The Comparison of Food Addiction Rates and Characteristics Between Obese and Non-Obese Individuals: A Cross-Sectional Study

Öz

Aim: Even though obesity and food addiction have been linked, only a small number of obese individuals fulfill the diagnostic criteria for food addiction, on the other hand some normal and underweight people also meet these criteria. To investigate the difference between the prevalence of food addiction between obese and non-obese persons using Yale Food Addiction Scale. Material and Methods: A demographic information form and Yale Food Addiction Scale was applied to obese and non-obese individiuals admitted to family medicine and obesity outpatient clinic. Significant differences of normally distributed data were assessed using a t-test, and significant differences of not normally distributed data were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Categorical data were expressed as percentages. The associations between food addiction and age, BMI, gender, and smoking status and the associationsbetween gender, smoking, food addiction, and obesity were determined by using the established a binary logistic regression models. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Food addiction was more prevalent among obese participants and they were more addicted to carbohydrate-rich food, on the other hand non-obese participants were more addicted to chocolate. 'Important activities given up’ and 'withdrawal' symptoms were more common among obese participants, which can be a determinant item of food addiction for obese participants. Conclusion: Individuals with obesity should be screened in terms of food addiction, and psychosocial support should be given to them. Restricting foods particularly rich in carbohydrates in obese people may contribute to reduce food addiction

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Food Addiction
• Behavior control
• Obesity, Behavior control, Substance-related disorders
• Yeme bağımlılığı
• Obezite
• Davranış kontrolü
• Madde bağlantılı bozukluklar

Obez ve Obez Olmayan Bireylerin Yeme Bağımlılığı Oranlarının ve Özelliklerinin Karşılaştırılması

Öz

Amaç: Obezite ve yeme bağımlılığı arasında ilişki olduğu bilinmesine rağmen, sadece az sayıda obez birey yeme bağımlılığı için tanı kriterlerini karşılarken, diğer yandan bazı normal ve düşük kilolu insanlar da bu kriterleri karşılamaktadır. Yale Yeme Bağımlılığı Ölçeği kullanılarak obez ve obez olmayan kişilerin yeme bağımlılığı oranlarını karşılaştırmak amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntemler: Aile hekimliği ve obezite polikliniğine başvuran obez ve obez olmayan bireylere demografik bilgi formu ve Yale Yeme Bağımlılığı Ölçeği uygulandı. Normal dağılım gösteren verilerin t-testi kullanılarak , normal dağılmayan veriler ise Mann-Whitney U testi kullanılarak analiz edildi. Kategorik veriler yüzde olarak ifade edildi. Yeme bağımlılığı ile yaş, BKİ, cinsiyet ve sigara içme durumu arasındaki ilişkiler ve cinsiyet, sigara içme, yeme bağımlılığı ve obezite arasındaki ilişkiler, kurulan ikili lojistik regresyon modelleri kullanılarak belirlendi. P<0,05 istatistiksel olarak anlamlı kabul edildi. Bulgular: Obez katılımcılar arasında yeme bağımlılığı daha yaygındı ve karbonhidrattan zengin gıdalara daha fazla bağımlıydılar, obez olmayan katılımcılar ise çikolataya daha fazla bağımlıydı. 'Önemli aktivitelerden vazgeçme' ve 'çekilme' semptomları obez katılımcılar arasında daha yaygındı. Bu semptomlar obez katılımcılar için yeme bağımlılığının belirleyici bir öğesi olabilir. Sonuç: Obezitesi olan bireyler yeme bağımlılığı açısından taranmalı ve onlara psikososyal destek verilmelidir. Obez kişilerde özellikle karbonhidrat bakımından zengin gıdaların kısıtlanması, gıda bağımlılığının azaltılmasına katkıda bulunabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yeme bağımlılığı
• Obezite
• Davranış kontrolü
• Madde bağlantılı bozukluklar

Kaynakça

1. 1. Onaolapo AY, Onaolapo OJ. Food additives, food and the concept of ‘food addiction’: is stimulation of the brain reward circuit by food sufficient to trigger addiction? Pathophysiology. 2018;25(4):263–76.
2. 2. Davis C. A commentary on the associations among ‘food addiction’, binge eating disorder, and obesity: Overlapping conditions with idiosyncratic clinical features. Appetite [Internet]. 2017;115:3–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.11.001
3. 3. Mies GW, Treur JL, Larsen JK, Halberstadt J, Pasman JA, Vink JM. The prevalence of food addiction in a large sample of adolescents and its association with addictive substances. file:///C:/Users/bidb/Downloads/scholar (2).ris. 2017;118:97–105.
4. 4. Blum K, Thanos PK, Wang G-J, Febo M, Demetrovics Z, Modestino EJ, et al. The food and drug addiction epidemic: targeting dopamine homeostasis. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23(39):6050–61.
5. 5. Zhao Z, Ma Y, Han Y, Liu Y, Yang K, Zhen S, et al. Psychosocial correlates of food addiction and its association with quality of life in a non-clinical adolescent sample. Nutrients. 2018;10(7).
6. 6. Carter A, Hendrikse J, Lee N, Yücel M, Verdejo-Garcia A, Andrews Z, et al. The Neurobiology of “food Addiction” and Its Implications for Obesity Treatment and Policy. Annu Rev Nutr. 2016;36(May):105–28.
7. 7. Gearhardt AN, Corbin WR, Brownell KD. Preliminary validation of the Yale food addiction scale. Appetite. 2009;52(2):430–6.
8. 8. Bayraktar F, Erkman F, Kurtulus E. Adaptation study of Yale food addiction Scale. Klin Psikofarmakol Bul. 2012;22(1):S38.

9. 9. Hauck C, Weiß A, Schulte EM, Meule A, Ellrott T. Prevalence of ‘food addiction’as measured with the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 in a representative German sample and its association with sex, age and weight categories. Obes Facts. 2017;10(1):12–24.
10. 10. Ivezaj V, Wiedemann AA, Grilo CM. Food addiction and bariatric surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Obes Rev. 2017;18(12):1386–97.
11. 11. Najem J, Saber M, Aoun C, El Osta N, Papazian T, Khabbaz LR. Prevalence of food addiction and association with stress, sleep quality and chronotype: A cross-sectional survey among university students. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(2):533–9.
12. 12. Pursey KM, Stfile:///C:/Users/bidb/Downloads/scholar.risanwell P, Gearhardt AN, Collins CE, Burrows TL. The prevalence of food addiction as assessed by the Yale Food Addiction Scale: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2014;6(10):4552–90.
13. 13. Pedram P, Wadden D, Amini P, Gulliver W, Randell E, Cahill F, et al. Food addiction: its prevalence and significant association with obesity in the general population. PLoS One. 2013;8(9):e74832.
14. 14. Ayaz A, Nergiz-Unal R, Dedebayraktar D, Akyol A, Pekcan AG, Besler HT, et al. How does food addiction influence dietary intake profile? PLoS One. 2018;13(4):e0195541.
15. 15. Meule A. Food addiction and body-mass-index: a non-linear relationship. Med Hypotheses. 2012;79(4):508–11.
16. 16. Grammatikopoulou MG, Gkiouras K, Markaki A, Theodoridis X, Tsakiri V, Mavridis P, et al. Food addiction, orthorexia, and food-related stress among dietetics students. Eat Weight Disord Anorexia, Bulim Obes. 2018;23(4):459–67.
17. 17. Wiedemann AA, Lawson JL, Cunningham PM, Khalvati KM, Lydecker JA, Ivezaj V, et al. Food addiction among men and women in India. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2018;26(6):597–604.
18. 18. Wieland DM. Food Addiction: A New Mental Health Disorder? Vol. 57, Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services. United States; 2019. p. 3–5.
19. 19. Meule A. How prevalent is “food addiction”? Front psychiatry. 2011;2:61.
20. 20. Lemeshow AR, Rimm EB, Hasin DS, Gearhardt AN, Flint AJ, Field AE, et al. Food and beverage consumption and food addiction among women in the Nurses’ Health Studies. Appetite. 2018;121:186–97.
21. 21. Benzerouk F, Gierski F, Ducluzeau P-H, Bourbao-Tournois C, Gaubil-Kaladjian I, Bertin É, et al. Food addiction, in obese patients seeking bariatric surgery, is associated with higher prevalence of current mood and anxiety disorders and past mood disorders. Psychiatry Res. 2018;267:473–9.
22. 22. Brunault P, Ducluzeau P-H, Bourbao-Tournois C, Delbachian I, Couet C, Réveillère C, et al. Food addiction in bariatric surgery candidates: prevalence and risk factors. Obes Surg. 2016;26(7):1650–3.
23. 23. Eichen DM, Lent MR, Goldbacher E, Foster GD. Exploration of “food addiction” in overweight and obese treatment-seeking adults. Appetite. 2013;67:22–4.
24. 24. Meule A, Gearhardt AN. Five years of the Yale Food Addiction Scale: Taking stock and moving forward. Curr Addict Reports. 2014;1(3):193–205.
25. 25. Lent MR, Eichen DM, Goldbacher E, Wadden TA, Foster GD. Relationship of food addiction to weight loss and attrition during obesity treatment. Obesity. 2014;22(1):52–5.
26. 26. Guerrero Pérez F, Sánchez-González J, Sánchez I, Jiménez-Murcia S, Granero R, Simó-Servat A, et al. Food addiction and preoperative weight loss achievement in patients seeking bariatric surgery. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2018;26(6):645–56.
27. 27. Ruddock HK, Hardman CA. Food Addiction Beliefs Amongst the Lay Public: What Are the Consequences for Eating Behaviour? Curr Addict Reports. 2017;4(2):110–5.
28. 28. Hetherington MM, MacDiarmid JI. “ Chocolate addiction”: a preliminary study of its description and its relationship to problem eating. Appetite. 1993;
29. 29. Kalon E, Hong JY, Tobin C, Schulte T. Psychological and neurobiological correlates of food addiction. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2016;129:85–110.
30. 30. Lennerz B, Lennerz JK. Food Addiction, High-Glycemic-Index Carbohydrates, and Obesity. Clin Chem. 2018 Jan;64(1):64–71.
31. 31. Parker G, Parker I, Brotchie H. Mood state effects of chocolate. J Affect Disord. 2006;92(2–3):149–59.
32. 32. Ganley RM. Emotion and eating in obesity: A review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord. 1989;8(3):343–61.
33. 33. Weingarten HP, Elston D. Food cravings in a college population. Appetite. 1991;17(3):167–75.