Investigation of The Effect of Smoking on Eating Behaviors and Body Mass Index in Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 118 - 126, 30.08.2024
Eren Canbolat
,
Esma Asil
Öz
Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of smoking on eating behaviors and body mass index in Turkey, which is one of the countries where smoking is common in the world and also has the highest number of obesity cases in Europe.
Material and Methods: This study was carried out with the participation of 336 adult individuals. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the body weight and height declared by the participants, and the eating behaviors of the participants were determined by the Attitude Scale for Healthy Nutrition (ASHN) and their eating behavior was determined by the Dutch Eating Behavior Scale (DEBQ).
Results: It was determined that 33.3% of the individuals participating in the study used to smoke. It was concluded that smokers thought that they took less food with diet, they had fewer meals during the day, they consumed more tea/coffee, and their restrictive and emotional eating scores were lower (p<0.05). In addition, knowledge about nutrition, positive nutrition and total ASHN scores of smokers were found to be lower (p<0.05). Finally, it was observed that the BMI values of smokers were higher (p<0.05). IBM SPSS 24.0 statistical package program was used for statistical evaluation of the data. Independent Samples T, Chi-Square Independence Test and Partial Correlation Analysis were used to analyze the relationship between the study data. p<0.05 values were considered statistically significant.
Conclusions: The data obtained at the end of the study were found to be compatible with the data in the literature that its use reduces appetite and that individuals who smoke maintain an unhealthier diet. It was observed that the BMI values of smokers were higher. Future studies should evaluate the effects of smoking on nutrition and obesity more comprehensively.
Etik Beyan
Ethics Approval Ethics Committee Approval dated 27/12/2021 and decision number 21/228 was obtained from Ankara University Ethics Committee for the study.
Teşekkür
We thank the adults who participated in the study.
Kaynakça
- 1. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Measuring the global burden of disease.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;369(5):448-457.
- 2. Tichenor M, Sridhar D. Metric partnerships: global burden of
disease estimates within the World Bank, the World Health
Organisation and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.
Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4,35.
- 3. World Health Organization 2021, Who Reports On The Global
Tobacco Epidemic 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/
i/item/9789240032095 Accessed: 24.07.2023
- 4. GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic
patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and
attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories,
1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of
Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2337-2360.
- 5. Aksu EE, Uğraş Dikmen A. Smoking frequency and related
factors in a military factory in Ankara. SOYD. 2022;3(1):11-18.
- 6. Ipek O, Ipek E. The impact of smoking bans on smoking behavior
in Turkey. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Journal
of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences.
2020;20(Special Issue):179-190.
- 7. Freire RH, Alvarez-Leite JL. Appetite control: hormones or diet
strategies ?. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2020;23(5):328-
335.
- 8. Ilhan T, Erdost H. Ghrelin. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner
Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;28(1): 67-74.
- 9. Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Mergl R, Enzenbach C, Witte V,
Villringer A. et al. Higher fasting ghrelin serum levels in active
smokers than in former and never-smokers. The World J. Biol.
Psychiatry. 2020;21(10):748-756.
- 10. Ardeshiripur M, Rhein M, Frieling H, Bleich S, Hillemacher
T, Muschler M. et al. Desacylghrelin but not acylghrelin
is reduced during smoking cessation. J Neural Transm.
2018;125:1885–1889.
- 11. Jitnarin N, Kosulwat V, Boonpraderm A, Haddock CK, Poston
WS. The relationship between smoking, BMI, physical
activity, and dietary intake among Thai adults in central Thailand.
J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(7):1109-1116.
- 12. Rupprecht LE, Smith TT, Donny EC, Sved AF. Self-administered
nicotine suppresses body weight gain independent
of food intake in male rats. Nicotine & Tobacco Research.
2016;18(9):1869-1876.
- 13. Kirel B, Alataş I. Serum irisin levels in cigarette smokers. T
Turk J Endocrinol Metab. 2021;25:95-101.
- 14. Chiolero A, Faeh D, Paccaud F, Cornuz J. Consequences of
smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin
resistance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87(4):801-809.
- 15. Yeh HC, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Wang NY, Brancati FL
Smoking, smoking cessation, and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus:
a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:10-17.
- 16. Karaoglan D. Giving Up Smoking and Obesity: The Case of
Turkey. Journal of Research in Economics. 2019;3(1):46-57.
- 17. Beyaz Sipahi F.B. The associations between smoking status
and obesity in turkey. International Journal of Business Economics
and Management Perspectives. 2021;5(1): 137-147.
- 18. Chao AM, White MA, Grilo CM, Sinha R. Examining the effects
of cigarette smoking on food cravings and intake, depressive
symptoms, and stress. Eating Behaviors. 2017;24:61-65.
- 19. MacLean RR, Cowan A, Vernarelli JA. More to gain: dietary
energy density is related to smoking status in US adults. BMC
Public Health. 2018;18(1):1-7.
- 20. Global Obesity Levels 2021, Obesity rates by country (on-line).
https://worldpopulationreview.com/ Accessed: 20.09.2023
- 21. Akyol Güner T, Kuzu A, Bayraktaroğlu T. The relationship
between health literacy and rational drug use in individuals
with diabetes. Turk J Diab Obes. 2020;4(3):214-223.
- 22. Yagar F, Dökme S. Planning of qualitative researches: research
questions, samples, validity and reliability. Gazi Journal of
Health Sciences. 2018; 3(3):1-9.
- 23. Yazıcıoğlu Y, Erdoğan S. SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma
Yöntemleri, 4th Edition, Ankara, Detay Publishing, 2014.
- 24. Ozupek G, Arslan M. Evaluation of the relationship between
popular diet practice, nutrition literacy and body mass index:
a study on nutrition and dietetics students. Turk J Diab Obes.
2021;5(3):340-350.
- 25. Tekkursun Demir G, Cicioglu HI. Attitude scale for healthy
nutrition (ASHN): validity and reliability study. Gaziantep
University Journal of Sport Science. 2019;4(2):256-274.
- 26. Ozenoglu A, Gün B, Karadeniz B, Koç F, Bilgin V, Bembeyaz
Z. et al. The attitudes of nutrition literacy in adults towards
healthy nutrition and its relation with body mass index. Life
Sciences. 2021;16(1):1-18.
- 27. Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. The Dutch
Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of
restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. International
Journal of Eating Disorders. 1986;5(2):295-315.
- 28. Bozan N, Bas M, Asci FH. Psychometric properties of Turkish
version of Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). A
preliminary result. Appetite. 2011;56:564-566.
- 29. Kunstler B, Fuller R, Pervan S, Merolli M. Australian Adults
expect physiotherapists to provide physical activity advice: a
survey. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2019;65(4):230-236.
- 30. Tuncer R, Alican EN, Beyhan A, Kolaç N. Comparison of
healthy lifestyle behaviors in smoking and non-smoking
adults. Journal Of Public Health Nursing. 2022;4(2):102-114.
- 31. Raatz SK, Jahns L, Johnson LK, Scheett A, Carriquiry A, Lemieux
A. et al. Smokers report lower intake of key nutrients
than nonsmokers, yet both fall short of meeting recommended
intakes. Nutrition Research. 2017; 45:30-37.
- 32. Erçim RE, Baydaş B. The effect of passive tobacco smoke exposure
on diet quality, oxidative stress index and nutritional
status in young adults. F.Ü.Sağ.Bil.Tıp.Derg. 2017;31(1):1-10.
- 33. Bradley DP, Johnson LA, Zhang Z, Subar AF, Troiano RP,
Schatzkin A. et al. Effect of smoking status on total energy expenditure.
Nutrition & Metabolism. 2010;7(81):1-6.
- 34. Suh SY, Lee JH, Park SS, Seo AR, Ahn HY, Bae WK. et al. Less
healthy dietary pattern is associated with smoking in Korean
men according to nationally representative data. J Korean
Med Sci. 2013;28(6):869-875.
- 35. Göney TG, Yalçın AD. Relationship Between Smoking and
Obesity. Klinik Tıp Solunum Aktüel. 2019;10(1):8-11.
- 36. Yilmaz M, Aykut M. Effects of smoking on nutrition and food
consumption. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2012;32(3):644-51.
- 37. Schwartz A, Bellissimo N. Nicotine and energy balance: A
review examining the effect of nicotine on hormonal appetite
regulation and energy expenditure. Appetite. 2021;164:
105260.
- 38. Dare S, Mackay DF, Pell JP. Relationship between smoking and
obesity: a cross-sectional study of 499,504 middle-aged adults
in the UK general population. PloS One. 2015;10(4):e0123579.
- 39. Jacobs M. Adolescent smoking: The relationship between cigarette
consumption and BMI. Addictive Behaviors Reports.
2019;9:100-153.
- 40. Keskin Y, Akar Y, Erdem Ö, Erol S.The relationship between
body mass index with food preference and nutrition knowledge
of adults: cross-sectional study. E-Journal of Dokuz Eylul
University Nursing Faculty. 2022;15(2):149-162.
- 41. Restrepo BJ. Obesity prevalence among US adults during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Prev Med. 2022;63(1):102-106.
- 42. Aslan N. Determination of psychosocial factors related to the
body mass index in women. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2018;4(2):50-
56.
- 43. Taylor AE, Richmond RC, Palviainen T, Loukola A, Wootton
RE, Kaprio J. et al. The effect of body mass index on smoking
behaviour and nicotine metabolism: a Mendelian randomization
study. Human Molecular Genetics. 2019;28(8):1322-1330.
- 44. Barrada JR, van Strien T, Cebolla A. Internal structure
and measurement invariance of the Dutch eating behavior
questionnaire (DEBQ) in a (nearly) representative Dutch
community sample. European Eating Disorders Review.
2016;24(6):503-509.
- 45. Nagl M, Hilbert A, De Zwaan M, Braehler E, Kersting A. The
German version of the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire:
psychometric properties, measurement invariance, and population-
based norms. PloS One. 2016;11(9):e0162510.
- 46. Nkomo NY, Simo-Kengne BD, Biyase M. Maternal tobacco
smoking and childhood obesity in South Africa: A cohort
study. Plos one. 2023;18(2):e0268313.
- 47. Hod R, Mohd Nor NH, Maniam S. Systematic review on e-cigarette
and its effects on weight gain and adipocytes. PloS one.
2022;17(7):e0270818.
Yetişkinlerde Sigara İçmenin Yeme Davranışları ve Beden Kütle İndeksine Etkisinin Araştırılması: Kesitsel Bir Araştırma
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 118 - 126, 30.08.2024
Eren Canbolat
,
Esma Asil
Öz
Amaç: Bu çalışma dünyada sigara kullanımının yaygın olarak görüldüğü ülkelerden biri olup aynı zamanda Avrupa’da en çok obezite vakasının görüldüğü Türkiye’de sigara kullanımının yeme davranışlarına ve beden kütle indeksine etkisini değerlendirmek amacıyla yapılmıştır.
Materyal ve Metod: Bu çalışma 336 yetişkin bireyin katılımıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Katılımcıların beyan ettiği vücut ağırlığı ve boy uzunluğu kullanılarak Beden Kütle İndeksi (BKİ) hesaplanmış, katılımcıların yeme davranışları Sağlıklı Beslenme Tutum Ölçeği (SBİTÖ) ile, yeme davranışları ise Hollanda Yeme Davranışı Ölçeği ile belirlenmiştir. (DEBQ). Verilerin istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmesinde IBM SPSS 24.0 istatistiksel paket programı kullanılmıştır. Independent Samples T, Ki-Kare Bağımsızlık Testi ve Kısmi Korelasyon Analizi ile çalışma verileri arasındaki ilişki incelenmiştir. p<0,05 değerleri istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı olarak kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular: Araştırmaya katılan bireylerin %33,3'ünün sigara kullandığı tespit edilmiştir. Sigara içenlerin diyetle daha az yiyecek aldıklarını, gün içinde daha az yemek yediklerini, daha çok çay/kahve tükettiklerini, kısıtlayıcı ve duygusal yeme puanlarının daha düşük olduğunu düşündükleri belirlenmiştir (p<0,05). Ayrıca sigara içenlerin beslenme bilgisi, pozitif beslenme ve toplam ASHN skorlarının daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir (p<0,05). Son olarak sigara içenlerin BKİ değerlerinin daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır (p<0,05).
Sonuç: Çalışma sonunda elde edilen veriler, kullanımının iştahı azalttığı ve sigara içen bireylerin sağlıksız beslenmeyi sürdürdüğü yönünde literatürdeki verilerle uyumlu bulunmuştur. Sigara içenlerin BKİ değerlerinin daha yüksek olduğu görüldü. Gelecek çalışmalarda sigaranın beslenme ve obezite üzerine etkileri daha kapsamlı değerlendirilmelidir.
Etik Beyan
Araştırma için Ankara Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu'ndan 27/12/2021 tarih ve 21/228 karar numaralı etik kurul onayı alınmıştır.
Teşekkür
Araştırmaya katılan bireylere teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- 1. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Measuring the global burden of disease.
New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;369(5):448-457.
- 2. Tichenor M, Sridhar D. Metric partnerships: global burden of
disease estimates within the World Bank, the World Health
Organisation and the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation.
Wellcome Open Res. 2019;4,35.
- 3. World Health Organization 2021, Who Reports On The Global
Tobacco Epidemic 2021. https://www.who.int/publications/
i/item/9789240032095 Accessed: 24.07.2023
- 4. GBD 2019 Tobacco Collaborators. Spatial, temporal, and demographic
patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and
attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories,
1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of
Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2337-2360.
- 5. Aksu EE, Uğraş Dikmen A. Smoking frequency and related
factors in a military factory in Ankara. SOYD. 2022;3(1):11-18.
- 6. Ipek O, Ipek E. The impact of smoking bans on smoking behavior
in Turkey. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli University, Journal
of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences.
2020;20(Special Issue):179-190.
- 7. Freire RH, Alvarez-Leite JL. Appetite control: hormones or diet
strategies ?. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2020;23(5):328-
335.
- 8. Ilhan T, Erdost H. Ghrelin. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner
Fakültesi Dergisi. 2009;28(1): 67-74.
- 9. Wittekind DA, Kratzsch J, Mergl R, Enzenbach C, Witte V,
Villringer A. et al. Higher fasting ghrelin serum levels in active
smokers than in former and never-smokers. The World J. Biol.
Psychiatry. 2020;21(10):748-756.
- 10. Ardeshiripur M, Rhein M, Frieling H, Bleich S, Hillemacher
T, Muschler M. et al. Desacylghrelin but not acylghrelin
is reduced during smoking cessation. J Neural Transm.
2018;125:1885–1889.
- 11. Jitnarin N, Kosulwat V, Boonpraderm A, Haddock CK, Poston
WS. The relationship between smoking, BMI, physical
activity, and dietary intake among Thai adults in central Thailand.
J Med Assoc Thai. 2008;91(7):1109-1116.
- 12. Rupprecht LE, Smith TT, Donny EC, Sved AF. Self-administered
nicotine suppresses body weight gain independent
of food intake in male rats. Nicotine & Tobacco Research.
2016;18(9):1869-1876.
- 13. Kirel B, Alataş I. Serum irisin levels in cigarette smokers. T
Turk J Endocrinol Metab. 2021;25:95-101.
- 14. Chiolero A, Faeh D, Paccaud F, Cornuz J. Consequences of
smoking for body weight, body fat distribution, and insulin
resistance. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2008;87(4):801-809.
- 15. Yeh HC, Duncan BB, Schmidt MI, Wang NY, Brancati FL
Smoking, smoking cessation, and risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus:
a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2010;152:10-17.
- 16. Karaoglan D. Giving Up Smoking and Obesity: The Case of
Turkey. Journal of Research in Economics. 2019;3(1):46-57.
- 17. Beyaz Sipahi F.B. The associations between smoking status
and obesity in turkey. International Journal of Business Economics
and Management Perspectives. 2021;5(1): 137-147.
- 18. Chao AM, White MA, Grilo CM, Sinha R. Examining the effects
of cigarette smoking on food cravings and intake, depressive
symptoms, and stress. Eating Behaviors. 2017;24:61-65.
- 19. MacLean RR, Cowan A, Vernarelli JA. More to gain: dietary
energy density is related to smoking status in US adults. BMC
Public Health. 2018;18(1):1-7.
- 20. Global Obesity Levels 2021, Obesity rates by country (on-line).
https://worldpopulationreview.com/ Accessed: 20.09.2023
- 21. Akyol Güner T, Kuzu A, Bayraktaroğlu T. The relationship
between health literacy and rational drug use in individuals
with diabetes. Turk J Diab Obes. 2020;4(3):214-223.
- 22. Yagar F, Dökme S. Planning of qualitative researches: research
questions, samples, validity and reliability. Gazi Journal of
Health Sciences. 2018; 3(3):1-9.
- 23. Yazıcıoğlu Y, Erdoğan S. SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma
Yöntemleri, 4th Edition, Ankara, Detay Publishing, 2014.
- 24. Ozupek G, Arslan M. Evaluation of the relationship between
popular diet practice, nutrition literacy and body mass index:
a study on nutrition and dietetics students. Turk J Diab Obes.
2021;5(3):340-350.
- 25. Tekkursun Demir G, Cicioglu HI. Attitude scale for healthy
nutrition (ASHN): validity and reliability study. Gaziantep
University Journal of Sport Science. 2019;4(2):256-274.
- 26. Ozenoglu A, Gün B, Karadeniz B, Koç F, Bilgin V, Bembeyaz
Z. et al. The attitudes of nutrition literacy in adults towards
healthy nutrition and its relation with body mass index. Life
Sciences. 2021;16(1):1-18.
- 27. Van Strien T, Frijters JE, Bergers GP, Defares PB. The Dutch
Eating Behavior Questionnaire (DEBQ) for assessment of
restrained, emotional, and external eating behavior. International
Journal of Eating Disorders. 1986;5(2):295-315.
- 28. Bozan N, Bas M, Asci FH. Psychometric properties of Turkish
version of Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). A
preliminary result. Appetite. 2011;56:564-566.
- 29. Kunstler B, Fuller R, Pervan S, Merolli M. Australian Adults
expect physiotherapists to provide physical activity advice: a
survey. Journal of Physiotherapy. 2019;65(4):230-236.
- 30. Tuncer R, Alican EN, Beyhan A, Kolaç N. Comparison of
healthy lifestyle behaviors in smoking and non-smoking
adults. Journal Of Public Health Nursing. 2022;4(2):102-114.
- 31. Raatz SK, Jahns L, Johnson LK, Scheett A, Carriquiry A, Lemieux
A. et al. Smokers report lower intake of key nutrients
than nonsmokers, yet both fall short of meeting recommended
intakes. Nutrition Research. 2017; 45:30-37.
- 32. Erçim RE, Baydaş B. The effect of passive tobacco smoke exposure
on diet quality, oxidative stress index and nutritional
status in young adults. F.Ü.Sağ.Bil.Tıp.Derg. 2017;31(1):1-10.
- 33. Bradley DP, Johnson LA, Zhang Z, Subar AF, Troiano RP,
Schatzkin A. et al. Effect of smoking status on total energy expenditure.
Nutrition & Metabolism. 2010;7(81):1-6.
- 34. Suh SY, Lee JH, Park SS, Seo AR, Ahn HY, Bae WK. et al. Less
healthy dietary pattern is associated with smoking in Korean
men according to nationally representative data. J Korean
Med Sci. 2013;28(6):869-875.
- 35. Göney TG, Yalçın AD. Relationship Between Smoking and
Obesity. Klinik Tıp Solunum Aktüel. 2019;10(1):8-11.
- 36. Yilmaz M, Aykut M. Effects of smoking on nutrition and food
consumption. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci. 2012;32(3):644-51.
- 37. Schwartz A, Bellissimo N. Nicotine and energy balance: A
review examining the effect of nicotine on hormonal appetite
regulation and energy expenditure. Appetite. 2021;164:
105260.
- 38. Dare S, Mackay DF, Pell JP. Relationship between smoking and
obesity: a cross-sectional study of 499,504 middle-aged adults
in the UK general population. PloS One. 2015;10(4):e0123579.
- 39. Jacobs M. Adolescent smoking: The relationship between cigarette
consumption and BMI. Addictive Behaviors Reports.
2019;9:100-153.
- 40. Keskin Y, Akar Y, Erdem Ö, Erol S.The relationship between
body mass index with food preference and nutrition knowledge
of adults: cross-sectional study. E-Journal of Dokuz Eylul
University Nursing Faculty. 2022;15(2):149-162.
- 41. Restrepo BJ. Obesity prevalence among US adults during the
COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Prev Med. 2022;63(1):102-106.
- 42. Aslan N. Determination of psychosocial factors related to the
body mass index in women. KOU Sag Bil Derg. 2018;4(2):50-
56.
- 43. Taylor AE, Richmond RC, Palviainen T, Loukola A, Wootton
RE, Kaprio J. et al. The effect of body mass index on smoking
behaviour and nicotine metabolism: a Mendelian randomization
study. Human Molecular Genetics. 2019;28(8):1322-1330.
- 44. Barrada JR, van Strien T, Cebolla A. Internal structure
and measurement invariance of the Dutch eating behavior
questionnaire (DEBQ) in a (nearly) representative Dutch
community sample. European Eating Disorders Review.
2016;24(6):503-509.
- 45. Nagl M, Hilbert A, De Zwaan M, Braehler E, Kersting A. The
German version of the Dutch eating behavior questionnaire:
psychometric properties, measurement invariance, and population-
based norms. PloS One. 2016;11(9):e0162510.
- 46. Nkomo NY, Simo-Kengne BD, Biyase M. Maternal tobacco
smoking and childhood obesity in South Africa: A cohort
study. Plos one. 2023;18(2):e0268313.
- 47. Hod R, Mohd Nor NH, Maniam S. Systematic review on e-cigarette
and its effects on weight gain and adipocytes. PloS one.
2022;17(7):e0270818.