Derin Ötektik Çözücü Tabanlı Dispersif Sıvı–Sıvı Mikroekstraksiyon: İlkeler, Gelişmeler ve İz Analizindeki Uygulamalar

Öz

Numune hazırlama, özellikle karmaşık matrislerde iz düzeydeki analitlerin tayini söz konusu olduğunda, kimyasal analizde en kritik ve zaman alıcı adımlardan biri olmaya devam etmektedir. Sıvı–sıvı ekstraksiyonu ve katı faz ekstraksiyonu gibi geleneksel ekstraksiyon teknikleri genellikle yüksek çözücü tüketimi, sınırlı seçicilik ve çevresel kaygılarla ilişkilendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda, dispersif sıvı–sıvı mikroekstraksiyon (DLLME), hızlı ekstraksiyon kinetiği, düşük çözücü kullanımı ve yüksek zenginleştirme kapasitesi sayesinde etkin bir minyatürleştirilmiş teknik olarak öne çıkmıştır. Bununla birlikte, klasik DLLME sistemlerinde toksik organik çözücülerin yaygın kullanımı, yöntemin sürdürülebilirliğini ve daha geniş uygulama alanlarını sınırlamaktadır. Bu sınırlamaların üstesinden gelmek amacıyla, son yıllarda özellikle ayarlanabilir fizikokimyasal özellikler, düşük uçuculuk ve yeşil analitik kimya ilkeleriyle daha iyi uyumluluk sunan derin ötektik çözücüler (DES’ler) gibi daha çevre dostu ekstraksiyon ortamlarının geliştirilmesine odaklanılmıştır. Bu alternatif çözücüler, daha sürdürülebilir, verimli ve seçici DLLME sistemlerinin tasarlanmasına olanak sağlamıştır. Bu derleme, DES-temelli DLLME’nin temel ekstraksiyon mekanizmasını ele aldıktan sonra, pestisitler ve ağır metallerin tayini için geliştirilen yaklaşımlara genel bir bakış sunmakta olup, ağırlıklı olarak bildirilen yöntemlerin kronolojik gelişimine odaklanmaktadır. Çalışmalar, fizikokimyasal özellikler, kullanılan DES türleri ve bunların bileşen oranları ile analitik uygulamalar açısından özetlenmiştir. Yerinde çözücü oluşumu, hibrit ekstraksiyon teknikleri ve farklı dispersiyon stratejileri gibi yöntemsel varyasyonlar ana hatlarıyla ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, incelenen numune matrisleri ve analitik performans özellikleri genel bir çerçevede sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dispersif sıvı–sıvı mikroekstraksiyon
• Yeşil analitik kimya
• Derin ötektik çözücüler
• Numune hazırlama
• Pestisit analizi
• Ağır metal analizi

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışma insan veya deney hayvanı içermemektedir.

Deep eutectic solvent-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction: Principles, developments, and applications in trace analysis

Öz

Sample preparation remains one of the most critical and time-consuming steps in chemical analysis, particularly for the determination of trace-level analytes in complex matrices. Conventional extraction techniques, such as liquid–liquid extraction and solid-phase extraction, are often associated with high solvent consumption, limited selectivity, and environmental concerns. In this context, dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) has emerged as an efficient miniaturized technique due to its rapid extraction kinetics, low solvent usage, and high enrichment capability. However, the widespread use of toxic organic solvents in classical DLLME systems restricts its sustainability and broader applicability. To address these limitations, recent research has focused on the development of greener extraction media, particularly deep eutectic solvents (DESs), which offer tunable physicochemical properties, low volatility, and improved compatibility with green analytical chemistry principles. These alternative solvents have enabled the design of more sustainable, efficient, and selective DLLME systems. This review, after addressing the fundamental extraction mechanism of DES-based DLLME, provides an overview of approaches developed for the determination of pesticides and heavy metals, with a primary focus on the chronological development of the reported methods. The studies are summarized in terms of physicochemical properties, the types of DESs used and their component ratios, as well as their analytical applications. Methodological variations, including in-situ solvent formation, hybrid extraction techniques, and different dispersion strategies, are outlined. In addition, the types of sample matrices investigated and the analytical performance characteristics are presented in a general framework.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction
• Green analytical chemistry
• Deep eutectic solvents
• Sample preparation
• Pesticide analysis
• Heavy metal analysis

Etik Beyan

This study does not involve any human or animal subjects.

Kaynakça

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