Öz
This study finds out thermal comfort zones for outdoor recreation planning in Erbil. Therefore, spatial distribution of Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET), which is a measure of thermal comfort, was obtained for the City of Erbil using meteorological data collected from 6 different weather stations located in the study area. Air temperature, relative humidity, radiation and wind speed are required for the calculation of PET. Data obtained from 6 meteorological stations, 15:00 over the period from 1992 to 2015 were used to calculate monthly PET values with RayMan 1.2 software. PET was spatially interpolated using IDW tool in ArcGIS 10.2 to convert the point-data consisting of PET-values for individual meteorological station into a continuous surface so that maps of spatial distribution of PET values could be created. The most comfortable months and areas for outdoor recreation activities were determined by analyzing these maps. The results reveal fundamental information which is of particular relevance to recreation authorities. The lowest PET determined was around 7.2 ºC in Masif slahaddin Area during the month of January. And the highest PET determined was 56.4 ºC in Makhmoor during the month of July. In Erbil governorate, we have concluded that both March and November can be the best months comfortable during the year. September, January and February are coldest. During May to September are the hottest months especially July.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Daneshvar, M.R.M., Bagherzadeh, A., & Tavousi, T. (2013) Assessment of Bioclimatic Comfort Conditions based on Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) using the RayMan Model in Iran, Cent. Eur. J. Geosci., 5(1), 53-60
- EKU (2020) Eastern Kentucky University. Importance of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved from https://recreation.eku.edu/importance-parks-and-recreation
- Farajzadeh H., & Matzarakis A., (2012) Evaluation of thermal comfort conditions in Ourmieh Lake, Iran. Theor Appl Climatol., 107, 451–459
- Höppe P.R., (1999) The physiological equivalent temperature – a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. Int J Biometeorol, 43, 71–75
- Lin T.P., & Matzarakis A., (2008) Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan. Int J Biometeorol., 52, 281–290
- Lin T.P., & Matzarakis A., (2011) Tourism–climate information based on human thermal perception in Eastern China and Taiwan. Tour Manag., 32, 492–500
- Lo CP, & Yeung A.K.W. (2002) Concepts of Techniques of GIS. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
- Matzarakis A., Mayer H., & Iziomon M.G., (1999) Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature. Int J Biometeorol., 43, 76–84
- Matzarakis A., (2006) Weather and climate related information for tourism. Tour Hosp Plan Dev., 3, 99–115
- Matzarakis A., Rutz F., & Mayer H., (2010) Modelling Radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments – Basics of the RayMan model. Int J Biometeorol., 54, 131–139
- Matzarakis A., Rutz F., & Mayer H., (2007) Modelling Radiation fluxes in easy and complex environments – Application of the RayMan model. Int J Biometeorol., 51, 323–334
- Matzarakis A., & Mayer H., (1996) Another kind of environmental stress: Thermal stress. WHO collaborating centre for Air Quality Management and Air pollution Control. Newsletters, 18, 7–10
- Mieczkowski Z., (1985) The tourism climate index: a method for evaluating world climates for tourism. Cana Geogr., 29, 220–233
- Matallah, M.E., Alkama, D., Ahriz, A., & Attia, S. (2020) Assessment of the Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Oases Settlements, Atmosphere, 11(2), 185, 1-17
- Morgan R., Gatell E., Junyent R., Micallef A., Özhan E., & Williams A., (2000) An improved user – based beach climate index. J Coast Conserv., 6, 41–50
- Topay, M. (2013) Mapping of thermal comfort for outdoor recreation planning using GIS: the case of Isparta Province (Turkey) Turk J Agric For 37: 110-120
- Toy, S., Yılmaz, S., & Yılmaz, H. (2005) Determination of bioclimatic comfort in three different land uses in the city of Erzurum, Turkey. Build Environ 42: 1315–1318.
- VDI. (1998) Methods for the human biometeorological evaluation of climate and air quality for the urban and regional planning. Part I: Climate. Beuth, Berlin, VDI guideline 3787, Part 2.
- Yılmaz, S., Akif, I.M.,, & Matzarakis, A. (2013) Global NEST Journal, 15(3), 408-420.
- Zengin, M., Kopar, İ., & Karahan, F. (2010) Determination of bioclimatic comfort in Erzurum-Rize expressway using GIS. Build Environ 45: 158–164.
Öz
Bu çalışma, Erbil'de rekreasyon alanı planlaması için termal konfor zonlarının belirlenmesi için yapılmıştır. Bu nedenle, çalışma alanında bulunan 6 farklı hava istasyonundan toplanan meteorolojik veriler kullanılarak Erbil şehri için termal konforun bir ölçüsü olan Fizyolojik Eşdeğer Sıcaklığın (PET) mekansal dağılımı elde edilmiştir. PET'in hesaplanması için hava sıcaklığı, bağıl nem, radyasyon ve rüzgar hızı gereklidir. RayMan 1.2 yazılımı ile aylık PET değerlerini hesaplamak için 1992'den 2015 yılları arasında ve saat 15:00 te 6 meteoroloji istasyonundan elde edilen veriler kullanılmıştır. PET, bireysel meteoroloji istasyonu için PET değerlerinden oluşan nokta verilerini sürekli bir yüzeye dönüştürmek için ArcGIS programındaki IDW aracı kullanılarak bir enterpolasyona tabi tutuldu. Böylece PET değerlerinin mekansal dağılım haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Rekreasyon alanı aktiviteleri için en konforlu aylar ve alanlar bu haritaların analiz edilmesi sonucunda belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar, rekreasyon alanı yetkilileri ile özellikle ilgili olan temel bilgileri ortaya koymaktadır. Belirlenen en düşük PET, Ocak ayı boyunca Masif slahaddin Bölgesi'nde 7,2 ºC civarındadır vee belirlenen en yüksek PET, Temmuz ayı boyunca Makhmoor'da 56.4 ºC olarak kaydedilmiştir. Erbil valiliğinde, hem Mart hem de Kasım aylarının yıl boyunca rahat edilebileceği en iyi aylar olarak tespit edilmiştir. Eylül, Ocak ve Şubat en soğuk aylar olarak bulunmuştur. Mayıs-Eylül ayları arasında özellikle Temmuz ayı en sıcak aylar olarak bulunmuştur
Anahtar Kelimeler
Biyoklimatik Koşullar Meteorolojik Veriler PET Rayman Modeli
Kaynakça
- Daneshvar, M.R.M., Bagherzadeh, A., & Tavousi, T. (2013) Assessment of Bioclimatic Comfort Conditions based on Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) using the RayMan Model in Iran, Cent. Eur. J. Geosci., 5(1), 53-60
- EKU (2020) Eastern Kentucky University. Importance of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved from https://recreation.eku.edu/importance-parks-and-recreation
- Farajzadeh H., & Matzarakis A., (2012) Evaluation of thermal comfort conditions in Ourmieh Lake, Iran. Theor Appl Climatol., 107, 451–459
- Höppe P.R., (1999) The physiological equivalent temperature – a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. Int J Biometeorol, 43, 71–75
- Lin T.P., & Matzarakis A., (2008) Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan. Int J Biometeorol., 52, 281–290
- Lin T.P., & Matzarakis A., (2011) Tourism–climate information based on human thermal perception in Eastern China and Taiwan. Tour Manag., 32, 492–500
- Lo CP, & Yeung A.K.W. (2002) Concepts of Techniques of GIS. Prentice Hall, New Jersey
- Matzarakis A., Mayer H., & Iziomon M.G., (1999) Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature. Int J Biometeorol., 43, 76–84
- Matzarakis A., (2006) Weather and climate related information for tourism. Tour Hosp Plan Dev., 3, 99–115
- Matzarakis A., Rutz F., & Mayer H., (2010) Modelling Radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments – Basics of the RayMan model. Int J Biometeorol., 54, 131–139
- Matzarakis A., Rutz F., & Mayer H., (2007) Modelling Radiation fluxes in easy and complex environments – Application of the RayMan model. Int J Biometeorol., 51, 323–334
- Matzarakis A., & Mayer H., (1996) Another kind of environmental stress: Thermal stress. WHO collaborating centre for Air Quality Management and Air pollution Control. Newsletters, 18, 7–10
- Mieczkowski Z., (1985) The tourism climate index: a method for evaluating world climates for tourism. Cana Geogr., 29, 220–233
- Matallah, M.E., Alkama, D., Ahriz, A., & Attia, S. (2020) Assessment of the Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Oases Settlements, Atmosphere, 11(2), 185, 1-17
- Morgan R., Gatell E., Junyent R., Micallef A., Özhan E., & Williams A., (2000) An improved user – based beach climate index. J Coast Conserv., 6, 41–50
- Topay, M. (2013) Mapping of thermal comfort for outdoor recreation planning using GIS: the case of Isparta Province (Turkey) Turk J Agric For 37: 110-120
- Toy, S., Yılmaz, S., & Yılmaz, H. (2005) Determination of bioclimatic comfort in three different land uses in the city of Erzurum, Turkey. Build Environ 42: 1315–1318.
- VDI. (1998) Methods for the human biometeorological evaluation of climate and air quality for the urban and regional planning. Part I: Climate. Beuth, Berlin, VDI guideline 3787, Part 2.
- Yılmaz, S., Akif, I.M.,, & Matzarakis, A. (2013) Global NEST Journal, 15(3), 408-420.
- Zengin, M., Kopar, İ., & Karahan, F. (2010) Determination of bioclimatic comfort in Erzurum-Rize expressway using GIS. Build Environ 45: 158–164.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Mimarlık |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makalesi |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Nisan 2020 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2020 |