Determination of heavy metals and pesticide residue in soil, plant and water along Asa-River Tributary

Öz

Determination of heavy metals and pesticide residue in soil, plant and water along Asa-River Tributary

Öz

The QuEChERS sample preparation method, coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), was optimized and validated for pesticide determination in soil, water, and vegetables. Experimental parameters, such as mass of sample, volume of solvents, extraction time, and sorbents, were optimized using Minitab statistical software. The GC-MS method showed excellent linearity, selectivity, and recovery, with detection limits ranging from >0.001 µg/L and quantification limits from 0.003 µg/L. The analysis of pesticide samples revealed 17 identified pesticides, with Endosulfan ether showing the highest residue concentration (1.41 mg/L) in Soil Sample 2. Similar trends were observed in Vegetable Samples 5 and 6, with residue concentrations ranging from 0.00–0.87 mg/L and 0.00–0.06 mg/L, respectively. No pesticide residues were detected in soil Sample 1, water Samples 3 and 4. Additionally, heavy metal analysis (Cd, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, As, and Fe) was conducted using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) on soil, water, and vegetable samples collected from Asa-river farmland. The results showed variations in metal content across samples, exceeding WHO guidelines, except for cadmium in water and plant samples and nickel in Soil Samples 4 and 6. These methods offer favorable toxicological, environmental, and economic benefits, making them ideal for routine monitoring of pesticides and heavy metals in agricultural farm products.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• pollution
• heavy metals
• pesticide residues
• Design of Experiment
• QuEChERS.

Kaynakça

1. F. Lemessa, B. Simane, A. Seyoum, G. Gebresenbet, Analysis of the concentration of heavy metals in soil, vegetables and water around the bole Lemi industry park, Ethiopia, Heliyon, 2022, 8(12), e12429.
2. M. A. Hashem, M. S. Nur-A-Tomal, N. R. Mondal, M.A. Rahman, Hair burning and liming in tanneries is a source of pollution by arsenic, lead, zinc, manganese and iron, Environ Chem Lett, 2017, 15 (3), 501–506.
3. A. A. Mohammadi, A. Zarei, M. Esmaeilzadeh, M. Taghvi, M. Yousefi, Z. Yousefi, F. Sedighi, S. Javan, Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution and Human Health Risks Assessment in Soils around an Industrial Zone in Neyshabur, Iran, Biol Trace Elem Res, 2020, 195 (1), 343-352.
4. D. Sharma, A. Nagpal, Y. B. Pakade, J. K. Katnoria, Analytical methods for estimation of organophosphorus pesticide residues in fruits and vegetables: A review, Talanta, 2010, 82(4), 1077-1089.
5. N. Jafarzadeh, K. Heidari, A. Meshkinian, H. Kamani, A.A. Mohammadi, G.O. Conti, Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of exposure to heavy metals in underground water resources in Saraven, Iran: spatial distribution, Montecarlo simulation, sensitive analysis, Environ Res, 2021, 204, 112002.
6. L. B. Abdulra’uf, H. B. Ibrahim, A. R. Lawal, G. H. Tan, Pesticide use: Properties and environmental fate, Al-Hikmah Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 2016, 3, 22-29.
7. D. J. Ecobichon, Pesticide use in developing countries, Toxicololgy, 2001, 160 (1-3), 27-33.
8. A. M. Junaid, M. A. Aliu, A. Ibraheem, A. Ishaq, A. Lawal, A.Y Sirhan, G. H. Tan, A.O. Mustapha, H.Y. Kazum, L. B. Abdulauf, Development of QuEChERS / HPLC technique for the determination of veterinary drug residues in beef samples, Songklanakarin J Sci Technol, 2023, 45(5), 599–604.

9. M. Anastassiades, S. J. Lehotay, D. Štajnbaher, F. J. Schenck, Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce, J AOAC Int, 2003, 86, 412–431.
10. Abdulra’uf, L. B., Lawal, A., Application of Multivariate Data Analysis to the Determination of Multiclass Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry, Journal of Chemical Society of Nigeria, 2020, 45(6).
11. C.O. Ogah, H.B. Coker, A.A. Adepoju-Bello, Organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues in beans from markets in Lagos, Nigeria, Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering and Science, 2011, 2(1), 50-61.
12. L. B. Abdulra’uf, A.Y. Sirhan, G. H. Tan, Applications of Experimental Design to the Optimization of Microextraction Sample Preparation Parameters for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables, J AOAC Int, 2015, 98(5), 1171-1185.
13. C. Stalikas, Y. Fiamegos, V. Sakkas, T. Albanis, Developments on chemometric approaches to optimize and evaluate microextraction, J Chromatogr A, 2009, 1216(2), 175-189.
14. G. A. Curbelo, M. Asensio-Ramos, V. A. Herrera-Herrera, J. Harnandez-Borges, Pesticides residue analysis in cereal based baby foods using multi-walled carbon nanotubes dispersive solid-phase extraction, Anal Bioanal Chem, 2012, 404 (1), 83-96.
15. C. C. Chan, Principles and practices of analytical method validation; validation of analytical methods is time consuming but essential, Quality Assurance Journal, 2011, 14, 61-64.
16. Sanco. Analytical Quality Control and Method Validation Procedures for Pesticide Residues Analysis in Food and Feed; SANCO/12571/2013, Brussel, Belgium: European Commission, Directorate of General Health and Consumer Protection.
17. S.O. Mookantsa, S. Dube, M. M. Nindi, Development and application of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method for the determination of tetracyclines in beef by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, Talanta, 2016, 148, 321–328.
18. M. Al-Weher, Levels of heavy metal Cd, Cu and Zn in three fish species collected from the Northern Jordan Valley, Jordan J Biol Sci, 2008, 1, 41-46.
19. A. O. Omonona, F. Ajani, A.T. Adetuga, O. J. Koledoye, Heavy metals contamination in soil and water samples in Omo Forest Reserve, Nigeria, Afr J Biomed Res, 2019, 22, 207-214.
20. P.S. Rani, P.M. Reddy, Preliminary studies on metal concentration on Hussain sagar Lake, Pollut Res, 2003, 22, 377-380.
21. A. Shalini, C. K. Jain, R.S. Lokhande, Review of Heavy Metal Contamination in Soil, Int J Environ Sci Nat Resour, 2017, 3(5), 555625.
22. S. Yadav, S. S. Khirwar, Inter-relationship of soil micro-nutrient with feed stuffs in Jind district of Haryana, Indian J Anim Sci, 2005, 75:531-533.
23. M. Calkins, Materials for sustainable sites. A Complete Guide to the Evaluation, Selection, and Use of Sustainable Construction Materials, 2009, Hoboken, New Jersey, John Wiley and Sons, page 451.
24. D. L. Sparks, Toxic Metals in the Environment: The Role of Surfaces, Elements, 2005, 1, 193-197.
25. N. Jafarzadeh, K. Heidari, A. Meshkinian, H. Kamani, A.A. Mohammadi, G.O. Conti, Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of exposure to heavy metals in underground water resources in Saraven, Iran: spatial distribution, monte-carlo simulation, sensitive analysis, Environ Res, 2021, 204, 112002.
26. D.R. Baldwin, W.J. Marshall, Heavy metal poisoning and its laboratory investigation, Ann Clin Biochem, 1999, 36 (3), 267–300.
27. A.A. Adesuyi, K. I. Njoku, M.O. Akinola, Assessment of heavy metals pollution in soils and vegetation around selected industries in Lagos State, Nigeria, Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, 2015, 3, 11–19.