The Effects of Summer on Body Composition, Perceived Stress Level and Body Awareness of Young Women and Men: A University Example

Öz

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of summer on body composition, perceived stress and body awareness in young female and male university students. Methods: A total of 130 students (77 females, 53 males) aged between 18 and 26 years without any health complaints participated in the study. Body composition, stress level, body awareness and physical activity level of the participants were evaluated before the summer season in May-June and after the summer season in September-October. Bioelectrical impedance analysis, perceived stress scale, body awareness questionnaire and international physical activity scale were used for these assessments, respectively. Results: Statistical analysis revealed a statistically significant decrease in perceived stress, basal metabolic rate and cellular mass analyses in both sexes when the values before and after the summer season were compared (p<0.05). Body awareness level and physical activity level were also statistically significantly increased in women (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results showed that body composition parameters, perceived stress, body awareness and physical activity levels may change after the summer season, especially in women.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Body awareness
• body composition
• perceived stress
• physical activity level
• seasonal change.

Genç Bireylerin Vücut Kompozisyonu, Algılanan Stres Düzeyi ve Vücut Farkındalığında Yaz Mevsiminin Etkisi: Bir Üniversite Örneği

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, genç kadın ve erkek üniversite öğrencilerinde yaz mevsiminin vücut kompozisyonu, algılanan stres ve vücut farkındalığı üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Yöntemler: Çalışmaya 18-26 yaş aralığında, herhangi bir sistemik hastalığı veya sağlık şikâyeti olmayan 77 kadın 53 erkek olmak üzere toplam 130 öğrenci katıldı. Katılımcıların yaz mevsimi öncesi Mayıs-Haziran aylarında ve yaz mevsimi sonrası Eylül-Ekim aylarında vücut kompozisyonu, stres düzeyi, vücut farkındalığı ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyi değerlendirildi. Bu değerlendirmeler için sırasıyla biyoelektriksel impedans analizi, algılanan stres ölçeği, vücut farkındalık anketi ve uluslararası fiziksel aktivite ölçeği kullanıldı. Bulgular: İstatistiksel analiz sonucunda yaz mevsimi öncesi ve sonrası değerler karşılaştırıldığında, her iki cinsiyette algılanan stres, bazal metabolizma hızı ve hücresel kütlesel analizlerde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir azalma saptandı (p<0.05). Kadınlarda vücut farkındalık düzeyi ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyinin de istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede arttığı görüldü (p<0.05). Sonuç: Sonuç olarak yaz mevsimi sonrası kişilerin vücut kompozisyonu parametrelerinin, algılanan stres, vücut farkındalığı ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyinin özellikle kadınlarda daha fazla değişebileceği bulundu.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Algılanan stres
• fiziksel aktivite düzeyi
• mevsim değişimi
• vücut kompozisyonu
• vücut farkındalığı.

Kaynakça

1. 1. Thibault R, Genton L, Pichard C. Body composition: why, when and for who? Clin Nutr. 2012;31(4):435-447. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2011.12.011
2. 2. Erselcan T, Candan F, Saruhan S, Ayca T. Comparison of Body Composition Analysis Methods in Clinical Routine. Ann Nutr Metab. 2000;44:243-248. doi: 10.1159/000046691
3. 3. Stewart AD. Kinanthropometry and body composition: a natural home for three-dimensional photonic scanning. J Sports Sci. 2010;28(5):455-457. doi: 10.1080/02640411003661304
4. 4. Lee SY, Gallagher D. Assessment methods in human body composition. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2008 Sep;11(5):566-72. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32830b5f23
5. 5. Nguyen MM, Tamashiro KL, Melhorn SJ, Ma LY, Gardner SR, Sakai RR. Androgenic influences on behavior, body weight, and body composition in a model of chronic social stress. Endocrinology. 2007;148(12):6145-6156. doi: 10.1210/en.2007- 0471
6. 6. Fraser R, Ingram MC, Anderson NH, Morrison C, Davies E, Connell JM. Cortisol effects on body mass, blood pressure, and cholesterol in the general population. Hypertension. 1999; 33(6), 1364-1368. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.33.6.1364
7. 7. Atcalı T. Association of Hair Cortisol Level with Women’s Reproductive cycles and Stress Markers (PhD thesis). Malatya (Türkiye); İnönü University, Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology 2019.
8. 8. Price CJ, Thompson EA. Measuring dimensions of body connection: body awareness and bodily dissociation. J Altern Complement Med. 2007;13(9):945-953. doi: 10.1089/ acm.2007.0537

9. 9. Treves IN, Tello LY, Davidson RJ, Goldberg SB. The relationship between mindfulness and objective measures of body awareness: A meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):17386. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-53978-6
10. 10. Mehling WE, Gopisetty V, Daubenmier J, Price CJ, Hecht FM, Stewart A. Body awareness: construct and self-report measures. PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5614. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0005614
11. 11. Özekinci A. Evaluation of the effects of seasonal change on mood, eating attitude and nutritional status of university students (Master’s Thesis). Ankara (Türkiye): Başkent University, Institute of Medical Science, Nutrition and Dietetic, 2020.
12. 12. Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein R. A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav. 1983;24(4):385-396.
13. 13. Eskin M., Harlak H., Demirkıran F., Dereboy Ç. The Adaptation of the Perceived Stress Scale Into Turkish: A Reliability and Validity Analysis. In New/Yeni Symposium Journal. 2013; 51(3), 132-140.
14. 14. Shields SA, Mallory ME, Simon A. The Body Awareness Questionnaire: Reliability and validity. Journal of Personality Assessment. 1989;53(4):802. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa5304_16
15. 15. Karaca S, Bayar B. Turkish Version of Body Awareness Questionarre: Validity and Reliability Study. Turk J Physiother Rehabil. Nisan 2021;32(1):44-50. doi:10.21653/tjpr.660186
16. 16. Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, et al. International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Percept Mot Skills. 2010;111(1):278-284. doi: 10.2466/06.08. PMS.111.4.278-284
17. 17. Elbasan B., Düzgün İ. Physical Activity Scales-Evidence Based Physical Activity. Türkiye Klinikleri J Physiother Rehabil-Special Topics. 2016;2(1), 36-9.
18. 18. Özer CM, Aktaş Ö, Atalar K, Yılmazer Kayatekin Z. 18-27 Evaluation of Nutritional Habits, Physical Activities and Body Compositions of Individuals Between Age of 18 And 27 by Their Body Mass Index. Turk J Diab Obes. 2019;1: 15-21. doi:10.25048/tjdo.2019.36
19. 19. Varlı Ü, Naz İ, Yılmaz H. Investigation of Body Awareness and Affecting Factors in Patients with Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg. 2022;32(3):829-836. doi: 10.1007/s11695-021-05864-2
20. 20. Ersoy N. Effects of seasonal changes on nutrition status, physical activity level and some blood parameters of the elderly who lives in Ankara (PHD Thesis). Ankara (Türkiye): Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, in Nutrition and Dietetic 2016.
21. 21. Smith MN, Wilder CS, Griffith WC, et al. Seasonal variation in cortisol biomarkers in Hispanic mothers living in an agricultural region. Biomarkers. 2015;20(5):299-305. doi: 10.3109/1354750X.2015.1068863
22. 22. Persson R, Garde AH, Hansen AM, et al. Seasonal variation in human salivary cortisol concentration. Chronobiol Int. 2008;25(6):923-937. doi: 10.1080/07420520802553648
23. 23. Bali A, Jaggi A. Clinical experimental stress studies: methods and assessment. Reviews in the Neurosciences. 2015;26(5): 555-579. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0004
24. 24. Lattimore P. Mindfulness-based emotional eating awareness training: taking the emotional out of eating. Eat Weight Disord. 2020;25(3):649-657. doi: 10.1007/s40519-019-00667-y
25. 25. Ma Y, Olendzki BC, Li W, et al. Seasonal variation in food intake, physical activity, and body weight in a predominantly overweight population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(4):519-528. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602346
26. 26. Christaki EV, Pervanidou P, Papassotiriou I, et al. Stress, Inflammation and Metabolic Biomarkers Are Associated with Body Composition Measures in Lean, Overweight, and Obese Children and Adolescents. Children (Basel). 2022;9(2):291. doi: 10.3390/children9020291
27. 27. Scott KA, Melhorn SJ, Sakai RR. Effects of Chronic Social Stress on Obesity. Curr Obes Rep. 2012;1(1):16-25. doi: 10.1007/s13679-011-0006-3
28. 28. Groesz LM, McCoy S, Carl J, et al. What is eating you? Stress and the drive to eat. Appetite. 2012;58(2):717-721. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.11.028
29. 29. Naish KR, Laliberte M, MacKillop J, Balodis IM. Systematic review of the effects of acute stress in binge eating disorder. Eur J Neurosci. 2019;50(3):2415-2429. doi: 10.1111/ejn.14110
30. 30. Lundahl A, Wahlstrom LC, Christ CC, Stoltenberg SF. Gender differences in the relationship between impulsivity and disordered eating behaviors and attitudes. Eat Behav. 2015;18:120- 124. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.05.004
31. 31. Ruf M. Early Diagnosis Is Important. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021 Apr 2;118(13):227. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0122
32. 32. Dunn C, Haubenreiser M, Johnson M, Nordby K, Aggarwal S, Myer S, Thomas C. Mindfulness Approaches and Weight Loss, Weight Maintenance, and Weight Regain. Curr Obes Rep. 2018 Mar;7(1):37-49. doi: 10.1007/s13679-018-0299-6
33. 33. Ohrnberger J, Fichera E, Sutton M. The relationship between physical and mental health: A mediation analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2017 Dec;195:42-49. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.11.008
34. 34. Lounsbury DW, Mitchell SG. Introduction to special issue on social ecological approaches to community health research and action. Am J Community Psychol. 2009;44(3-4):213-220. doi: 10.1007/s10464-009-9266-4
35. 35. Kalkışım ŞN, Çan MA, Erden A, Uzun Ö, Ertemoğlu Öksüz C, Zihni NB. Relationships between anthropometric measurements, muscle strength and body awareness. Acta Neurol Belg. 2022;122(1):31-42. doi: 10.1007/s13760-020-01578-x
36. 36. Vatansever ÖM. The investigation of the relationship between body awareness and balance and posture in healthy individuals with different physical activity levels (Master Thesis). Ankara (Türkiye): Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Program 2018.
37. 37. Erden A, Emirzeoğlu M. Investigation of Body Awareness Level and Performance Emotional Status of Athletes in Different Branches of Sports. J Sport Rehabil. 2020;29(1):23-27. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0334
38. 38. Cheah YK, Lim KK, Ismail H, Salleh R, Kee CC, Lim KH, Cheong YL. Awareness of body mass index and its associated factors: A cross-sectional study. Nurs Health Sci. 2022 Sep;24(3):726-734. doi: 10.1111/nhs.12971
39. 39. Koltyn KF, Raglin JS, O’Connor PJ, Morgan WP. Influence of weight training on state anxiety, body awareness and blood pressure. Int J Sports Med. 1995 May;16(4):266-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-973003
40. 40. Gyllensten AL, Ekdahl C, Hansson L. Validity of the Body Awareness Scale-Health (BAS-H). Scand J Caring Sci. 1999;13(4):217-226.