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Monoteizm, Dualizm ve Politeizm Arasında: Eski İran’da Teolojinin Evrimi

Yıl 2024, , 145 - 170, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.53112/tudear.1463476

Öz

Ahura Mazda ve Zerdüşt teolojik anlamda İran tarihinde en önemli yeri işgal etmektedir. En son çalışmalar dikkate aındığında milattan önce birinci bin yılda veya öncesinde Zerdüşt’ün yeni dinini tebliğ etmesiyle birlikte ilk kez tanınmaya başlanan Ahura Mazda hem bilgeliğin hem de adaletin tecellisi olmuş ve kadir-i mutlak bir tanrı hüviyeti kazanmıştır. Kadim Aryanlar benzer ilahi varlıklara inansalar da bu özellikleri tek bir tanrıda tasvir etmemişlerdi. Zerdüş ise Gatalar’ında tek bir tanrıya yani Ahura Mazda’ya yalvarmaktadır. Zerdüşt sonrası da gerek önceki ilahi varlıkların tekrar Zerdüştî teolojide yer bulması gerekse Gatalar’ın ilahi varlıklarının yeni teolojik anlamlar kazanması sonucu bu durum politeizm, düalizm ve monoteizm arasında zaman içerisinde değişiklik göstermiştir. Teolojideki değişim bazen siyasi otoritenin dahliyle bazen de diğer dinlerin etkisi ile birlikte farklı yönlere doğru eğilmiştir. Makalemiz, Zerdüştî kutsal metinlerinden ve araştırma sonuçlarından oluşan literatürün incelenmesine ve analiz edilmesine dayalı nitel bir çalışma olup “İslam öncesi İran’da Ahura Mazda’nın teolojik konumu zaman içerisinde değişmişmidir?” ve “İran dini algısı ve Ahura Mazda’nın konumu ne ölçüde değişiklik göstermiştir” sorusu üzerine odaklanmaktadır. Amacımız bu sorunların tarih süreç içerisindeki muhtemel cevaplarını araştırmak ve analiz etmektir. Ayrıca tarih içerisindeki değişimin nedenleri ve neden olduğu durumlar üzerine değerlendirmeler ve çıkarımlar yapmak hedeflenmektedir. Ahura Mazda ve dini anlayışın değişimini etkileyen faktörler ise çalışmamız sınırları dışındadır.

Kaynakça

  • Agathias. (1975). The Histories (J. D. Frendo, Çev.). Walter de Gruyter.
  • Akyar, N. (2023). Eski İran’da rahipler. Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Alıcı, M. (2012). Kadim İran’da din: Monoteizmden düalizme Mecûsî Tanrı anlayışı. Ayışığı Kitapları.
  • Alıcı, M. (2019). İslam öncesi İran’da dinî düşünce. İçinde H. Uygur & A. Rexhepi (Ed.), İran Düşünce Tarihi (ss. 13-87). İram Yayınları.
  • Altungök, A. (2015). Eski İran’da din ve toplum (MS. 226-652). Hikmetevi.
  • Basil. (1886). The Letters. İçinde P. Schaff (Ed.), Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (C. 8, ss. 356-929). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  • Benveniste, É. (1377). Dîn-i Îrânî: Ber Pâyei Metinhâyi Mu’teber-i Yûnânî (B. Serkârâtî, Çev.). Neşr-i Katre.
  • Boyce, M. (1957). Some reflections on Zurvanism. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 19(2), 304- 316.
  • Boyce, M. (1968). The Letter of tansar. Istituto İtaliano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
  • Boyce, M. (1975a). A History of Zoroastrianism I. Brill.
  • Boyce, M. (1975b). A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian And Parthian texts with notes. Brill.
  • Boyce, M. (1979). Zoroastrians; Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Boyce, M. (1982). A History of Zoroastrianism II. Brill.
  • Boyce, M. (1990). Textual sources for the study of Zoroastrianism. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Boyce, M. (2011a). Achaemenid religion. İçinde Encyclopædia Iranica (C. 1/4, ss. 426-429). Eisenbrauns Inc. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-religion
  • Boyce, M. (2011b). Ahura Mazdā. İçinde Encyclopædia Iranica (C. 1/7, ss. 684-687). Eisenbrauns Inc. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahura-mazda
  • Briant, P. (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of Persian Empire (P. T. Daniels, Çev.). Eisenbrauns.
  • Brosius, M. (2006). The Persians: An Introduction. Routledge.
  • Christensen, A. (1367). Iran dar Zamān-e Sasaniyān (G. R. R. Yāsemî, Çev.). Emīr-i Kebīr.
  • Christensen, A. (1939). Sasanid Persia. İçinde The Cambridge Ancient History (C. 7, ss. 109-137). Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, P. (1998). Zoroastrianism: An ıntroduction to an ancient faith. Sussex Academic Press.
  • Colpe, C. (1983). Development of religious thought. İçinde E. Yarshater (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran: Seleucid Parthian (C. 3, ss. 819-865). Cambridge University Press.
  • Curtius Rufus, Q. (1946). The History of the life and reign of Alexander the Great (J. C. Rolfe, Çev.). Harvard Universty Press.
  • Daryaee, T. (2009). Sasanian Persia the rise and fall of an empire. I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
  • De Jong, A. (1997). Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin literature (R. Van Den Borek, H. J. W. Drijvers, & H. S. Versnel, Ed.). Brill.
  • De Jong, A. (2015). Religion and politics in Pre-Islamic Iran. İçinde M. Stausberg, Y. Sohrab, & D. Vevaina (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism (ss. 85-101). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Denkard, Book 9: Details of Nasks 1-3, 21 (The Original Gathic Texts) (E. W. West, Çev.). (1997). http://www.avesta.org/denkard/dk9.pdf
  • Dhalla, M. N. (1914). Zoroastrian Theology From The Earliest Times to the Present Day.
  • Diogenes Laertius. (1925). Lives of eminent philosophers (R. D. Hicks, Çev.). William Heinemann.
  • Doniger, W. (Ed.). (1981). The Rig veda. Penguin Books.
  • Duchesne-Guillemin, J. (1984). Ahriman. İçinde Encyclopædia Iranica: C. 1/6-7 (ss. 670-673). Eisenbrauns Inc. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahriman
  • Eilers, W. (1974). Le texte cunéiforme du Cylindre de Cyrus. İçinde Acta Iranica 2 (ss. 25-33). Brill.
  • Gershevitch, I. (1964). Zoroaster’s own contribution. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 23(1), 12-38.
  • Haugh, M. (1870). Essay on the Pahlavi language. The K. Hofbuchdruckerei zu Guttenberg.
  • Haugh, M. (1878). The Sacred language, Writings and Religion of the Parsis (E. W. West, Ed.). Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill.
  • Herodotos. (2019). Tarih (M. Ökmen, Çev.). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Hintze, A. (2008). On the prophetic and priestly authority of Zarathustra. İçinde J. K. Choksy & J. Dubeansky (Ed.), Gifts to a Magus: Indo-Iranian Studies Honoring Firoze Kotwal (ss. 43-58). Peter Lang.
  • Hintze, A. (2015). Zarathustra’s Time and homeland: Linguistic perspectives. İçinde M. Stausberg, Y. Sohrab, D. Vevaina, & A. Tessmann (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism (ss. 31-38). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Huart, C. (1927). Ancient Persia and Iranian civilization. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
  • Isidore of Charax. (1914). Parthian stations by ısidore of charax: An account of the overland trade route between the levant and India in The first century B.C. (W. H. Schoff, Ed.). The Commercial Museum.
  • Kartir. (t.y.). Kartir inscription on the Kabah of Zartusht (N. MacKenzie, Çev.). Geliş tarihi 15 Nisan 2023, gönderen http://www.avesta.org/mp/kz.html
  • Kellens, J. (2015). The Gāthās, Said to Be of Zarathustra. İçinde M. Stausberg, Y. Sohrab, & D. Vevaina (Ed.), & P. Taylor (Çev.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism (ss. 44-50). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Kreyenbroek, P. G. (2012). Iran ix. Religions in Iran (1) Pre-Islamic (1.1) Overview. İçinde Encyclopædia Iranica (C. 13/4, ss. 432-439). Eisenbrauns Inc. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-ix1-religions-in-iran-pre-islamic
  • Kuiper, F. B. J. (1976). Ahura Mazdā ‘Lord wisdom’? Indo-Iranian Journal, 18(1-2), 25-42.
  • Lecoq, P. (1997). Les inscriptions de la Perse achéménide. Gallimard.
  • Madan, D. M. (Ed.). (1911a). The Complete text of the Pahlavi Dinkard: C. I. The Society for the Promotion of Researches into the Zoroastrian Religion.
  • Madan, D. M. (Ed.). (1911b). The Complete text of the Pahlavi Dinkard: C. II. The Society for the Promotion of Researches into the Zoroastrian Religion.
  • Manushchihr-i Goshnajaman. (1882). Dadestan-i Denig. İçinde E. W. West (Çev.), Sacred Books of the East (C. 18). Oxford University Press.
  • Marcellinus, A. (1911). The Roman history of Ammianus Marcellinus (C. D. Yonge, Çev.). G. Bell and Sons.
  • Masani, R. (1968). Zoroastrianism religion of good life. Macmillan and Co.
  • Mehr, F. (1991). The Zoroastrian tradition: An ıntroduction to the ancient wisdom of Zarathushtra. Element Press.
  • Milani, M. (2013). Sufism in the secret history of Persia. Routledge.
  • Mills, L. (1900). The Gathas of Zarathushtra {Zoroaster) in metre and rhythm (Bombay 1892-1894). Brockhaus.
  • Moulton, J. H. (1911). Early religious poetry of Persia. Cambridge Universty Press.
  • Moulton, J. H. (1926). Early Zoroastrianism. The Hibbert Lectures.
  • Nefîsî, S. (1387). Târîh-i Temeddün-i Îrân-ı Sâsânî. Şirket-i Mütâlaât ve Neşr-i Kitâb-ı Pârse.
  • Özbay, B. (2017). Huastuanift; Manihaist Uygurların Tövbe Duası. Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Platon. (2010). Alkibiades I-II (F. Akderin, Çev.). Say Yayınları.
  • Rawlinson, G. (1959). The Seven great monarchies of the ancient eastern world (C. 2). Jhon W. Lovell Company.
  • Rezi, H. (2014). Zerdüşt hayat zaman mekân (E. Çardakçı, Çev.). Avesta Yayınları.
  • Sanjana, P. B. (Ed.). (1888). The Dinkard: C. V. The Duftur Ashkara.
  • Schmitt, R. (1991). The Bisitun Inscriptions of darius the great: Old Persian text. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum.
  • Selections of Zadsparam. (1880). İçinde E. W. West (Çev.), Sacred Books of the East 5 (ss. 153-188). Clarendon Press.
  • Simonin, A. (t.y.). The Cyrus cylinder. İçinde Ancient History Encyclopedia. Geliş tarihi 12 Aralık 2017, gönderen https://www.ancient.eu/article/166/the-cyrus-cylinder/
  • Skjærvø, P. O. (2003). Zarathustra: First poet-sacrificer. İçinde H.-P. Schmidt & S. Adhami (Ed.), Paitimāna: Essays in Iranian, Indo-European, and Indian Studies in Honor of Hanns-Peter Schmidt (ss. 157-194). Mazda Publishers.
  • Skjærvø, P. O. (2005). Introduction to Zoroastrianism. http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Zoroastrianism.Bibl.O
  • Skjærvø, P. O. (2007). The Videvdad: İts Ritual-Mythical Significance. İçinde V. S. Curtis & S. Stewart (Ed.), The idea of Iran: The Age of Parthians lll (ss. 105-141). I.B. Tauris.
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  • Yıldırım, N. (2010). Eski İran’da dinler ve dinsel inanışlar-I. Doğu Araştırmaları, 1(5), 5-32.
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Between Monotheism, Dualism and Polytheism: The Evolution of Theology in Ancient Iran

Yıl 2024, , 145 - 170, 28.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.53112/tudear.1463476

Öz

In Iranian history, the figures of Ahura Mazda and Zoroaster occupy a pivotal position in theological terms. In light of the most recent scholarship, Ahura Mazda, who first became known after Zoroaster preached his new religion in the first millennium BCE or before, came to be regarded as the embodiment of both wisdom and justice and acquired the identity of an omnipotent deity. Although the ancient Aryans held similar beliefs about divine beings, they did not ascribe these characteristics to a single deity. In contrast, Zarathustra implores a singular deity, namely Ahura Mazda, in his Gathas. Following Zoroaster, the situation underwent a transformation over time, evolving from polytheism, dualism, and monotheism. This was due to the reincorporation of previous divine beings into Zoroastrian theology and the acquisition of new theological meanings by the divine beings of the Gatas. The evolution of Zoroastrian theology has followed a variety of trajectories, at times shaped by the actions of political authorities and at other times influenced by the tenets of other religious traditions. This article presents a qualitative study based on an examination and analysis of the extant literature on Zoroastrian sacred texts and research results. The question of whether the theological position of Ahura Mazda has changed over time in pre-Islamic Iran is of interest. This article focuses on the question of how the perception of Iranian religion and the position of Ahura Mazda have changed. The objective of this study is to investigate and analyze potential responses to these issues throughout history. Additionally, it seeks to evaluate and infer reasons for change throughout history and the circumstances it produced. However, the factors influencing Ahura Mazda and the evolution of religious understanding are beyond the scope of this study.

Kaynakça

  • Agathias. (1975). The Histories (J. D. Frendo, Çev.). Walter de Gruyter.
  • Akyar, N. (2023). Eski İran’da rahipler. Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • Alıcı, M. (2012). Kadim İran’da din: Monoteizmden düalizme Mecûsî Tanrı anlayışı. Ayışığı Kitapları.
  • Alıcı, M. (2019). İslam öncesi İran’da dinî düşünce. İçinde H. Uygur & A. Rexhepi (Ed.), İran Düşünce Tarihi (ss. 13-87). İram Yayınları.
  • Altungök, A. (2015). Eski İran’da din ve toplum (MS. 226-652). Hikmetevi.
  • Basil. (1886). The Letters. İçinde P. Schaff (Ed.), Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers (C. 8, ss. 356-929). Christian Classics Ethereal Library.
  • Benveniste, É. (1377). Dîn-i Îrânî: Ber Pâyei Metinhâyi Mu’teber-i Yûnânî (B. Serkârâtî, Çev.). Neşr-i Katre.
  • Boyce, M. (1957). Some reflections on Zurvanism. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 19(2), 304- 316.
  • Boyce, M. (1968). The Letter of tansar. Istituto İtaliano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.
  • Boyce, M. (1975a). A History of Zoroastrianism I. Brill.
  • Boyce, M. (1975b). A Reader in Manichaean Middle Persian And Parthian texts with notes. Brill.
  • Boyce, M. (1979). Zoroastrians; Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  • Boyce, M. (1982). A History of Zoroastrianism II. Brill.
  • Boyce, M. (1990). Textual sources for the study of Zoroastrianism. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Boyce, M. (2011a). Achaemenid religion. İçinde Encyclopædia Iranica (C. 1/4, ss. 426-429). Eisenbrauns Inc. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/achaemenid-religion
  • Boyce, M. (2011b). Ahura Mazdā. İçinde Encyclopædia Iranica (C. 1/7, ss. 684-687). Eisenbrauns Inc. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahura-mazda
  • Briant, P. (2002). From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of Persian Empire (P. T. Daniels, Çev.). Eisenbrauns.
  • Brosius, M. (2006). The Persians: An Introduction. Routledge.
  • Christensen, A. (1367). Iran dar Zamān-e Sasaniyān (G. R. R. Yāsemî, Çev.). Emīr-i Kebīr.
  • Christensen, A. (1939). Sasanid Persia. İçinde The Cambridge Ancient History (C. 7, ss. 109-137). Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, P. (1998). Zoroastrianism: An ıntroduction to an ancient faith. Sussex Academic Press.
  • Colpe, C. (1983). Development of religious thought. İçinde E. Yarshater (Ed.), The Cambridge History of Iran: Seleucid Parthian (C. 3, ss. 819-865). Cambridge University Press.
  • Curtius Rufus, Q. (1946). The History of the life and reign of Alexander the Great (J. C. Rolfe, Çev.). Harvard Universty Press.
  • Daryaee, T. (2009). Sasanian Persia the rise and fall of an empire. I. B. Tauris & Co. Ltd.
  • De Jong, A. (1997). Traditions of the Magi: Zoroastrianism in Greek and Latin literature (R. Van Den Borek, H. J. W. Drijvers, & H. S. Versnel, Ed.). Brill.
  • De Jong, A. (2015). Religion and politics in Pre-Islamic Iran. İçinde M. Stausberg, Y. Sohrab, & D. Vevaina (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism (ss. 85-101). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Denkard, Book 9: Details of Nasks 1-3, 21 (The Original Gathic Texts) (E. W. West, Çev.). (1997). http://www.avesta.org/denkard/dk9.pdf
  • Dhalla, M. N. (1914). Zoroastrian Theology From The Earliest Times to the Present Day.
  • Diogenes Laertius. (1925). Lives of eminent philosophers (R. D. Hicks, Çev.). William Heinemann.
  • Doniger, W. (Ed.). (1981). The Rig veda. Penguin Books.
  • Duchesne-Guillemin, J. (1984). Ahriman. İçinde Encyclopædia Iranica: C. 1/6-7 (ss. 670-673). Eisenbrauns Inc. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ahriman
  • Eilers, W. (1974). Le texte cunéiforme du Cylindre de Cyrus. İçinde Acta Iranica 2 (ss. 25-33). Brill.
  • Gershevitch, I. (1964). Zoroaster’s own contribution. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 23(1), 12-38.
  • Haugh, M. (1870). Essay on the Pahlavi language. The K. Hofbuchdruckerei zu Guttenberg.
  • Haugh, M. (1878). The Sacred language, Writings and Religion of the Parsis (E. W. West, Ed.). Trübner & Co., Ludgate Hill.
  • Herodotos. (2019). Tarih (M. Ökmen, Çev.). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Hintze, A. (2008). On the prophetic and priestly authority of Zarathustra. İçinde J. K. Choksy & J. Dubeansky (Ed.), Gifts to a Magus: Indo-Iranian Studies Honoring Firoze Kotwal (ss. 43-58). Peter Lang.
  • Hintze, A. (2015). Zarathustra’s Time and homeland: Linguistic perspectives. İçinde M. Stausberg, Y. Sohrab, D. Vevaina, & A. Tessmann (Ed.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism (ss. 31-38). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Huart, C. (1927). Ancient Persia and Iranian civilization. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.
  • Isidore of Charax. (1914). Parthian stations by ısidore of charax: An account of the overland trade route between the levant and India in The first century B.C. (W. H. Schoff, Ed.). The Commercial Museum.
  • Kartir. (t.y.). Kartir inscription on the Kabah of Zartusht (N. MacKenzie, Çev.). Geliş tarihi 15 Nisan 2023, gönderen http://www.avesta.org/mp/kz.html
  • Kellens, J. (2015). The Gāthās, Said to Be of Zarathustra. İçinde M. Stausberg, Y. Sohrab, & D. Vevaina (Ed.), & P. Taylor (Çev.), The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Zoroastrianism (ss. 44-50). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
  • Kreyenbroek, P. G. (2012). Iran ix. Religions in Iran (1) Pre-Islamic (1.1) Overview. İçinde Encyclopædia Iranica (C. 13/4, ss. 432-439). Eisenbrauns Inc. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-ix1-religions-in-iran-pre-islamic
  • Kuiper, F. B. J. (1976). Ahura Mazdā ‘Lord wisdom’? Indo-Iranian Journal, 18(1-2), 25-42.
  • Lecoq, P. (1997). Les inscriptions de la Perse achéménide. Gallimard.
  • Madan, D. M. (Ed.). (1911a). The Complete text of the Pahlavi Dinkard: C. I. The Society for the Promotion of Researches into the Zoroastrian Religion.
  • Madan, D. M. (Ed.). (1911b). The Complete text of the Pahlavi Dinkard: C. II. The Society for the Promotion of Researches into the Zoroastrian Religion.
  • Manushchihr-i Goshnajaman. (1882). Dadestan-i Denig. İçinde E. W. West (Çev.), Sacred Books of the East (C. 18). Oxford University Press.
  • Marcellinus, A. (1911). The Roman history of Ammianus Marcellinus (C. D. Yonge, Çev.). G. Bell and Sons.
  • Masani, R. (1968). Zoroastrianism religion of good life. Macmillan and Co.
  • Mehr, F. (1991). The Zoroastrian tradition: An ıntroduction to the ancient wisdom of Zarathushtra. Element Press.
  • Milani, M. (2013). Sufism in the secret history of Persia. Routledge.
  • Mills, L. (1900). The Gathas of Zarathushtra {Zoroaster) in metre and rhythm (Bombay 1892-1894). Brockhaus.
  • Moulton, J. H. (1911). Early religious poetry of Persia. Cambridge Universty Press.
  • Moulton, J. H. (1926). Early Zoroastrianism. The Hibbert Lectures.
  • Nefîsî, S. (1387). Târîh-i Temeddün-i Îrân-ı Sâsânî. Şirket-i Mütâlaât ve Neşr-i Kitâb-ı Pârse.
  • Özbay, B. (2017). Huastuanift; Manihaist Uygurların Tövbe Duası. Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Platon. (2010). Alkibiades I-II (F. Akderin, Çev.). Say Yayınları.
  • Rawlinson, G. (1959). The Seven great monarchies of the ancient eastern world (C. 2). Jhon W. Lovell Company.
  • Rezi, H. (2014). Zerdüşt hayat zaman mekân (E. Çardakçı, Çev.). Avesta Yayınları.
  • Sanjana, P. B. (Ed.). (1888). The Dinkard: C. V. The Duftur Ashkara.
  • Schmitt, R. (1991). The Bisitun Inscriptions of darius the great: Old Persian text. Corpus Inscriptionum Iranicarum.
  • Selections of Zadsparam. (1880). İçinde E. W. West (Çev.), Sacred Books of the East 5 (ss. 153-188). Clarendon Press.
  • Simonin, A. (t.y.). The Cyrus cylinder. İçinde Ancient History Encyclopedia. Geliş tarihi 12 Aralık 2017, gönderen https://www.ancient.eu/article/166/the-cyrus-cylinder/
  • Skjærvø, P. O. (2003). Zarathustra: First poet-sacrificer. İçinde H.-P. Schmidt & S. Adhami (Ed.), Paitimāna: Essays in Iranian, Indo-European, and Indian Studies in Honor of Hanns-Peter Schmidt (ss. 157-194). Mazda Publishers.
  • Skjærvø, P. O. (2005). Introduction to Zoroastrianism. http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/Zoroastrianism.Bibl.O
  • Skjærvø, P. O. (2007). The Videvdad: İts Ritual-Mythical Significance. İçinde V. S. Curtis & S. Stewart (Ed.), The idea of Iran: The Age of Parthians lll (ss. 105-141). I.B. Tauris.
  • Skjærvø, P. O. (2011). The Spirit of Zoroastrianism. Yale University Press.
  • Stronach, D. (1984). Notes on Religion in Iran in The Seventh and Sixth Centuries B.C. İçinde Orientalia J. Duchesne- Guillemin Emerito Oblata (C. 9, ss. 479-490). Brill.
  • Tarlan, A. N. (1935). Zerdüşt’ün Gatalar’ı. Suhulet Matbaası.
  • The Bundahish. (1880). İçinde E. W. West (Çev.), Sacred Books of the East 5 (ss. 1-152). Clarendon Press.
  • The Dinai Mainog-i Khirad. (1885). İçinde E. W. West (Çev.), Sacred Books of the East 24 (ss. 1-114). Clarendon Press.
  • The Gathas. (1887). İçinde L. H. Mills (Çev.), The Sacred Books of the East 31 (ss. 1-194). Clarendon Press.
  • Tolman, H. C. (1908). Tiıe Behistan Inscription of King Darius. Vanderbilt University.
  • Xenophon. (1897). The Cyropaedia of Xenophon (C. W. Gleason, Çev.). American Book Company.
  • Yıldırım, N. (2010). Eski İran’da dinler ve dinsel inanışlar-I. Doğu Araştırmaları, 1(5), 5-32.
  • Yıldırım, N. (2012). İran mitolojisi. Pinhan Yayıncılık.
  • Zaehner, R. C. (1955). Zurvan: A Zoroastrian Dilemma. Clarendon Press.
  • Zaehner, R. C. (1961). The Dawn and twilight of Zoroastrianism. Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Doğu Dinleri ve Gelenekleri Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Nevfel Akyar 0000-0002-2712-7576

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Haziran 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 2 Nisan 2024
Kabul Tarihi 17 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Akyar, N. (2024). Monoteizm, Dualizm ve Politeizm Arasında: Eski İran’da Teolojinin Evrimi. Türkiye Din Eğitimi Araştırmaları Dergisi(17), 145-170. https://doi.org/10.53112/tudear.1463476

Türkiye Din Eğitimi Araştırmaları Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY-NC 4.0) ile lisanslanmıştır.