360 Degree Video Journalism: An Overview of a New News Experience

Öz

Research on 360-degree video journalism is relatively new, but current research shows that this new form of journalism and news experience has the potential to influence and involve the audience in the news story as never before. Empirical research on 360-degree video journalism in the international literature is relatively insufficient. In the Turkish literature, there is no case study or empirical research on the use of 360-degree video in the news industry in Turkey. Within this context, an academic opportunity for more research in this area is evident. The purpose of this article is to reveal the potential of 360-degree video journalism and its contribution to journalism research by reviewing the international literature. For this purpose, this article focuses primarily on the importance of 360-degree video in visual journalism, conceptual approaches to 360-degree video journalism, the relationship between 360-degree video journalism and 360-degree video news, and immersive journalism, immersive technology and virtual reality. Afterwards, the article focuses on the assumptions, expectations, paradoxes, criticisms related to 360-degree video journalism, and researches on 360-degree video journalism and provides suggestions for the future of these researches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 360-Degree Video Journalism
• 360-Degree Video News
• Immersive Journalism
• Immersive Technology
• Virtual Reality

360 Derece Video Gazeteciliği: Yeni Bir Haber Deneyimine Genel Bir Bakış

Öz

360 derece video gazeteciliğine ilişkin araştırmalar görece yenidir ancak, mevcut araştırmalar, bu yeni gazetecilik biçiminin ve bu yeni haber deneyiminin izleyiciyi daha önce hiç olmadığı kadar haber hikâyesinin içine çekme ve etkileme potansiyeline sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Uluslararası alanyazında 360 derece video gazeteciliğine ilişkin ampirik araştırmalar görece yetersizdir. Türkçe alanyazında ise Türkiye’de haber endüstrisinde 360 derece video kullanımına ilişkin herhangi bir örnek olay araştırması ya da ampirik araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Bu bağlamda hem dünyada hem de Türkiye’de akademik bir boşluk söz konusudur. Bu makalenin amacı, uluslararası alanyazın taraması yaparak 360 derece video gazeteciliğinin potansiyelini ve gazetecilik araştırmalarına katkısını gözler önüne sermektir. Bu amaçla makale, öncelikle görsel gazetecilikte 360 derece videonun önemine, 360 derece video gazeteciliğine ilişkin kavramsal yaklaşımlara, 360 derece video gazeteciliği ve 360 derece video haber ile üç boyutlu gazetecilik, üç boyutlu teknoloji ve sanal gerçeklik arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanmaktadır. Daha sonra 360 derece video gazeteciliğine ilişkin varsayımlara, olasılıklara, çelişkilere, eleştirilere ve 360 derece video gazeteciliğine ilişkin araştırmalara odaklanmakta ve bu araştırmaların geleceğine dair önerilerde bulunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• 360 Derece Video Gazeteciliği
• 360 Derece Video Haber
• Üç Boyutlu Gazetecilik
• Üç Boyutlu Teknoloji
• Sanal Gerçeklik

Kaynakça

1. Aitamurto, T. (2019). Normative paradoxes in 360° journalism: Contested accuracy and objectivity. New Media&Society, 21(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1177/146.144.4818785153
2. Azuma, R. T. (1997). A survey of augmented reality. Presence: Teleoperators&Virtual Environments, 6(4), 355- 385. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.355
3. Baía Reis, A., & Coelho, A. F. V. C. C. (2018). Virtual reality and journalism: A gateway to conceptualizing immersive journalism. Digital Journalism, 6(8), 1090-1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670.811.2018.15 02046
4. Barreda-Ángeles, M., Aleix-Guillaume, S., & Pereda-Baños, A. (2021). Virtual reality storytelling as a double- edged sword: Immersive presentation of nonfiction 360°-video is associated with impaired cognitive information processing. Communication Monographs, 88(2), 154-173. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637.7 51.2020.1803496
5. Burgess, J., & Hurcombe, E. (2019). Digital journalism as symptom, response, and agent of change in the platformed media environment. Digital Journalism, 7(3), 359-367. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670.811. 2018.1556313
6. Choi, H., & Nam, S. (2022). A study on attention attracting elements of 360-degree videos based on VR eye-tracking system. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 6(7), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ mti6070054
7. Costera Meijer, I. (2013). Valuable journalism: A search for quality from the vantage point of the user. Journalism: Theory, Practice&Criticism, 14(6), 754-770. https://doi.org/10.1177/146.488.4912455899
8. Decock, J., Van Looy, J., Bleumers, L., & Bekaert, S. (2014). The pleasure of being (there?): An explorative study into the effects of presence and identification on the enjoyment of an interactive theatrical performance using omnidirectional video. AI&Society, 29(4), 449-459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146.013.0487-6

9. De La Peña, N., Weil, S., Llobera, J., Giannopoulos, E., Pomés, A., Spanlang, B., Friedman, D., Sánchez-Vives, M. V., & Slater, M. (2010). Immersive journalism: Immersive virtual reality for the first-person experience of news. Presence: Teleoperators&Virtual Environments, 19(4), 291-301. https://doi.org/10.1162/ PRES_a_00005
10. Feng, Y. (2018). Facilitator or inhibitor? The use of 360-degree videos for immersive brand storytelling. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 18(1), 28-42. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252.019.2018.1446199
11. Gynnild, A., Uskali, T., Jones, S., & Sirkkunen, E. (2020). Introduction: What is immersive journalism? In T. Uskali, A. Gynnild, S. Jones & E. Sirkkunen (Eds.), Immersive journalism as storytelling: Ethics,production, and design (ss. 1-9). Routledge.
12. Jones, S. (2017). Disrupting the narrative: Immersive journalism in virtual reality. Journal of Media Practice, 18(2-3), 171-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/14682.753.2017.1374677
13. Kim, Y., & Lee, H. (2022). User acceptance of 360-degree video news: An integrated model of extended TAM and U&G perspectives. Communication Research and Practice, 8(4), 327-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/2 2041.451.2022.2141861
14. Kool, H. (2016). The ethics of immersive journalism: A rhetorical analysis of news storytelling with virtual reality technology. Intersect: The Stanford Journal of Science, Technology and Society, 9(3), 1-11. http:// ojs.stanford.edu/ojs/index.php/intersect/article/view/871
15. Lopezosa, C., Codina, L., Fernández-Planells, A., & Freixa, S. (2023). Journalistic innovation: How new formats of digital journalism are perceived in the academic literature. Journalism, 24(4), 821-838. https://doi. org/10.1177/146.488.49211033434
16. Mabrook, R., & Singer, J. B. (2019). Virtual reality, 360° video, and journalism studies: Conceptual approaches to immersive technologies. Journalism Studies, 20(14), 2096-2112. https://doi. org/10.1080/1461670X.2019.156.8203
17. Nash, K. (2018). Virtual reality witness: Exploring the ethics of mediated presence. Studies in Documentary Film, 12, 119-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/17503.280.2017.1340796
18. Neys, J., & Jansz, J. (2010). Political internet games: Engaging an audience. European Journal of Communication, 25(3), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1177/026.732.3110373456
19. Oh, J., Sudarshan, S., Jin, E., Nah, S., & Yu, N. (2020). How 360-degree video influences content perceptions and environmental behavior: The moderating effect of environmental self-efficacy. Science Communication, 42(4), 423-453. https://doi.org/10.1177/107.554.7020932174
20. Paíno Ambrosio, A., & Rodríguez Fidalgo, M. I. (2021). Proposal for a new communicative model in immersive journalism. Journalism, 22(10), 2600-2617. https://doi.org/10.1177/146.488.4919869710
21. Palmer, L. (2020). ‘Breaking free’ from the frame: International human rights and The New York Times’ 360-degree video journalism. Digital Journalism, 8(3), 386-403. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670.811.20 19.1709982
22. Pavlik, J. (1999). New media and news: Implications for the future of journalism. New Media&Society, 1(1), 54- 59. https://doi.org/10.1177/146.144.4899001001009
23. Pérez-Seijo, S., Vicente, S. N., & López-García, X. (2023). Immersive journalism: The effect of system immersion on place illusion and co-presence in 360-degree video reporting. Systems, 11(1), 1-17. https://doi. org/10.3390/systems11010001
24. Pimentel, D., Kalyanaraman, S., Lee, Y., & Halan, S. (2021). Voices of the unsung: The role of social presence and interactivity in building empathy in 360 video. New Media&Society, 23(8), 2230-2254. https://doi. org/10.1177/146.144.4821993124
25. Pjesivac, I., Ahn, S. J. G., Briscoe, A., & Kim, S. (2022). 360° Journalism as a gateway to information seeking: The role of enjoyment and spatial presence. Journalism Practice (Online First), 1-22. https://doi.org/10. 1080/17512.786.2022.2059545
26. Sánchez-Laws, A. L. (2020), Can immersive journalism enhance empathy? Digital Journalism, 8(2), 213-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670.811.2017.1389286
27. Schmalstieg, D., & Höllerer, T. (2016). Augmented reality: Principles and practice. Addison-Wesley. Shin, D., & Biocca, F. (2018). Exploring immersive experience in journalism. New Media&Society, 20(8), 2800- 2823. https://doi.org/10.1177/146.144.4817733133
28. Sirkkunen, E., & Uskali, T. (2019). Virtual reality journalism. In T. S. Vos & F. Hanusch (Eds.), The international encyclopedia of journalism studies (ss. 1-5). Wiley Blackwell.
29. Slater, M., & Sánchez-Vives, M. V. (2016). Enhancing our lives with immersive virtual reality. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 3(73), 1-47. https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2016.00074
30. Soler-Adillon, J., & Sora, C. (2018). Immersive journalism and virtual reality. In M. Pérez-Montoro (Ed.), Interaction in digital news media (ss. 55-83). Palgrave Macmillan.
31. Sundar, S. S., Bellur, S., Oh, J., Xu, Q., & Jia, H. (2014). User experience of on-screen interaction techniques: An experimental investigation of clicking, sliding, zooming, hovering, dragging, and flipping. Human- Computer Interaction, 29(2), 109-152. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370.024.2013.789347
32. Sundar, S. S., Kang, J., & Oprean, D. (2017). Being there in the midst of the story: How immersive journalism affects our perceptions and cognitions. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 20(11), 672- 682. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2017.0271
33. Usher, N. (2014). Making news at The New York Times. University of Michigan Press.
34. Van Damme, K., All, A., De Marez, L., & Van Leuven, S. (2019). 360° video journalism: Experimental study on the effect of immersion on news experience and distant suffering. Journalism Studies, 20(14), 2053-2076. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2018.156.1208
35. Vettehen, S. H., Wiltink, D., Huiskamp, M., Schaap, G., & Ketelaar, S. (2019). Taking the full view: How viewers respond to 360-degree video news. Computers in Human Behavior, 91, 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. chb.2018.09.018
36. Watson, Z. (2017). VR for news? The new reality. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford.