Dravid Dilleri, Türkçe v Sanskritçe Sözlüksel Karşılaştırmalar Üzerine Düşünceler

Yıl 2012, Sayı: 24, 0 - 0, 01.06.2012

José Andrés Alonso De La Fuente

Öz

Bu yazının temel amacı yakın zamanda Dravidçe ile ilişkilendirilmiş olan bir grup Türkçe sözcüğü çözümlemektir. Böyle bir ödünçleme yolunu savunan araştırmacılar tarihi ortamın gerçek yapısı ile ilgili yeterince açıklayıcı olmadıkları için bu bağlantıların nasıl kurulduğu belirli değildir. Bu makalede Dravidçe ve Türkçe arasında doğrudan temasın / etkileşimin olmadığını göstermeyi umut ediyorum. Bunun yerine, ilgili yazında iyi bilinen daha geleneksel ödünçleme yolları tartışılan örnekleri açıklayabilir. Ancak diğer örnekler rastlantısal benzerliğe dayalı olarak ortaya çıkan durumlar olarak görülebilir. Kanıtların yada bulguların çoğu hem tarihe tarihöncesine hem de dilbilime tarihsel dilbilime dayanmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tarihsel ve Karşılaştırmalı Dilbilim, Dillerarası

SOME THOUGHTS ON DRAVIDIAN-TURKIC-SANSKRIT LEXICAL COMPARISONS

Öz

The main goal of this paper is to analyze a specific group of Turkic lexical items whose historical destiny has been recently tied to the Dravidian languages. Overall, it is unclear how these lexical items should be dealt with, since authors supporting this borrowing route offer no clear picture of the exact nature of the historical setting. In this paper I hope to demonstrate that there is no such thing as Dravidian-Turkic direct contacts. Instead, more conventional borrowing routes, well-known in the specialized literature, might account for the majority of examples brought into discussion. Several other instances, however, must be regarded as cases that arise due to chance similarity. The bulk of evidence relies on both pre history and historical linguistics

Anahtar Kelimeler

historical & comparative linguistics, language contact, historical populations, etymology, Dravidian & Turkic languages

Kaynakça

• DBIA = Emeneau, M. & Th. Burrow (1962): Dravidian Borrowings from Indo- Iranian. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press.
• DEDR = Burrow, Th. & M.B. Emeneau (19842): A Dravidian Etymological Dictionary (Revised edition). Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• DTS = Nadeljaev, V.M., Nasilov, D.M., Tenišev, È.R. & A.M. Šþerbak (1969): Drevnetjurkskij slovar’. Leningrad: Nauka.
• DW(S) = Stachowski, M. (1993): Dolganischer Wortschatz. Kraków: KsiĊgarnia Akademicka. (+ Dolganischer Wortschatz. Supplementband. Kraków: KsiĊgarnia Akademicka, 1998).
• EDT = Clauson, G., Sir (1972): An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th-Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• ÈSTJa = Sevortjan, È.V., ed. (1974-2003-): Ètimologiþeskij slovar’ tjurkskix jazykov, vols. 1-7-. Moskva: Nauka.
• EWA = Mayrhofer, M. (1986-2000): Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen, 3 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
• KEWA = Mayrhofer, M. (1956-1976): Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
• KW = Ramstedt, G. J. (1935): Kalmückisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Lexica Societatis Fenno-Ugricae.
• MK = Dankoff R. & J. Kelly, eds. (1982-1985): Maьmnjd al-KƗšȖarƯ’s Compendium of the Turkic Dialects. DƯwƗn LuȖƗt at-Turk, 3 vols. Cambridge: Harvard UPress.
• MT = Doerfer, G. (1985): Mongolo-Tungusica. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
• SED = Monier-Williams, M. (1899): A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• TL = Vaiyapuri Pilla, S., ed. (1982[1924-36]): Tamil Lexicon, 6 vols. Madras: University of Madras.
• TMEN = Doerfer, G. (1963-1975): Türkische und mongolische Elemente im Neupersischen, 4 vols. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
• SSTM = Cincius, V. I., ed. (1975-77): Sravnitel’nyj slovar’ tunguso-man’þžurskix jazykov, 2 vols. Leningrad: Nauka.
• VEWT = Räsänen, M. (1969): Versuch eines etymologischen Wörterbuchs der Türksprachen. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
• AALTO, P. (1971): «Iranian contacts of the Turks in Pre-Islamic Times». In: L. Ligeti (ed.), Studia Turcica, 29-37. Budapest: Akadémicai Kiadó.
• ALONSO DE LA FUENTE, J. A. (2007): «Some thoughts on Etruscan *maș- ‘(honeyed) wine’». Historische Sprachforschung 120(1/2), 305-10.
• ANDRIOTIS, N. P. (1951): Dictionaire étymologique du grec moderne. Athènes: Institut Français d’Athènes.
• ANDRONOV, M. S. (1971): “Comparative studies on the nature of Dravido- Uralian parallels: A peep into the prehistory of language families”, In: R.E. Asher (ed.), Proceedings of the Second International Conference-Seminar of Tamil Studies, vol. 1, 267-77. Madras: Christian Literature Society.
• BAILEY, H. (1979): Dictionary of Khotan Saka. Cambridge: Cambridge UPress.
• BANG, W. & G. R. RACHMATI (1932): Die Legende von Oghuz Qaghan. Berlin: Akademie der Wissenschaft (SPAW).
• BRIGHT, W. (1975[1990]): « The Dravidian enunciative vowel». In H. F. Schiffman & C. M. Eastman (eds.), Dravidian Phonological Systems, 11-46. Washington: Institute for Comparative and Foreign Area Studies, University of Washington. [Revised in W. Bright (1990): Language Variation in South Asia, 86-117. New York and Oxford: Oxford UPress.]
• BRYANT, E. & L. PATTON, eds. (2005): The Indo-Aryan Controversy. Evidence and inference in Indian history. London & New York: Routledge.
• BURROW, T. (1944). «Dravidian Studies (IV): The body in Dravidian and Uralian», Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 11(2), 328- 56.
• —. (1972): «The Primitive Dravidian Word for the Horse», International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 1(1), 18-25.
• CALDWELL, R. (19133[1998]): A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South Indian Family of Langauges. New Delhi and Madras: Asian Educational Services.
• CAMPBELL, L. (1998): Historical Linguistics. An Introduction. Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
• CHATTERJI, S. K. (1965): Dravidian. Annamalainagar: Annanmalai University.
• —. (1972): «Address to the Dravidian linguists», International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 1(1), 1-17.
• DANKOFF, R. (1983): Ynjsuf KhƗ߅߅ ѽƗjib’s Kutadgu Bilig (Wisdom of Royal Glory). Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press.
• DE RACHEWILTZ, I. (2004): The Secret History of the Mongols, 2 vols. Leiden: Brill.
• DE VAAN, M. (2009): «The derivational history of Greek híppos and hippeşs», Journal of Indo-European Studies 37, 198-213.
• EKER, S. (2009): «Divanü Lugâti’t-Türk ve İran Dillerinden Kopyalar Üzerine I», International Journal of Central Asian Studies (Festschrift für Prof. Tâlat Tekin) 13, 233-84.
• EMENEAU, M. (1967a[1953]): “The Todas and Sumeria-A hypothesis rejected”. In: M. Emeneau, Collected Papers, 61-3. Annamalainagar: The Annamalai University.
• —. (1967a[1954]): «Linguistic prehistory in India». In: M. Emeneau, Collected Papers, 155-71. Annamalainagar: The Annamalai University.
• ERDAL, M. (1993): «Around the Turkic ‘Apple’», The Journal of Indo-European Studies 21(1/2), 27-36.
• EREN, H. (1999): Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü. Ankara: Bizim Büro Basım Evi.
• FLIER, M. S. (1983): «The Alternation l ~ v in East Slavic». In: M. S. Flier (ed.), American Contributions to the Ninth International Congress of Slavists (Kiev, September 1983), vol. 1 Linguistics, 99-118. Columbus (OH): Slavica.
• GEORG, S. (2001): “Türkisch-mongolisch tengri ‘Himmel, Gott’ und seine Herkunft”, Studia Etymologica Cracoviensia 6, 83-100.
• —. (2008): «Yeniseic languages and the Siberian linguistic area». In: A. Lubotsky, J. Schaeken & J. Wiedenhof (eds.), Evidence and Counter Evidence. Essays in Honour of Frederik Kortlandt, vol. 2, 151-68. Amsterdam & New York.
• GOLDEN, P. (1992): An introduction to the history of the Turkic peoples. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• —. (1998): «The Turkic Peoples: A Historical Sketch». In: L. Johanson & É.Á. Csató (eds.), The Turkic Languages, 16-29. London & New York: Routledge.
• —. (2005): «Some Thoughts on the Origins of the Turks and the Shaping of the Turkic People». In: V. Mair (ed.), Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World, 136-57. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
• HAMP, E. P. (1990): «The Indo-European Horse». In: T. L. Markey & J. A. C. Greppin Europeans, 211-26. Ann Arbor: Karoma.
• HOCK, H. (1975): «Substratum influence on (Rig-Vedic) Sanskrit?», Studies in Linguistic Sciences 5(2), 76-125.
• ÏSKAKOW, A., Sïzdïkowa, S. & Š. Sarïbaew (1966): Kazak tiliniƾ kïskaša etimologijalïk sözdigi. Almatï: Gïlïm.
• JANHUNEN, J. (1998): «The horse in East Asia: reviewing the linguistic evidence». In: V. H. Mair (ed.), The Bronze Age and Early Iron Age peoples of Eastern Central Asia, vol. 1, 415-430. Washington, D.C.: The Institute for the Study of Man.
• —. (2007): «Typological expansion in the Ural-Altaic belt», Incontri linguistici 30, 71-83.
• —. (2010): «Reconstructing the linguistic map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia», Studia Orientalia 108, 283-305.
• JOHANSON, L. & Ch. BULUT, eds. (2006): Turkic Iranian Contact Areas. Historical and linguistic aspects. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• JOHANSON, L. (1998): «The History of Turkic». In: L. Johanson & É.Á. Csató (eds.), The Turkic Languages, 81-125. London & New York: Routledge.
• KAPP, D. (1994): «A Collection of Jaffna Tamil Riddles from Oral Tradition», Asian Folklore Studies 53, 125-49.
• KELEKNA, P. (2009): The Horse in Human History. Cambridge: Cambridge UPress.
• KOBAYASHI, M. (2009): «Indo-Aryan Loanwords and the Prehistory of Kurux and Malto». In: K. Yoshida & B. Vine (eds.), East and West. Papers in Indo- European Studies, 111-131. Bremen: Hempen Verlag.
• KRISHNAMURTI, Bh. (2001): Comparative Dravidian Linguistics. Current Perspectives. Oxford: Oxford UPress.
• —. (2003): The Dravidian Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge UPress.
• KUCZKIEWICZ-FRAĝ, A. (2001): «Turkic in India and its elements in Hindi», Studia Turcologica Cracoviensia 8, 43-8.
• KUIPERS, F. B. J. (1967): «The genesis of the linguistic area», Indo-Iranian Journal 10, 81-125.
• LEVITT, S. H. (2003): «New Dravidian Etymologies for Sanskrit Words», International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 32(2), 7-22.
• —. (2007): «A word for “horse” in Chinese and Dravidian», International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 36(2), 19-44.
• —. (2009): «The Ancient Mesopotamian Place Name “Meluhha”», Studia Orientalia 107, 135-76.
• LIBERMAN, A. (2010): «Iconicity and etymology». In: J. Conradie, R. Johl, M. Beukes, O. Fischer & Ch. Ljungberg (eds.), Signergy, 243-58. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins.
• LUBOTSKY, A. (2001): «The Indo-Iranian Substratum». In: Ch. Carpelan, A. Parpola & P. Koskikallio (eds.), Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo- European. Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations, 301-17. Helsinki: Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne.
• MALLORY, J. & D. ADAMS, eds. (1997): Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Fitzroy Dearborn.
• MALLORY, J. & D. ADAMS (2006): The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo- European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford: Oxford UPress.
• MATISOFF, J. (2003): Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• MCALPIN, D. (1981): Proto-Elamo-Dravidian: The Evidence and its Implications. Philadelphia: The American Philological Society.
• MIKHAILOVA, T. A. (2007): «Macc, Cailín and Céile – an Altaic Element in Celtic?». In: H. L. C. Tristram (ed.), The Celtic languages in Contact, 4-24. Potsdam: Potsdam UPress.
• MORGENSTIERNE, G. (2003): A New Etymological Vocabulary of Pashto. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.
• MUSA[Y]EV, K. M. (1975): Leksika tjurkskix jazykov v sravnitel’nom osvešþenii. Moskva: Nauka.
• —. (1984): Leksikologija tjurkskix jazykov. Moskva: Nauka.
• —. (1996): «Dravidian-Turkic-Sanskrit Lexical Comparisons». In: Á. Berta, B. Brendemoen & C. Schönig (eds.), Symbolae Turcologicae. Studies in honour of Lars Johanson on his Sixtieth birthday (8th March 1996), 169-74. Stockholm: Swedish Research Institute in İstambul.
• PARPOLA, A. & J. JANHUNEN (2011): «On the Asiatic wild asses and their vernacular names». In: T. Osada & H. Endo (eds.), Linguistics, Archaeology and the Human Past (Occasional Papers, vol. 12), 59-124. Kyoto: Indus Project (Research Institute for Humanity and Nature).
• POKORNY, J. (1959): Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, 2 vols. Bern: A. Francke.
• POPPE, N. (1955): «The Turkic loan words in Middle Mongolian», Central Asiatic Journal 1, 36-42.
• —. (1965): Introduction to Altaic linguistics. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• RADLOV, V. (1893): Opyt” slovarja tjurkskix” nareþij, tom I, þast’ 2. Sanktperterburg”: Imperatorskaja Akademija Nauk”.
• RAHMETI ARAT, R. (1947): Kutadgu bilig, vol. I Metin. İstanbul: Millî eğitim basımevi.
• RAMANATHAN, P. (2002): «Situating Indus Valley Civilization in the Proto- history of India», PILC Journal of Dravidic Studies 12(1/2), 79-106.
• —. (2003): «Direction of Movement of Dravidian Speakers in Prehistoric Times– Descent from the North or Ascent from the South?», Dravidian Studies 1(3), 90-107.
• RAO, G. Sambasiva (1971): A comparative study of Dravidian noun derivatives, Ph.D. (mimeo), Cornell University.
• RIX, H., ed. (20012): Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert.
• RIX, H. (1994): Die Termini der Unfreiheit in den Sprachen Alt-Italiens. Stuttgart: Steiner.
• RÓNA-TAS, A. (1988): «Altaic and Indo-European: Marginal Remarks on the books of Gamkrelidze and Ivanov», Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 42(2/3), 391-404.
• —. (1998): «The Reconstruction of Proto-Turkic and the Genetic Question». In: L. Johanson & É.Á. Csató (eds.), The Turkic Languages, 67-80. London & New York: Routledge.
• RYBATZKI, V. (2006): Die Personennamen und Titel der mittelmongolischen Dokumente. Helsinki: Institute for Asian and African Studies.
• —. (2010): «Türkische Lehnwörter im Burushaski». Studia Orientalia 108, 149- 79.
• SCHÖNIG, C. (2002): «Anmerkungen zum B-~ M-Wandel in den modernen Türksprachen». In: I. Hauenschild, C. Schönig & P. Zieme (eds.), Scripta ottomanica et Res Altaicae. Festschrift für Barbara Kellner-Heinkele zu ihrem 60. Geburstag, 257-75. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• —. (2003): «Turko-Mongolic relations». In: J. Janhunen (eds.), The Mongolic languages, 403-19. London & New York: Routledge.
• SCHUESSLER, A. (2007): Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
• SHAGDARSÜRÜNG, Ts. (2005): «Problems of methodology of Altaic comparative linguistics». Rocznik orientalistyczny 58(1), 179-85.
• SORRENTINO, A. (1988): «Corrispondenze lessicali nell’ipotesi di parentela elamo-dravidica», AION 10, 239-54.
• SOUTHWORTH, F. (2005): Linguistic Archaeology of South Asia. London: Routledge Curzon.
• STACHOWSKI, K. (2008): Names of Cereals in the Turkic Languages. Kraków: KsiĊgarnia Akademicka.
• ŠýERBAK, A. M. (1961): «Nazvanija domašnix i dikix životnyx v tjurkskix jazykax», Sbornik “Istoriþeskoe razvitie leksiki tjurkskix jazykov”, 82-172.
• TRAUTMANN, Th. (2006): Languages & Nations. The Dravidian Proof in Colonial Madras. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• TURNER, R. L., Sir (1962-1966): A Comparative Dictionary of Indo-Aryan Languages. London: Oxford UPress.
• TYLER, S. (1968): «Dravidian and Uralian: The Lexical Evidence», Language 44, 798-812.
• VYCICHL, W. (1983): Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue copte. Leuven: Éditions Peeters.
• WINTER, C. A. (2005): «The Dravidian origin of the word for horse», International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics 34(2), 193-202.
• WINTER, W. (1989): «On a new claim concerning substratum influence upon Tocharian», Central Asiatic Journal 33(1/2), 126-32.
• WITZEL, M. (2005): «Loan words in western Central Asia. Indicators of substrate populations, migrations, and trade relations». In: V. Mair (ed.), Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World, 158-90. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
• —. (2006): «South Asian Agricultural Vocabulary». In: T. Osada (ed.), Proceedings of the Pre-Symposium of RHIN and 7th ESCA Harvard-Kyoto Round Table, 96-120. Kyoto: Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RHIN).
• ZVELEBIL, K. (1970): Comparative Dravidian Phonology. The Hague & Paris: Mouton.
• —. (1991): «Long-range language comparison in new models of language development: the case of Dravidian», PILC Journal of Dravidian Studies 1, 21-31.
• —. (1999): «The Dravidian perspective». In: C. Renfrew & D. Nettle (eds.), Nostratic: Examining a Linguistic Macrofamily, 359-65. Cambridge: The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.