205 - 222, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaked2021.24.011

Öz

Fires threaten cultural heritage sites and lead to irreversible damages to tangible and intangible heritage components. Loss of life, destruction of structures or traditional pattern are possible consequences. Major causes of fires at heritage buildings include deficiencies in electrical installations, heat appliances during restoration works, chimney fires, and negligence about such security issues regarding any threat. Because of the use of wood as a building material, lack of maintenance and structural aging, and difficulties to adapt those buildings to modern life requirements, historic wooden towns and sites are highly vulnerable to fires. However, fires are often preventable if necessary measures are taken in advance. Therefore, fire risk assessment and management at cultural heritage sites and relevant enabling policies are significant topics. However, studies that examine the international and national policies and regulatory frameworks on that subject are in limited amount.
In this context, this study aims to discuss fire hazard and risk faced by cultural heritage. First, examples of cultural heritage exposed to fire hazards and viable policies to mitigate fire risk are discussed. Second, international policies that deal with fire risk safety for built heritage, including The Confederation of Fire Protection Associations Europe (CFPA-Europe) and National Association of Fire Protection (NFPA) are investigated. Following that, legal and administrative regulations and various directives at the national level for the fire risk that heritage exposed to in England and Turkey are evaluated. As a result of critical comparative analysis, the paper is concluded with suggestions on policy frameworks for preventing and mitigating fire risk for heritage buildings.

Kaynakça

  • ATILGAN, A., 5 Mart 2013. Tarihi Binalarda Çıkan Yangınlar. [ https://www.arkitera.com/gorus/tarihi-binalarda-cikan-yanginlar/]. Son Erişim Tarihi 06.04.2021.
  • BBC, 13 Mart 2015. Battersea Arts Centre Hit by Major Blaze. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-31879724]. Son Erişim Tarihi 25.04.2021.
  • BERNARDINI, G., 2017. “Fire Safety of Historical Buildings. Traditional Versus Innovative ‘’Behavioural Design’’ Solutions by Using Wayfinding Systems” içinde: Kacprzyk J (ed) SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Springer.
  • CEYLAN, O. & ARPACIOĞLU, Ü., 2017. Korunması Gerekli Taşınmaz Kültür Varlıklarında Edilgen Yangın Korunumu, İstanbul Örneği. Megaron, s.145-156.
  • CFPA-E, 2013. Managing Fire Safety in Historical Buildings-CFPA-E Guideline No 30:2013F [https://cfpa-e.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/guidelines/CFPA_E_Guideline_No_30_2013_F.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 18.01.2021.
  • DITLEY, J. & ORRAINEN, M., 2013. Foreword Managing Fire Safety in Historical Buildings-CFPA-E Guideline No 30:2013F içinde [https://cfpa-e.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/guidelines/CFPA_E_Guideline_No_30_2013_F.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 18.01.2021.
  • FERREIRA, T. M., VICENTE, R., MENDES DA SILVA, J. A. R., VARUM, H., COSTA, A., & MAIO, R., 2016. “Urban Fire Risk: Evaluation and Emergency Planning”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 20, s.739-745. HUANG, D., LI, L., ZHANG, H., SHI, L., XU, C. L. ve YANG, H., 2009. “Recent Progress in Research of Fire Protection on Historic Buildings”. Journal of Applied Fire Science, s.63-81.
  • HARRIS, C., 2021. England’s Cultural Heritage still at Risk on 30 years, International Fire Professional, Issue 35, [https://historicengland.org.uk/content/docs/advice/englands-cultural-heritage-at-risk-30years-on-ifp-35-feb21/] Son Erişim Tarihi 01.04.2021.
  • H@R, 2014. Heritage at Risk World Report 2011-2013 on Monuments and Sites in Danger, ICOMOS [https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Publications/HR2011-13final.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 02.04.2021.
  • JAHED, N., AKTAŞ, Y. D., RICKABY, P. & BİLGİN ALTINÖZ, A. G., 2020. “Policy Framework for Energy Retrofitting of Built Heritage: A Critical Comparison of UK and Turkey”. Atmosphere, 11(674), s.1-19.
  • JENNINGS, C. R., 2013. “Social and economic characteristics as determinants of residential fire risk in urban neighborhoods: A review of the literature”. Fire Safety Journal, s.13-19.
  • İBRAHİM, M. N., ABDUL-HAMİD, K., İBRAHİM, M. S., MOHD-DİN, A., YUNUS, R. M., & YAHYA, M., 2011. “The Development of Fire Risk Assessment Method for Heritage Building”. Procedia Engineering, s.317-324.
  • KARLSEN, E., 2001. Fire Protection of Norwegian Cultural Heritage. [http://www.itam.cas.cz/ARCCHIP/w04/w04_karlsen.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 11.02.2021
  • KELLEY, J., 2020. “Between Two Disasters: Western Hemisphere”. ICOMOS 6 ISCs Joint Meeting Proceedings Advancing Risk Management for the Shared Future, 17 October 2020. s.192-202.
  • KINCAID, S., 2019. Fires in Historical Buildings The Importance of Emergency Planning, [ihbc.org.uk/Yearbook/2019Yearbook/18/index.html] Son Erişim Tarihi 02.04.2021
  • LONDON FIRE BRIGADE, 2019. Fire Safety Guidance Note: Heritage and Buildings of Special Interest [https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/media/4810/gn_80-fire-safety-guidance-note-heritage-and-buildings-of-special-interest.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 18.01.2021
  • MARRION, C., 2016. “More Effectively Addressing Fire/Disaster Challenges to Protect Our Cultural Heritage”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 20, s.746-749.
  • MARRION, C., 2020. Protecting Our Cultural Icons from Fire: Lessons Learned from Notre Dame [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHgmGFKzy4g&ab_channel=WorldMonumentsFund] Son Erişim Tarihi 14.01.2021
  • NFPA 909, 2017. Codes for the Protection of Cultural Resources Properties- Museums, Libraries and Places of Worship [https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=909] Son Erişim Tarihi 16.02.2021
  • NFPA 914, 2019. Code for Protection of Historic Structures [https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=914] Son Erişim Tarihi 16.02.2021
  • ORHAN, E., 2018. “Tarihi Kent Merkezlerinin Kırılganlığı ve Afet Yönetimi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Ankara Saraçlar Sokağı Yangını Örneği”. İDEALKENT, 9 (23), s.189-215. DOI: 10.31198/idealkent.416793
  • ÖZGÜNLER, M., 2018. “Tarihi Binalarda Yangına Karşı Korunma ve Mevzuatın İrdelenmesi”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, s.14-21.
  • PAPAIOANNOU, K., tarih yok. Αn International Overview of Fire Protection of Cultural Heritage, [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kyriakos-Papaioannou/publication/228590718_AN_INTERNATIONAL_OVERVIEW_OF_FIRE_PROTECTION_OF_CULTURAL_HERITAGE/links/00b4952d3cbd187b42000000/AN-INTERNATIONAL-OVERVIEW-OF-FIRE-PROTECTION-OF-CULTURAL-HERITAGE.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 02.04.2021.
  • PEHLİVAN-ERAYBAT, G. F., 2017. Tarihi Yapılarda Pasif Yangın Önlemlerinin Artırılmasına Yönelik Bir yöntem Önerisi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • PICKARD, R., 1994a. “Fire Safety and Protection in Historic Buildings in England and Ireland- Part I”. Structural Survey, 12 (2), s.27-31.
  • PICKARD, R., 1994b. “Fire Safety and Protection in Historic Buildings in England and Ireland- Part II”. Structural Survey, 12 (3), s.8-10.
  • RAMACHANDRAN, G., 1999. “Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment”. Facilities, 17(9/10), s.363–377.
  • RTPI, 2017a. Summary: Responsibility for Fire Safety during the Development Application Process in England. [https://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/1911/summaryresponsibilityfiresafetyengland2017.pdf] 07.04.2021.
  • RTPI, 2017b. Improving Fire Safety in Development Management in England. [https://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/1912/improvingfiresafetydevelopmentmanagement2017.pdf] 07.04.2021
  • SARIKAYA Y., 2003. “Urban Fire Risk in Historic City Centers: The Case of Ankara Citadel”. The 7th Scientific Conference of Historical Structures: Historic Structures and Disasters.
  • GÜRSES SÖĞÜT, S., 2009. “Modern Bir İmarı Çözümleme Denemesi: 1865 Hocapaşa Yangını”. Mimarlık, 406, s.54-60.
  • STOVEL, H., 1998. Risk Preparedness: A Management Manual for World Cultural Heritage. ICCROM: Rome.
  • TOMAR, S. K., KAUR, A., DANGİ, H. K., GHAWANA, T., SARMA, K., 2017. “Fire Risk Analysis Using Geospatial Approach and Mitigation Measures for South-West Delhi”, International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology, 6 (8), s.131-137.
  • TWILT, L. & LOSTETTER, M. Ö., 2005. Position of Fire Safety of Cultural Heritage in the Regulatory System in Various European Countries [http://www.framemethod.net/indexen_html_files/wg1finalreport.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 15.02.2021.
  • TORERO, J. L., 2019. “Fire Safety of Historical Buildings: Principles and Methodological Appproach”. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 13(7), s.926-940.
  • ULUÇ, A., ŞENOL BALABAN, M., 2019. “The Comparison of Institutional Frameworks regarding Risk Management for Conservation of Cultural Heritage by Focusing on UNESCO World Heritage Sites: The Cases of the UK, Japan and Turkey”. Resilience, 3(2), s.347-367.
  • WATT, J. M., & KAPLAN, M. E., 2001. “Fire Risk Index for Historic Buildings”. Fire Technology, s.167-180.
  • Yönetmelik ve Yasalar Binaların Yangından Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik [https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/3.5.200712937.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 18.01.2021.
  • 2863 Sayılı Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kanunu [https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=2863&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5] Son Erişim Tarihi 20.01.2021.
  • Koruma Amaçlı İmar Planları ve Çevre Düzenleme Projelerinin Hazırlanması, Gösterimi, Uygulaması, Denetimi, Müelliflerine İlişkin Usul ve Esaslara Ait Yönetmelikte Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik [https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/01/20170105-5.htm] Son Erişim Tarihi 14.02.2021.
  • İnternet Kaynakları [URL 1] https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/02/world/americas/national-museum-brazil-fire.html (16.02.2021)
  • [URL 2] Australia bushfire taken toll on ancient Aboriginal sites, say archaeologists (ibtimes.sg) (15.02.2021)
  • [URL 3] https://docplayer.biz.tr/145671088-Fire-protection-practices-and-competence-based-training-in-historical-buildings-protecting-people-and-cultural-heritage-tr01-ka.html (19.02.2021)
  • [URL 4] http://uclg-mewa.org/uploads/file/748e86d91ae4409e9188794ddb6c004d/Sendai_TR.pdf (15.02.2021)
  • [URL 5] https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/IEBC2018/chapter-12-historic-buildings (09.04.2021)
  • [URL 6] https://cfpa-e.eu/cfpa-e-guidelines/ (10.02.2021)
  • [URL 7] https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fire_and_rescue_service (18.03.2021)
  • [URL 8] https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-50098200 (07.04.2021)
  • [URL 9] https://www.rtpi.org.uk/policy/2017/march/fire-safety-and-planning-in-england/ (07.04.2021)
  • [URL 10] https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/937931/ADB_Vol1_Dwellings_2019_edition_inc_2020_amendments.pdf (07.04.2021)
  • [URL 11] https://portal.ifehosting.org.uk/Portals/0/SIGs/Heritage%20SIG%20firefighting%20in%20thatched%20buildings%20document.pdf?ver=2019-04-18-085058-183 (17.02.2021)
  • [URL 12] https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/fire-safety-for-traditional-church-buildings/fire-safety-traditional-church-buildings/ (17.02.2021)
  • [URL 13] https://historicengland.org.uk/content/docs/advice/fire-safety-hot-work-historic-buildings/ (17.02.2021)
  • [URL 14] https://historicengland.org.uk/advice/technical-advice/parks-gardens-and-landscapes/opening-for-visitors-and-schools/#SectionFireworksText (02.04.2021)
  • [URL 15] https://www.fireservice.co.uk/safety/bonfires/ (02.04.2021)
  • [URL 16] https://historicengland.org.uk/advice/technical-advice/emergency-and-fire/response-plans/ (06.04.2021)
  • [URL 17] https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/media/4810/gn_80-fire-safety-guidance-note-heritage-and-buildings-of-special-interest.pdf (17.02.2021)
  • [URL 18] https://www.fireprotect.me.uk/janfeb2020.html (09.02.2021)
  • [URL 19] https://www.frsug.org/reports/Incidence_of_Fire_in_Heritage_Buildings.pdf (02.04.2021)

KÜLTÜREL MİRAS YANGIN RİSK YÖNETİMİ POLİTİKALARI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME: İNGİLTERE VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEKLERİ

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 24, 205 - 222, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaked2021.24.011

Öz

Yangınlar kültürel mirası tehdit etmekte ve geri dönüşü olmayan zararlara neden olmaktadır. Can kaybı, yapıların
ve geleneksel dokuların tahribatı yangınların olası sonuçları arasında yer almaktadır. Geleneksel yapılarda
meydana gelen yangınlar, elektrik tesisatı kusurları, restorasyon uygulamaları sırasında uygulanan ısıl işlemler,
bakımsız bacalar ve yangın güvenliği ihmali nedeniyle çıkmaktadır. Bu faktörlerin yanı sıra, ahşabın yapı
malzemesi olarak kullanılması, bakımsızlık, yapıların durumu ve acil durumlarda dar sokaklara ulaşımın zorluğu
nedeniyle Türkiye’deki tarihi çevreler yangınlara karşı oldukça hassastır. Yangınlar, karar verme süreçlerinin tüm
aşamalarında önlemler alınabildiği takdirde önlenebilir. Yangın risk yönetimine rehberlik eden politikaların varlığı
ve uygulanması, yangınların etkin tedbirlerle önlenmesi açısından kritik öneme sahiptir. Ancak uluslararası ve
ulusal yangın risk yönetimi politikaları ve düzenleyici çerçeve belgeleri inceleyen çalışmalar yetersizdir.
Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmanın amacı kültürel miras yangın risk yönetimi politikalarını, İngiltere ve Türkiye
örneklerini karşılaştırarak değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Birinci bölümde, kültürel mirası etkileyen yangın
olayları ve uygulanabilir yangın riski yönetimi politikaları tartışılmıştır. İkinci bölümde, tarihi yapı ve çevrelere
yönelik yangın risk yönetimiyle ilgili uluslararası politikalar değerlendirilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, Avrupa Yangından
Korunma Dernekleri Konfederasyonu (CFPA-E) ve Yangından Korunma Ulusal Birliği’nin (NFPA) yangın risk
yönetimiyle ilgili düzenlemeleri incelenmiştir. Üçüncü bölümde, İngiltere ve Türkiye’deki kültürel miras yangın riski yönetimine yönelik yasal ve idari düzenlemeler ulusal düzeyde değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma iki örneğin
karşılaştırmalı analizine dayalı olarak kültürel miras yangın risk yönetimi politika önerileriyle sona ermektedir.
Bu araştırma hem İngiltere hem de Türkiye örneğinde kültürel miras yangın riski yönetimi konusunda açıklayıcı
ve yasal olarak bağlayıcı düzenlemeler gerekliliğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • ATILGAN, A., 5 Mart 2013. Tarihi Binalarda Çıkan Yangınlar. [ https://www.arkitera.com/gorus/tarihi-binalarda-cikan-yanginlar/]. Son Erişim Tarihi 06.04.2021.
  • BBC, 13 Mart 2015. Battersea Arts Centre Hit by Major Blaze. [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-31879724]. Son Erişim Tarihi 25.04.2021.
  • BERNARDINI, G., 2017. “Fire Safety of Historical Buildings. Traditional Versus Innovative ‘’Behavioural Design’’ Solutions by Using Wayfinding Systems” içinde: Kacprzyk J (ed) SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Springer.
  • CEYLAN, O. & ARPACIOĞLU, Ü., 2017. Korunması Gerekli Taşınmaz Kültür Varlıklarında Edilgen Yangın Korunumu, İstanbul Örneği. Megaron, s.145-156.
  • CFPA-E, 2013. Managing Fire Safety in Historical Buildings-CFPA-E Guideline No 30:2013F [https://cfpa-e.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/guidelines/CFPA_E_Guideline_No_30_2013_F.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 18.01.2021.
  • DITLEY, J. & ORRAINEN, M., 2013. Foreword Managing Fire Safety in Historical Buildings-CFPA-E Guideline No 30:2013F içinde [https://cfpa-e.eu/wp-content/uploads/files/guidelines/CFPA_E_Guideline_No_30_2013_F.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 18.01.2021.
  • FERREIRA, T. M., VICENTE, R., MENDES DA SILVA, J. A. R., VARUM, H., COSTA, A., & MAIO, R., 2016. “Urban Fire Risk: Evaluation and Emergency Planning”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 20, s.739-745. HUANG, D., LI, L., ZHANG, H., SHI, L., XU, C. L. ve YANG, H., 2009. “Recent Progress in Research of Fire Protection on Historic Buildings”. Journal of Applied Fire Science, s.63-81.
  • HARRIS, C., 2021. England’s Cultural Heritage still at Risk on 30 years, International Fire Professional, Issue 35, [https://historicengland.org.uk/content/docs/advice/englands-cultural-heritage-at-risk-30years-on-ifp-35-feb21/] Son Erişim Tarihi 01.04.2021.
  • H@R, 2014. Heritage at Risk World Report 2011-2013 on Monuments and Sites in Danger, ICOMOS [https://www.icomos.org/images/DOCUMENTS/Publications/HR2011-13final.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 02.04.2021.
  • JAHED, N., AKTAŞ, Y. D., RICKABY, P. & BİLGİN ALTINÖZ, A. G., 2020. “Policy Framework for Energy Retrofitting of Built Heritage: A Critical Comparison of UK and Turkey”. Atmosphere, 11(674), s.1-19.
  • JENNINGS, C. R., 2013. “Social and economic characteristics as determinants of residential fire risk in urban neighborhoods: A review of the literature”. Fire Safety Journal, s.13-19.
  • İBRAHİM, M. N., ABDUL-HAMİD, K., İBRAHİM, M. S., MOHD-DİN, A., YUNUS, R. M., & YAHYA, M., 2011. “The Development of Fire Risk Assessment Method for Heritage Building”. Procedia Engineering, s.317-324.
  • KARLSEN, E., 2001. Fire Protection of Norwegian Cultural Heritage. [http://www.itam.cas.cz/ARCCHIP/w04/w04_karlsen.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 11.02.2021
  • KELLEY, J., 2020. “Between Two Disasters: Western Hemisphere”. ICOMOS 6 ISCs Joint Meeting Proceedings Advancing Risk Management for the Shared Future, 17 October 2020. s.192-202.
  • KINCAID, S., 2019. Fires in Historical Buildings The Importance of Emergency Planning, [ihbc.org.uk/Yearbook/2019Yearbook/18/index.html] Son Erişim Tarihi 02.04.2021
  • LONDON FIRE BRIGADE, 2019. Fire Safety Guidance Note: Heritage and Buildings of Special Interest [https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/media/4810/gn_80-fire-safety-guidance-note-heritage-and-buildings-of-special-interest.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 18.01.2021
  • MARRION, C., 2016. “More Effectively Addressing Fire/Disaster Challenges to Protect Our Cultural Heritage”. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 20, s.746-749.
  • MARRION, C., 2020. Protecting Our Cultural Icons from Fire: Lessons Learned from Notre Dame [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aHgmGFKzy4g&ab_channel=WorldMonumentsFund] Son Erişim Tarihi 14.01.2021
  • NFPA 909, 2017. Codes for the Protection of Cultural Resources Properties- Museums, Libraries and Places of Worship [https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=909] Son Erişim Tarihi 16.02.2021
  • NFPA 914, 2019. Code for Protection of Historic Structures [https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/all-codes-and-standards/list-of-codes-and-standards/detail?code=914] Son Erişim Tarihi 16.02.2021
  • ORHAN, E., 2018. “Tarihi Kent Merkezlerinin Kırılganlığı ve Afet Yönetimi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: Ankara Saraçlar Sokağı Yangını Örneği”. İDEALKENT, 9 (23), s.189-215. DOI: 10.31198/idealkent.416793
  • ÖZGÜNLER, M., 2018. “Tarihi Binalarda Yangına Karşı Korunma ve Mevzuatın İrdelenmesi”. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, s.14-21.
  • PAPAIOANNOU, K., tarih yok. Αn International Overview of Fire Protection of Cultural Heritage, [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kyriakos-Papaioannou/publication/228590718_AN_INTERNATIONAL_OVERVIEW_OF_FIRE_PROTECTION_OF_CULTURAL_HERITAGE/links/00b4952d3cbd187b42000000/AN-INTERNATIONAL-OVERVIEW-OF-FIRE-PROTECTION-OF-CULTURAL-HERITAGE.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 02.04.2021.
  • PEHLİVAN-ERAYBAT, G. F., 2017. Tarihi Yapılarda Pasif Yangın Önlemlerinin Artırılmasına Yönelik Bir yöntem Önerisi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen bilimleri Enstitüsü, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi.
  • PICKARD, R., 1994a. “Fire Safety and Protection in Historic Buildings in England and Ireland- Part I”. Structural Survey, 12 (2), s.27-31.
  • PICKARD, R., 1994b. “Fire Safety and Protection in Historic Buildings in England and Ireland- Part II”. Structural Survey, 12 (3), s.8-10.
  • RAMACHANDRAN, G., 1999. “Fire Safety Management and Risk Assessment”. Facilities, 17(9/10), s.363–377.
  • RTPI, 2017a. Summary: Responsibility for Fire Safety during the Development Application Process in England. [https://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/1911/summaryresponsibilityfiresafetyengland2017.pdf] 07.04.2021.
  • RTPI, 2017b. Improving Fire Safety in Development Management in England. [https://www.rtpi.org.uk/media/1912/improvingfiresafetydevelopmentmanagement2017.pdf] 07.04.2021
  • SARIKAYA Y., 2003. “Urban Fire Risk in Historic City Centers: The Case of Ankara Citadel”. The 7th Scientific Conference of Historical Structures: Historic Structures and Disasters.
  • GÜRSES SÖĞÜT, S., 2009. “Modern Bir İmarı Çözümleme Denemesi: 1865 Hocapaşa Yangını”. Mimarlık, 406, s.54-60.
  • STOVEL, H., 1998. Risk Preparedness: A Management Manual for World Cultural Heritage. ICCROM: Rome.
  • TOMAR, S. K., KAUR, A., DANGİ, H. K., GHAWANA, T., SARMA, K., 2017. “Fire Risk Analysis Using Geospatial Approach and Mitigation Measures for South-West Delhi”, International Journal of Emerging Research in Management &Technology, 6 (8), s.131-137.
  • TWILT, L. & LOSTETTER, M. Ö., 2005. Position of Fire Safety of Cultural Heritage in the Regulatory System in Various European Countries [http://www.framemethod.net/indexen_html_files/wg1finalreport.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 15.02.2021.
  • TORERO, J. L., 2019. “Fire Safety of Historical Buildings: Principles and Methodological Appproach”. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 13(7), s.926-940.
  • ULUÇ, A., ŞENOL BALABAN, M., 2019. “The Comparison of Institutional Frameworks regarding Risk Management for Conservation of Cultural Heritage by Focusing on UNESCO World Heritage Sites: The Cases of the UK, Japan and Turkey”. Resilience, 3(2), s.347-367.
  • WATT, J. M., & KAPLAN, M. E., 2001. “Fire Risk Index for Historic Buildings”. Fire Technology, s.167-180.
  • Yönetmelik ve Yasalar Binaların Yangından Korunması Hakkında Yönetmelik [https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/3.5.200712937.pdf] Son Erişim Tarihi 18.01.2021.
  • 2863 Sayılı Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıklarını Koruma Kanunu [https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuat?MevzuatNo=2863&MevzuatTur=1&MevzuatTertip=5] Son Erişim Tarihi 20.01.2021.
  • Koruma Amaçlı İmar Planları ve Çevre Düzenleme Projelerinin Hazırlanması, Gösterimi, Uygulaması, Denetimi, Müelliflerine İlişkin Usul ve Esaslara Ait Yönetmelikte Değişiklik Yapılmasına Dair Yönetmelik [https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/01/20170105-5.htm] Son Erişim Tarihi 14.02.2021.
  • İnternet Kaynakları [URL 1] https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/02/world/americas/national-museum-brazil-fire.html (16.02.2021)
  • [URL 2] Australia bushfire taken toll on ancient Aboriginal sites, say archaeologists (ibtimes.sg) (15.02.2021)
  • [URL 3] https://docplayer.biz.tr/145671088-Fire-protection-practices-and-competence-based-training-in-historical-buildings-protecting-people-and-cultural-heritage-tr01-ka.html (19.02.2021)
  • [URL 4] http://uclg-mewa.org/uploads/file/748e86d91ae4409e9188794ddb6c004d/Sendai_TR.pdf (15.02.2021)
  • [URL 5] https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/IEBC2018/chapter-12-historic-buildings (09.04.2021)
  • [URL 6] https://cfpa-e.eu/cfpa-e-guidelines/ (10.02.2021)
  • [URL 7] https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Fire_and_rescue_service (18.03.2021)
  • [URL 8] https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-50098200 (07.04.2021)
  • [URL 9] https://www.rtpi.org.uk/policy/2017/march/fire-safety-and-planning-in-england/ (07.04.2021)
  • [URL 10] https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/937931/ADB_Vol1_Dwellings_2019_edition_inc_2020_amendments.pdf (07.04.2021)
  • [URL 11] https://portal.ifehosting.org.uk/Portals/0/SIGs/Heritage%20SIG%20firefighting%20in%20thatched%20buildings%20document.pdf?ver=2019-04-18-085058-183 (17.02.2021)
  • [URL 12] https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/fire-safety-for-traditional-church-buildings/fire-safety-traditional-church-buildings/ (17.02.2021)
  • [URL 13] https://historicengland.org.uk/content/docs/advice/fire-safety-hot-work-historic-buildings/ (17.02.2021)
  • [URL 14] https://historicengland.org.uk/advice/technical-advice/parks-gardens-and-landscapes/opening-for-visitors-and-schools/#SectionFireworksText (02.04.2021)
  • [URL 15] https://www.fireservice.co.uk/safety/bonfires/ (02.04.2021)
  • [URL 16] https://historicengland.org.uk/advice/technical-advice/emergency-and-fire/response-plans/ (06.04.2021)
  • [URL 17] https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/media/4810/gn_80-fire-safety-guidance-note-heritage-and-buildings-of-special-interest.pdf (17.02.2021)
  • [URL 18] https://www.fireprotect.me.uk/janfeb2020.html (09.02.2021)
  • [URL 19] https://www.frsug.org/reports/Incidence_of_Fire_in_Heritage_Buildings.pdf (02.04.2021)
Toplam 59 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Kültürel çalışmalar
Bölüm Research Article
Yazarlar

Aynur Uluç 0000-0003-3100-5384

Meltem Şenol Balaban 0000-0003-2411-3563

Sibel Yıldırım Esen 0000-0002-4415-5958

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Aralık 2021
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 29 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 24

Kaynak Göster

APA Uluç, A., Şenol Balaban, M., & Yıldırım Esen, S. (2021). KÜLTÜREL MİRAS YANGIN RİSK YÖNETİMİ POLİTİKALARI ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME: İNGİLTERE VE TÜRKİYE ÖRNEKLERİ. TÜBA-KED Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi Kültür Envanteri Dergisi(24), 205-222. https://doi.org/10.22520/tubaked2021.24.011

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