Araştırma Makalesi
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ASSESSMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC COMFORT ZONES USING THE RAYMAN MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF SULAIMANI – IRAQ

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 408 - 423, 24.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.789104

Öz

This study is done to retrieve bioclimatic comfort zones for outdoor recreation planning in Sulaimani province, Iraq. Spatial distribution of Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET), which is a measure of bioclimatic comfort, was retrieved for the city of Sulaimani using meteorological data. The air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed data were employed for the calculation of PET. Data recorded at 15:00 obtained from 7 meteorological stations over the period from 1992-2015 were used to calculate monthly PET with the Rayman model. PET was spatially interpolated using IDW tool in ArcGIS 10.2 to convert point-data consisting of PET for each individual meteorological station into a continuous surface. Therefore, spatial distribution maps of PET for outdoor recreation activities were created after analyzing these maps. The results revealed that the lowest PET determined was around 4.8°C in Penjwin area during January while the highest PET determined was 59.6°C in northeast of Sulaimani, Halabja during July. On the other hand, the results also revealed that Sulaimani city, Dukan and Penjwin area are founded to be more suitable for tourism especially during summer months compare to others within Sulaimani Province. We sincerely hope that the final results of this study may be used by recreation authorities in Sulaimani in the near future.

Kaynakça

  • Daneshvar, M. R. M., Bagherzadeh, A., & Tavousi, T. (2013) Assessment of bioclimatic comfort conditions based on Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) using the RayMan Model in Iran, Central European Journal of Geosciences, 5(1), 53-60.
  • Farajzadeh H., & Matzarakis A. (2012) Evaluation of thermal comfort conditions in Ourmieh Lake, Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 107, 451–459.
  • Hamad, T. A., & Oguz, H. (2020) Determining thermal comfort zones for outdoor recreation planning: A case study of Erbil-Iraq, Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 4(1). 133-145.
  • Hoppe, P. R. (1999) The physiological equivalent temperature – a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 71–75.
  • Knes, I. & Thorsson, S. (2006) Influences of culture and environmental attitude on thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a public square. International Journal of Biometeorology, 50:258–268.
  • Lin, T. P. & Matzarakis, A. (2008) Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52, 281–290.
  • Lin, T. P. & Matzarakis, A. (2011) Tourism–climate information based on human thermal perception in Eastern China and Taiwan. Tourism Management, 32, 492–500.
  • Lo, C. P. & Yeung, A. K.W. (2002) Concepts of Techniques of GIS. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Matallah, M. E., Alkama, D., Ahriz, A., & Attia, S. (2020) Assessment of the Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Oases Settlements, Atmosphere, 11(2), 185, 1-17
  • Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H. & Iziomon, M. G. (1999) Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 76–84.
  • Matzarakis, A. (2006) Weather and climate related information for tourism. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 3, 99–115.
  • Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F. & Mayer, H. (2010) Modelling Radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments – Basics of the Rayman model. International Journal of Biometeorology, 54, 131–139.
  • Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F. & Mayer, H. (2007) Modelling Radiation fluxes in easy and complex environments – Application of the Rayman model. International Journal of Biometeorology, 51, 323–334.
  • Matzarakis, A. & Mayer, H. (1996) Another kind of environmental stress: Thermal stress. WHO collaborating centre for Air Quality Management and Air pollution Control. Newsletters, 18, 7–10.
  • Mieczkowski, Z. (1985) The tourism climate index: a method for evaluating world climates for tourism. Canadian Geographer, 29, 220–233.
  • Morgan, R., Gatell, E., Junyent, R., Micallef, A., Özhan, E. & Williams, A. (2000) An improved user – based beach climate index. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 6, 41–50.
  • Nikolopoulou, M. & Steemers, K. (2003) Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces. Energy and Buildings, 35:95–101.
  • RIMP (2015) Republic of Iraq Ministry of Planning. Retrieved from: https://mop.gov.iq/en/ Stathopoulos, T., Wu, H., & Zacharias, J. (2004) Outdoor human comfort in an urban climate. Building and Environment, 39:297–305.
  • SWSD (2015) Sulaimani Weather Station Data. Retrieved from the office in Sulaimani-Iraq.
  • Topay, M. (2013) Mapping of thermal comfort for outdoor recreation planning using GIS: the case of Isparta Province (Turkey) Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37: 110-120.
  • Toy, S., Yılmaz, S., & Yılmaz, H. (2005) Determination of bioclimatic comfort in three different land uses in the city of Erzurum, Turkey. Building and Environment, 42: 1315–1318.
  • VDI. (1998) Methods for the human biometeorological evaluation of climate and air quality for the urban and regional planning. Part I: Climate. Beuth, Berlin, VDI guideline 3787, Part 2.
  • Wikipedia (2015) Sulaimani Province. Retrieve from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulay-maniyah
  • Yılmaz, S., Akif, I. M. & Matzarakis, A. (2013) Global NEST Journal, 15(3), 408-420.
  • Zengin, M., Kopar, İ., & Karahan, F. (2010) Determination of bioclimatic comfort in Erzurum-Rize expressway using GIS. Building and Environment, 5, 158–164.

RAYMAN MODELİ İLE BİYOKLİMATİK KONFOR ZONLARININ BELİRLENMESİ: SÜLEYMANİYE-IRAK ÖRNEĞI

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 408 - 423, 24.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.789104

Öz

Bu çalışma, Irak'ın Süleymaniye şehrinin açık hava rekreasyon planlaması için biyoklimatik konfor bölgelerini elde etmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Meteorolojik veriler kullanılarak biyoklimatik konforun bir ölçüsü olan Fizyolojik Eşdeğer Sıcaklığının (PET) mekansal dağılımı Süleymaniye şehri için elde edilmiştir. PET'in hesaplanmasında hava sıcaklığı, bağıl nem ve rüzgar hızı verileri kullanılmıştır. 1992-2015 yılları arasında 7 meteoroloji istasyonundan saat 15:00'de kaydedilen veriler, Rayman modeli ile aylık PET hesaplamasında kullanılmıştır. PET, her bir meteoroloji istasyonu için PET'ten oluşan nokta verilerini sürekli bir yüzeye dönüştürmek için ArcGIS 10.2'deki IDW aracı kullanılarak mekansal enterpolasyona tabi tutulmuştur. Bu nedenle, bu haritalar analiz edildikten sonra açık hava rekreasyon etkinlikleri için PET'in mekansal dağılım haritaları oluşturulmuştur. Sonuçlar, tespit edilen en düşük PET'in Ocak ayında Penjwin bölgesinde 4,8 °C civarında olduğunu, Temmuz ayında Halepçe, Süleymaniye'nin kuzeydoğusundaki en yüksek PET'in 59,6 °C olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Öte yandan sonuçlar Süleymaniye, Dukan ve Penjwin bölgesinin özellikle yaz aylarında turizme daha uygun olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmanın nihai sonuçlarının yakın gelecekte Süleymaniye'deki kamu yetkilileri tarafından kullanılabileceğini içtenlikle umuyoruz.

Kaynakça

  • Daneshvar, M. R. M., Bagherzadeh, A., & Tavousi, T. (2013) Assessment of bioclimatic comfort conditions based on Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) using the RayMan Model in Iran, Central European Journal of Geosciences, 5(1), 53-60.
  • Farajzadeh H., & Matzarakis A. (2012) Evaluation of thermal comfort conditions in Ourmieh Lake, Iran. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 107, 451–459.
  • Hamad, T. A., & Oguz, H. (2020) Determining thermal comfort zones for outdoor recreation planning: A case study of Erbil-Iraq, Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 4(1). 133-145.
  • Hoppe, P. R. (1999) The physiological equivalent temperature – a universal index for the biometeorological assessment of the thermal environment. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 71–75.
  • Knes, I. & Thorsson, S. (2006) Influences of culture and environmental attitude on thermal, emotional and perceptual evaluations of a public square. International Journal of Biometeorology, 50:258–268.
  • Lin, T. P. & Matzarakis, A. (2008) Tourism climate and thermal comfort in Sun Moon Lake, Taiwan. International Journal of Biometeorology, 52, 281–290.
  • Lin, T. P. & Matzarakis, A. (2011) Tourism–climate information based on human thermal perception in Eastern China and Taiwan. Tourism Management, 32, 492–500.
  • Lo, C. P. & Yeung, A. K.W. (2002) Concepts of Techniques of GIS. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Matallah, M. E., Alkama, D., Ahriz, A., & Attia, S. (2020) Assessment of the Outdoor Thermal Comfort in Oases Settlements, Atmosphere, 11(2), 185, 1-17
  • Matzarakis, A., Mayer, H. & Iziomon, M. G. (1999) Applications of a universal thermal index: physiological equivalent temperature. International Journal of Biometeorology, 43, 76–84.
  • Matzarakis, A. (2006) Weather and climate related information for tourism. Tourism and Hospitality Planning & Development, 3, 99–115.
  • Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F. & Mayer, H. (2010) Modelling Radiation fluxes in simple and complex environments – Basics of the Rayman model. International Journal of Biometeorology, 54, 131–139.
  • Matzarakis, A., Rutz, F. & Mayer, H. (2007) Modelling Radiation fluxes in easy and complex environments – Application of the Rayman model. International Journal of Biometeorology, 51, 323–334.
  • Matzarakis, A. & Mayer, H. (1996) Another kind of environmental stress: Thermal stress. WHO collaborating centre for Air Quality Management and Air pollution Control. Newsletters, 18, 7–10.
  • Mieczkowski, Z. (1985) The tourism climate index: a method for evaluating world climates for tourism. Canadian Geographer, 29, 220–233.
  • Morgan, R., Gatell, E., Junyent, R., Micallef, A., Özhan, E. & Williams, A. (2000) An improved user – based beach climate index. Journal of Coastal Conservation, 6, 41–50.
  • Nikolopoulou, M. & Steemers, K. (2003) Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces. Energy and Buildings, 35:95–101.
  • RIMP (2015) Republic of Iraq Ministry of Planning. Retrieved from: https://mop.gov.iq/en/ Stathopoulos, T., Wu, H., & Zacharias, J. (2004) Outdoor human comfort in an urban climate. Building and Environment, 39:297–305.
  • SWSD (2015) Sulaimani Weather Station Data. Retrieved from the office in Sulaimani-Iraq.
  • Topay, M. (2013) Mapping of thermal comfort for outdoor recreation planning using GIS: the case of Isparta Province (Turkey) Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 37: 110-120.
  • Toy, S., Yılmaz, S., & Yılmaz, H. (2005) Determination of bioclimatic comfort in three different land uses in the city of Erzurum, Turkey. Building and Environment, 42: 1315–1318.
  • VDI. (1998) Methods for the human biometeorological evaluation of climate and air quality for the urban and regional planning. Part I: Climate. Beuth, Berlin, VDI guideline 3787, Part 2.
  • Wikipedia (2015) Sulaimani Province. Retrieve from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulay-maniyah
  • Yılmaz, S., Akif, I. M. & Matzarakis, A. (2013) Global NEST Journal, 15(3), 408-420.
  • Zengin, M., Kopar, İ., & Karahan, F. (2010) Determination of bioclimatic comfort in Erzurum-Rize expressway using GIS. Building and Environment, 5, 158–164.
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mimarlık, Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Shakhawan Hama Sharef 0000-0002-2726-5055

Hakan Oğuz 0000-0002-0855-2032

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Ekim 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Hama Sharef, S., & Oğuz, H. (2020). ASSESSMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC COMFORT ZONES USING THE RAYMAN MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF SULAIMANI – IRAQ. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, 4(2), 408-423. https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.789104
AMA Hama Sharef S, Oğuz H. ASSESSMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC COMFORT ZONES USING THE RAYMAN MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF SULAIMANI – IRAQ. Turk J For Sci. Ekim 2020;4(2):408-423. doi:10.32328/turkjforsci.789104
Chicago Hama Sharef, Shakhawan, ve Hakan Oğuz. “ASSESSMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC COMFORT ZONES USING THE RAYMAN MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF SULAIMANI – IRAQ”. Turkish Journal of Forest Science 4, sy. 2 (Ekim 2020): 408-23. https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.789104.
EndNote Hama Sharef S, Oğuz H (01 Ekim 2020) ASSESSMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC COMFORT ZONES USING THE RAYMAN MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF SULAIMANI – IRAQ. Turkish Journal of Forest Science 4 2 408–423.
IEEE S. Hama Sharef ve H. Oğuz, “ASSESSMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC COMFORT ZONES USING THE RAYMAN MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF SULAIMANI – IRAQ”, Turk J For Sci, c. 4, sy. 2, ss. 408–423, 2020, doi: 10.32328/turkjforsci.789104.
ISNAD Hama Sharef, Shakhawan - Oğuz, Hakan. “ASSESSMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC COMFORT ZONES USING THE RAYMAN MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF SULAIMANI – IRAQ”. Turkish Journal of Forest Science 4/2 (Ekim 2020), 408-423. https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.789104.
JAMA Hama Sharef S, Oğuz H. ASSESSMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC COMFORT ZONES USING THE RAYMAN MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF SULAIMANI – IRAQ. Turk J For Sci. 2020;4:408–423.
MLA Hama Sharef, Shakhawan ve Hakan Oğuz. “ASSESSMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC COMFORT ZONES USING THE RAYMAN MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF SULAIMANI – IRAQ”. Turkish Journal of Forest Science, c. 4, sy. 2, 2020, ss. 408-23, doi:10.32328/turkjforsci.789104.
Vancouver Hama Sharef S, Oğuz H. ASSESSMENT OF BIOCLIMATIC COMFORT ZONES USING THE RAYMAN MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF SULAIMANI – IRAQ. Turk J For Sci. 2020;4(2):408-23.