Yetişkinlerde Sigara İçmenin Yeme Davranışları ve Beden Kütle İndeksine Etkisinin Araştırılması: Kesitsel Bir Araştırma

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma dünyada sigara kullanımının yaygın olarak görüldüğü ülkelerden biri olup aynı zamanda Avrupa’da en çok obezite vakasının görüldüğü Türkiye’de sigara kullanımının yeme davranışlarına ve beden kütle indeksine etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Materyal ve Metod: Bu çalışma 336 yetişkin bireyin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların beyan ettiği vücut ağırlığı ve boy uzunluğu kullanılarak Beden Kütle İndeksi (BKİ) hesaplanmış, katılımcıların yeme davranışları Sağlıklı Beslenme Tutum Ölçeği (SBİTÖ) ile, yeme davranışları ise Hollanda Yeme Davranışı Ölçeği ile belirlenmiştir. (DEBQ). Verilerin istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmesinde IBM SPSS 24.0 istatistiksel paket programı kullanılmıştır. Independent Samples T, Ki-Kare Bağımsızlık Testi ve Kısmi Korelasyon Analizi ile çalışma verileri arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. p<0,05 değerleri istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan bireylerin %33,3'ünün sigara kullandığı tespit edilmiştir. Sigara içenlerin diyetle daha az yiyecek aldıklarını, gün içinde daha az yemek yediklerini, daha çok çay/kahve tükettiklerini, kısıtlayıcı ve duygusal yeme puanlarının daha düşük olduğunu düşündükleri belirlenmiştir (p<0,05). Ayrıca sigara içenlerin beslenme bilgisi, pozitif beslenme ve toplam ASHN skorlarının daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0,05). Son olarak sigara içenlerin BKİ değerlerinin daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0,05). Sonuç: Çalışma sonunda elde edilen veriler, kullanımının iştahı azalttığı ve sigara içen bireylerin sağlıksız beslenmeyi sürdürdüğü yönünde literatürdeki verilerle uyumlu bulunmuştur. Sigara içenlerin BKİ değerlerinin daha yüksek olduğu görüldü. Gelecek çalışmalarda sigaranın beslenme ve obezite üzerine etkileri daha kapsamlı değerlendirilmelidir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sigara kullanımı
• Vücut ağırlığı
• Yeme davranışı
• Sağlık
• Obezite

Etik Beyan

Araştırma için Ankara Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu'ndan 27/12/2021 tarih ve 21/228 karar numaralı etik kurul onayı alınmıştır.

Teşekkür

Araştırmaya katılan bireylere teşekkür ederiz.

Investigation of The Effect of Smoking on Eating Behaviors and Body Mass Index in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study

Öz

Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of smoking on eating behaviors and body mass index in Turkey, which is one of the countries where smoking is common in the world and also has the highest number of obesity cases in Europe. Material and Methods: This study was carried out with the participation of 336 adult individuals. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the body weight and height declared by the participants, and the eating behaviors of the participants were determined by the Attitude Scale for Healthy Nutrition (ASHN) and their eating behavior was determined by the Dutch Eating Behavior Scale (DEBQ). Results: It was determined that 33.3% of the individuals participating in the study used to smoke. It was concluded that smokers thought that they took less food with diet, they had fewer meals during the day, they consumed more tea/coffee, and their restrictive and emotional eating scores were lower (p<0.05). In addition, knowledge about nutrition, positive nutrition and total ASHN scores of smokers were found to be lower (p<0.05). Finally, it was observed that the BMI values of smokers were higher (p<0.05). IBM SPSS 24.0 statistical package program was used for statistical evaluation of the data. Independent Samples T, Chi-Square Independence Test and Partial Correlation Analysis were used to analyze the relationship between the study data. p<0.05 values were considered statistically significant. Conclusions: The data obtained at the end of the study were found to be compatible with the data in the literature that its use reduces appetite and that individuals who smoke maintain an unhealthier diet. It was observed that the BMI values of smokers were higher. Future studies should evaluate the effects of smoking on nutrition and obesity more comprehensively.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Smoking
• Body weight
• Eating behavior
• Health
• Obesity

Etik Beyan

Ethics Approval Ethics Committee Approval dated 27/12/2021 and decision number 21/228 was obtained from Ankara University Ethics Committee for the study.

Teşekkür

We thank the adults who participated in the study.

Kaynakça

1. 1. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Measuring the global burden of disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;369(5):448-457.
2. 2. Tichenor M, Sridhar D. Metric partnerships: global burden of disease estimates within the World Bank, the World Health Organisation and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4,35.
3. 3. World Health Organization 2021, Who Reports On The Global Tobacco Epidemic 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/ i/item/9789240032095 Accessed: 24.07.2023
4. 4. GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2337-2360.
5. 5. Aksu EE, Uğraş Dikmen A. Smoking frequency and related factors in a military factory in Ankara. SOYD. 2022;3(1):11-18.
6. 6. Ipek O, Ipek E. The impact of smoking bans on smoking behavior in Turkey. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences. 2020;20(Special Issue):179-190.
7. 7. Freire RH, Alvarez-Leite JL. Appetite control: hormones or diet strategies ?. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2020;23(5):328- 335.
8. 8. Ilhan T, Erdost H. Ghrelin. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;28(1): 67-74.

9. 9. Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Mergl R, Enzenbach C, Witte V, Villringer A. et al. Higher fasting ghrelin serum levels in active smokers than in former and never-smokers. The World J. Biol. Psychiatry. 2020;21(10):748-756.
10. 10. Ardeshiripur M, Rhein M, Frieling H, Bleich S, Hillemacher T, Muschler M. et al. Desacylghrelin but not acylghrelin is reduced during smoking cessation. J Neural Transm. 2018;125:1885–1889.
11. 11. Jitnarin N, Kosulwat V, Boonpraderm A, Haddock CK, Poston WS. The relationship between smoking, BMI, physical activity, and dietary intake among Thai adults in central Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(7):1109-1116.
12. 12. Rupprecht LE, Smith TT, Donny EC, Sved AF. Self-administered nicotine suppresses body weight gain independent of food intake in male rats. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 2016;18(9):1869-1876.
13. 13. Kirel B, Alataş I. Serum irisin levels in cigarette smokers. T Turk J Endocrinol Metab. 2021;25:95-101.
14. 14. Chiolero A, Faeh D, Paccaud F, Cornuz J. Consequences of smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87(4):801-809.
15. 15. Yeh HC, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Wang NY, Brancati FL Smoking, smoking cessation, and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:10-17.
16. 16. Karaoglan D. Giving Up Smoking and Obesity: The Case of Turkey. Journal of Research in Economics. 2019;3(1):46-57.
17. 17. Beyaz Sipahi F.B. The associations between smoking status and obesity in turkey. International Journal of Business Economics and Management Perspectives. 2021;5(1): 137-147.
18. 18. Chao AM, White MA, Grilo CM, Sinha R. Examining the effects of cigarette smoking on food cravings and intake, depressive symptoms, and stress. Eating Behaviors. 2017;24:61-65.
19. 19. MacLean RR, Cowan A, Vernarelli JA. More to gain: dietary energy density is related to smoking status in US adults. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1-7.
20. 20. Global Obesity Levels 2021, Obesity rates by country (on-line). https://worldpopulationreview.com/ Accessed: 20.09.2023
21. 21. Akyol Güner T, Kuzu A, Bayraktaroğlu T. The relationship between health literacy and rational drug use in individuals with diabetes. Turk J Diab Obes. 2020;4(3):214-223.
22. 22. Yagar F, Dökme S. Planning of qualitative researches: research questions, samples, validity and reliability. Gazi Journal of Health Sciences. 2018; 3(3):1-9.
23. 23. Yazıcıoğlu Y, Erdoğan S. SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, 4th Edition, Ankara, Detay Publishing, 2014.
24. 24. Ozupek G, Arslan M. Evaluation of the relationship between popular diet practice, nutrition literacy and body mass index: a study on nutrition and dietetics students. Turk J Diab Obes. 2021;5(3):340-350.
25. 25. Tekkursun Demir G, Cicioglu HI. Attitude scale for healthy nutrition (ASHN): validity and reliability study. Gaziantep University Journal of Sport Science. 2019;4(2):256-274.
26. 26. Ozenoglu A, Gün B, Karadeniz B, Koç F, Bilgin V, Bembeyaz Z. et al. The attitudes of nutrition literacy in adults towards healthy nutrition and its relation with body mass index. Life Sciences. 2021;16(1):1-18.
27. 27. Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. The Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 1986;5(2):295-315.
28. 28. Bozan N, Bas M, Asci FH. Psychometric properties of Turkish version of Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). A preliminary result. Appetite. 2011;56:564-566.
29. 29. Kunstler B, Fuller R, Pervan S, Merolli M. Australian Adults expect physiotherapists to provide physical activity advice: a survey. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2019;65(4):230-236.
30. 30. Tuncer R, Alican EN, Beyhan A, Kolaç N. Comparison of healthy lifestyle behaviors in smoking and non-smoking adults. Journal Of Public Health Nursing. 2022;4(2):102-114.
31. 31. Raatz SK, Jahns L, Johnson LK, Scheett A, Carriquiry A, Lemieux A. et al. Smokers report lower intake of key nutrients than nonsmokers, yet both fall short of meeting recommended intakes. Nutrition Research. 2017; 45:30-37.
32. 32. Erçim RE, Baydaş B. The effect of passive tobacco smoke exposure on diet quality, oxidative stress index and nutritional status in young adults. F.Ü.Sağ.Bil.Tıp.Derg. 2017;31(1):1-10.
33. 33. Bradley DP, Johnson LA, Zhang Z, Subar AF, Troiano RP, Schatzkin A. et al. Effect of smoking status on total energy expenditure. Nutrition & Metabolism. 2010;7(81):1-6.
34. 34. Suh SY, Lee JH, Park SS, Seo AR, Ahn HY, Bae WK. et al. Less healthy dietary pattern is associated with smoking in Korean men according to nationally representative data. J Korean Med Sci. 2013;28(6):869-875.
35. 35. Göney TG, Yalçın AD. Relationship Between Smoking and Obesity. Klinik Tıp Solunum Aktüel. 2019;10(1):8-11.
36. 36. Yilmaz M, Aykut M. Effects of smoking on nutrition and food consumption. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2012;32(3):644-51.
37. 37. Schwartz A, Bellissimo N. Nicotine and energy balance: A review examining the effect of nicotine on hormonal appetite regulation and energy expenditure. Appetite. 2021;164: 105260.
38. 38. Dare S, Mackay DF, Pell JP. Relationship between smoking and obesity: a cross-sectional study of 499,504 middle-aged adults in the UK general population. PloS One. 2015;10(4):e0123579.
39. 39. Jacobs M. Adolescent smoking: The relationship between cigarette consumption and BMI. Addictive Behaviors Reports. 2019;9:100-153.
40. 40. Keskin Y, Akar Y, Erdem Ö, Erol S.The relationship between body mass index with food preference and nutrition knowledge of adults: cross-sectional study. E-Journal of Dokuz Eylul University Nursing Faculty. 2022;15(2):149-162.
41. 41. Restrepo BJ. Obesity prevalence among US adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Prev Med. 2022;63(1):102-106.
42. 42. Aslan N. Determination of psychosocial factors related to the body mass index in women. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2018;4(2):50- 56.
43. 43. Taylor AE, Richmond RC, Palviainen T, Loukola A, Wootton RE, Kaprio J. et al. The effect of body mass index on smoking behaviour and nicotine metabolism: a Mendelian randomization study. Human Molecular Genetics. 2019;28(8):1322-1330.
44. 44. Barrada JR, van Strien T, Cebolla A. Internal structure and measurement invariance of the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire (DEBQ) in a (nearly) representative Dutch community sample. European Eating Disorders Review. 2016;24(6):503-509.
45. 45. Nagl M, Hilbert A, De Zwaan M, Braehler E, Kersting A. The German version of the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire: psychometric properties, measurement invariance, and population- based norms. PloS One. 2016;11(9):e0162510.
46. 46. Nkomo NY, Simo-Kengne BD, Biyase M. Maternal tobacco smoking and childhood obesity in South Africa: A cohort study. Plos one. 2023;18(2):e0268313.
47. 47. Hod R, Mohd Nor NH, Maniam S. Systematic review on e-cigarette and its effects on weight gain and adipocytes. PloS one. 2022;17(7):e0270818.