Behavioral Insights as a Public Policy Tool

Yıl 2019, , 247 - 274, 30.12.2019

Sebnem Ozdemir

https://doi.org/10.17829/turcom.526240

Cited By: 5

Öz

The last few years saw increasing use
of behavioral insight as a tool by the governments all around the globe.
Numerous pieces of scholarship published in the last decade, not to mention
substantial efforts in research, countless reports and other studies show that
behavioral insight offers value-added solutions to many policy problems. When
combined with the rather conventional tools available to the governments, such
as rewards (subsidies, incentives, means of support, scholarships, loans, etc.)
and punishments (traffic and tax fines, legal obligations, restrictions etc.),
behavioral insights can be used in soft-policy contexts. Enabling effective,
easy to implement and productive applications, behavioral insights can be used
in many issue areas including but not limited to the environment, health,
education, energy, finance, and social security. The study was designed as a
piece of descriptive research. The major axes of the study are the benefits
behavioral insight practices offer over the conventional policy tools, the
specific issue areas where behavioral insights are employed by the governments,
the processes whereby behavioral insights are used as public policy tools, and
finally the ethical approaches to behavioral insights. As one of the first
studies done on this matter in Turkey, the study would contribute to the
literature in the fields of behavioral insights and nudging. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Behavioral Insights, Nudging, Choice Architecture, Liberal Paternalism, Public Policy

Bir Kamu Politikası Aracı Olarak Davranışsal İçgörü

Öz

Davranışsal
içgörü, dünyada özellikle son birkaç yıldır hükümetler tarafından gittikçe
artan şekilde kullanılan bir araç haline gelmiştir. Son on sene içerisinde
yayınlanan pek çok yayın araştırma, rapor ve benzeri çalışmalar göstermektedir
ki davranışsal içgörü, pek çok politika sorununa katma değerli çözümler
getirebilme yetisine sahiptir. Ödül (sübvansiyonlar, teşvikler, ödüller,
burslar, krediler vb.) ve ceza (trafik ve vergi cezaları, yasal zorunluluklar,
kısıtlamalar... vb. ) gibi, devlet yönetiminin uyguladığı klasik yöntemlerin
yanı sıra bir tür yumuşak politika olarak karşımıza çıkan davranışsal içgörü /
dürtme uygulamaları, çevre, sağlık, eğitim, enerji, finans, sosyal güvenlik ve
daha pek çok alanda etkin, uygulaması kolay ve getirisi yüksek pratikler
yapmaya olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada davranışsal içgörü uygulamalarının
klasik politika araçları ile karşılaştırıldığında ne oranda faydalı olduğu,
hangi kurumlar ve devletler tarafından, hangi alanlarda, ne şekilde
kullanıldığı, davranışsal içgörünün bir kamu politikası aracı olarak
kullanılabilirliği ve konu çevresinde tartışılan etik yaklaşımlar
irdelenmiştir. Bu alanda ülkemizde yapılmış ilk çalışmalardan biri olması
sebebi ile çalışmanın davranışsal içgörü / dürtme konularında Türkçe yazına katkı
sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Davranışsal İçgörü, Dürtme, Seçenek Mimarisi, Liberal Paternalizm, Kamu Politikalar

Kaynakça

• Allcott, H. (2011). Social Norms and Energy Conservation.Journal of Public Economics(95), 1082-1095.
• Behavioural Insights. (2018). Erişim tarih ve adresi: 15 Kasım 2018, OECD Regulatory Policy: http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/behavioural-insights.htm
• Behavioural Insights Team. (2018). Who We Are. Erişim tarih ve adresi: 17Kasım 2018, behaviouralinsights.co.uk: https://www.behaviouralinsights.co.uk/about-us/
• Benartzi, S., Beshears, J., Milkman, K., Sunstein, C., Thaler, R., Shankar, M., Galing, S. (2017). Should Governments Invest More in Nudging? Psychological Science, 28(8), 1041-1055.
• Benson, B. (2016, Eylül 1). Cognitive Bias Cheat Sheet. Erişim tarih ve adresi: 29 Kasım 2018, https://betterhumans.coach.me/cognitive-bias-cheat-sheet-55a472476b18
• Halpern, D. (2015). Inside The Nudge Unit: How Small Changes Can Make a Big Difference. London: WH Allen.
• Hogarth, R. (2018, July 9). Check Your Bias, Tt’s Greater Than You Think. Erişim tarih ve adresi: 11 Temmuz 2018, www.thetimes.co.uk/: https://www.thetimes.co.uk/edition/comment/check-your-bias-it-s-greater-than-you-think-j76qbwm86
• Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
• Kurulan Kapanan İşletme Sayısı. (2018, Ocak 19). Erişim tarih ve adresi: 22 Haziran 2018, www.tobb.org.tr: https://www.tobb.org.tr/Sayfalar/Detay.php?rid=8014&lst=Haberler
• Ly, K., Mazar, N., Zhao, M., & Soman, D. (2015, May 23). A Practitioner's Guide to Nudging. Rotman School of Management Working Paper No. 2609347, http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2609347.
• Mousavi, S., & Kheirandish, R. (2017). Policy Making with Behavioral Insight. Journal of Behavioral Economics for Policy, 1(1), 41-46.
• Özdemir, Ş. (2017, October 30). İkna Edici İletişim Bağlamında Davranışsal İçgörü Kullanımı: Kamu Sağlık Politikası Alanında Bir Araştırma (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi). İstanbul.
• Policy Research Group, E. b. (2016). Insights for Impact, The Annual Report of the Policy Research Group. University of Cambridge. Cambridge: Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge.
• SiCPsychology. (15 Mart 2011). Inattentional Blindness (Gorilla in Court) [Video dosyası]. Erişim tarih ve adresi: 29 Kasım 2018, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6qgoM89ekM
• Sunstein, C. (2014). Why Nudge?: The Politics of Libertarian Paternalism. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• Sunstein, C. (2016). The Ethics of Influence: Government in the Age of Behavioral Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Sunstein, C. (2018). Misconceptions About Nudges. Journal of Behavioral Economics for Policy, 2(1), 61-67.
• Sunstein, C. R. (2014, November 11). The Ethics of Nudging. Erişim tarih ve adresi: 1 Aralık 2015, Harvard University's DASH Repository: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2526341
• Svenson, O. (1981). Are We All Less Risky and More Skillful Than Out Fellow Drivers? Acta Psychologica , 47, 143-148.
• Tapson, M. (2013, August 13). The Soft Totalitarianism of Nudging. Erişim tarih ve adresi: 10 Temmuz 2018, www.frontpagemag.com: https://www.frontpagemag.com/fpm/200533/soft-totalitarianism-nudging-mark-tapson
• Thaler, R., & Sunstein, C. (2008). Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness. New Haven: Yale University Press.
• The ‘Nudge Unit’: The Experts That Became a Prime UK Export. (2018). Erişim tarih ve adresi: 15 Kasım 2018, theguardian.com: https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/nov/10/nudge-unit-pushed-way-private-sector-behavioural-insights-team?CMP=share_btn_tw
• The White House, Office of Press Secretary. (2015, September 15). Executive Order -- Using Behavioral Science Insights to Better Serve the American People. Erişim tarih ve adresi: 05 Temmuz 2018, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/15/executive-order-using-behavioral-science-insights-better-serve-american
• The White House, Office of Press Secretary. (2015, September 15). Fact Sheet: President Obama Signs Executive Order; White House Announces New Steps to Improve Federal Programs by Leveraging Research Insights. Erişim tarih ve adresi: 05 Temmuz 2018, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2015/09/15/fact-sheet-president-obama-signs-executive-order-white-house-announces