Klonlama Uygulamaları ve Biyoetik

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 28 - 38, 29.03.2024

Fatıma Elmusa

Öz

Klonlama, aseksüel yol ile genotip olarak birbiriyle aynı (özdeş) olan hücrelerin veya organizmaların elde edilmesidir. Klonlama, moleküler (gen) klonlama, terapötik (tedavi amaçlı) klonlama ve reprodüktif (üreme amaçlı) klonlama olmak üzere üçe ayrılmaktadır. Moleküler klonlama, genetik mühendisliği teknikleri ile belirli bir DNA dizinin çoğaltılmasıdır. Terapötik klonlama hücre topluluğunun çoğaltılması anlamına gelirken reprodüktif klonlama aynı genetik yapıya sahip organizmaların elde edilmesi anlamına gelmektedir. Bu iki klonlamanın başlangıç aşaması benzer olsa da ilkinde laboratuvar ortamında oluşturulan blastosist kök hücre elde etmek için kullanılırken ikinci klonlama türünde blastosist bir taşıyıcı annenin rahmine yerleştirilerek yeni bireyin oluşturulması için kullanılmaktadır. Bu iki klonlama türü her zaman moleküler klonlamadan daha tartışmalı olmuştur. Özellikle son yıllarda reprodüktif klonlama ile ilgili atılan adımlar ve geliştirilen teknolojiler dikkat çekmeye başlamıştır. 1996 yılında Somatik Hücre Nükleer Transferi (SCNT) tekniği ile Dolly adlı ilk memeli hayvanın klonlanması, reprodüktif klonlama başta olmak üzere klonlama ile ilgili tartışmaların artmasına neden olmuştur. Bazıları, yeni olan bu teknolojinin hem insan hem çevre için olumsuz sonuçlara yol açacağı görüşünü savunurken bazıları klonlamanın gerekli olduğunu ve hayvancılık ve tıp gibi alanlarda yeni imkanlar sağlayacağı görüşünü savunmaktadır. Bu konuda devam eden tartışmalar klonlamanın ilerlemesini engelleyen en önemli faktörlerden biridir. Bir yandan insan ve hayvan hakları tartışma konusu olmuşken diğer yandan klonlamanın çevreye olan etkisi de tartışılmaktadır. Bu makalede klonlama karşıtları ve taraflarının klonlama ile ilgili tartıştığı noktalara değinmeden önce klonlama teknolojisi, tarihçesi ve uygulama alanları üzerinde durulacaktır. Böylece klonlama konusu ile ilgili temel kavramlar açıklanarak genel bilgi edinilecek ve konunun daha iyi anlaşılması sağlanacaktır. Daha sonra klonlama ile ilgili yapılan etik tartışmalar özetlenecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Klonlama, Etik, Biyoetik, Terapötik klonlama, Reprodüktif klonlama

Cloning Applications and Bioethics

Öz

Cloning is the asexual reproduction of cells or organisms that are genotypically identical to each other. Cloning is divided into three as molecular (gene) cloning, therapeutic cloning, and reproductive cloning. Molecular cloning is the duplication of a specific DNA sequence using genetic engineering techniques. Therapeutic cloning means the reproduction of the cell population, while reproductive cloning means obtaining organisms with the same genetic makeup. Although the initial stage of these two cloning types is similar, the blastocyst created in the laboratory is used to obtain stem cells in the first type, while in the second type of cloning, the blastocyst is placed in the uterus of a surrogate mother and used to create a new individual. These two types of cloning have always been more controversial than molecular cloning. Especially in recent years, the steps taken, and the technologies developed regarding reproductive cloning have started to attract attention. The cloning of the first mammal named Dolly with the Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) technique in 1996 led to an increase in the discussions about cloning, especially reproductive cloning. Some argue that this new technology will have negative consequences for both humans and the environment, while others argue that cloning is necessary and will provide new opportunities in fields such as livestock and medicine. The ongoing debate on this issue is one of the most important factors hindering the progress of cloning. While human and animal rights have been the subject of discussion, the impact of cloning on the environment is also discussed. Before addressing the points discussed by cloning opponents and proponents regarding cloning, this article will focus on cloning technology, its history and application areas. Thus, by explaining the basic concepts about cloning, general information will be obtained, and a better understanding of the subject will be provided. Then, ethical discussions about cloning will be summarized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cloning, Ethics, Bioethics, Therapeutic cloning, Reproductive cloning

Kaynakça

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