Öz
Since Second stage of intensification of apple industry in Europe started during early of 1970`s with Dutch `Slender spindle` training system for high density plantations. Other systems such as `Verical axis', V and Y- shaped system,`Tatura trellis`,`Solen`, `Solax`, `Cone` etc. were developed in different countries of the world. Planting systems were classified at five group as low to ultra high density, that is since less 1000 to more than 8000 trees per hectare. According to studies in France during the last 40 years, apple tree cultivars have been classified in four group depend of their fruiting type - I type Starkrimson, II- Reine des Reinettes, III-Golden Delicious and IV-Granny Smith. This classification give us the answer why we have biennial bearing for the apple cultivars in type I and regular bearing for type IV, and why is very important to maintain good balance between vegetative growth and reproductive shoots as a part of apple canopy architecture
Anahtar Kelimeler
Malus domestica (Borkh) training and pruning systems fruiting type and habit
Kaynakça
- Barrrit, B.H. 1992. Intensive orchard management. Good
- Fruit Grower. Yakima, Washington, USA. p.211 Chalmers, D.J., van den Ende, B. 1975. The `Tatura
- Trellis`: A new design for high yielding orchards. J. Agr. Victoria. 74:473-476. Costes, E., Lsuri, P.E., Regnard, J.L.2006. Analyzing fruit tree architecture: Implication for tree management
- Horticultural Reviews, vol.32, Ed. By Lules Janick, John Wiley& sons. production. Gandev, S., 2009. Training and pruning of apple trees according to the new system `Cone`. Acta Hort. 825:465-470.
- Lauri, P.E., Lespinasse, J.M., 1993. The relationship between cultivar fruiting-type and fruiting branch characteristics in apple trees. Acta Hort. 349: 259-263.
- Lauri, P.E., Lespinasse, J. M., 2000. The vertical axis and Solaxe systems in France. Acta Hort.513: 287-2
- Lauri, P.E., Willaume M, Larrive G., Lespinasse J.M., 200 The concept centrofugal training in apple relationship between grouth and fruiting. Acta Hort. 636:35-42. optimizing the Lespinasse, J.M., 1977. La conduite du pommier-types de fructification incidence sur la conduite de l`arbre, INRA, INVUFLEC, Paris.
- Lespinasse, J.M., 1980. La conduite du pommier-l`axe vertical la renovation des vergers (2e partie), CTIFL, Paris.
- Lespinasse, J.M., Delort J.F., 1986. Apple tree management in vertical axis: appraisal after ten years of experiments. Acta Hort. 160:139-155.
- Monney, P., Evequoz N., 2000. Systemes de verger bas et pietons pour le pommier. Revue suise
- Vitic. Arboric. Hortic., vol 32(5):297-301. Robinson, T.L., 2000. V-shaped apple planting systems. Acta Hort. 513:337-347.
- Robinson, T.L., 2013. A vision for apple orchard systems of the future, New York fruit quarterly, vol.21, No 3, Fall 2013, pp.11-16.
- Wertheim, S.J., 1978. Pruning of Slender spindle type trees. Acta Hort.65:173-180.
- Widmer, A., Krebs C., 1997. `Mikado` and `Drilling`
- (Triplet) – two novel training sysems for sustainable high quality apple and pear production. Acta Hort. 451:519-528.
Öz
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Barrrit, B.H. 1992. Intensive orchard management. Good
- Fruit Grower. Yakima, Washington, USA. p.211 Chalmers, D.J., van den Ende, B. 1975. The `Tatura
- Trellis`: A new design for high yielding orchards. J. Agr. Victoria. 74:473-476. Costes, E., Lsuri, P.E., Regnard, J.L.2006. Analyzing fruit tree architecture: Implication for tree management
- Horticultural Reviews, vol.32, Ed. By Lules Janick, John Wiley& sons. production. Gandev, S., 2009. Training and pruning of apple trees according to the new system `Cone`. Acta Hort. 825:465-470.
- Lauri, P.E., Lespinasse, J.M., 1993. The relationship between cultivar fruiting-type and fruiting branch characteristics in apple trees. Acta Hort. 349: 259-263.
- Lauri, P.E., Lespinasse, J. M., 2000. The vertical axis and Solaxe systems in France. Acta Hort.513: 287-2
- Lauri, P.E., Willaume M, Larrive G., Lespinasse J.M., 200 The concept centrofugal training in apple relationship between grouth and fruiting. Acta Hort. 636:35-42. optimizing the Lespinasse, J.M., 1977. La conduite du pommier-types de fructification incidence sur la conduite de l`arbre, INRA, INVUFLEC, Paris.
- Lespinasse, J.M., 1980. La conduite du pommier-l`axe vertical la renovation des vergers (2e partie), CTIFL, Paris.
- Lespinasse, J.M., Delort J.F., 1986. Apple tree management in vertical axis: appraisal after ten years of experiments. Acta Hort. 160:139-155.
- Monney, P., Evequoz N., 2000. Systemes de verger bas et pietons pour le pommier. Revue suise
- Vitic. Arboric. Hortic., vol 32(5):297-301. Robinson, T.L., 2000. V-shaped apple planting systems. Acta Hort. 513:337-347.
- Robinson, T.L., 2013. A vision for apple orchard systems of the future, New York fruit quarterly, vol.21, No 3, Fall 2013, pp.11-16.
- Wertheim, S.J., 1978. Pruning of Slender spindle type trees. Acta Hort.65:173-180.
- Widmer, A., Krebs C., 1997. `Mikado` and `Drilling`
- (Triplet) – two novel training sysems for sustainable high quality apple and pear production. Acta Hort. 451:519-528.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Mart 2014 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 26 Ocak 2015 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2014 Cilt: 1 Sayı: Özel Sayı-1 |
