INFLUENCE OF PRECOMMERCIAL THINNING ON GROWTH PARAMETERS IN Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. PLANTATIONS

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 339 - 351, 31.10.2021

Deniz Güney Fahrettin Atar İbrahim Turna Ali Bayraktar Alkan Gunlu

https://doi.org/10.32328/turkjforsci.883791

Cited By: 2

Öz

The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of two different precommercial thinnings on diameter at breast height, basal area and volume increments in narrow-leafed ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) plantations established in Sinop, Turkey. Two different precommercial thinnings were applied in the sample plots selected from narrow-leafed ash plantation, and in the first precommercial thinning (I1), the ash individuals grown as a result of planting were left in the field and measured. Naturally grown ash individuals in the next process, on the other hand, were cut and removed from the field, and the distance established by planting in this way (approximately 2 x 2 m) was tried to be maintained. In the second precommercial thinning (I2), the ash individuals grown naturally after planting were left in the field and measured together with the ash individuals grown with planting. Release cuttings at sample plots started in 2004 and the first measurement was carried out this year. Then, at the end of the 2007 growth period, the diameters at breast height of the trees were obtained and evaluations were made depending on the three-year increment results. As a result of the analysis of covariance for diameter at breast height, basal area and volume increments for three years (2004-2007), it was revealed that there were statistically significant differences between the treatments at 99% confidence level. It was determined that the three-year diameter at breast height increments of I1 and I2 treatments in the sample plots were 1.51 cm and 0.65 cm, respectively. Regarding the basal area increment, it was determined that increments of 10.31 m2ha-1 in the I1 treatment and 3.36 m2ha-1 in the I2 treatment were found. In terms of total volume increment, I1 treatment with an increment value of 93.01 m3ha-1 had a much higher increment value compared to the I2 treatment (24.27 m3ha-1). In the study, it has been revealed that removing the individuals naturally grown in the planting area in the next process and providing again 2 x 2 m distance between the trees has a significant effect on both the increase in the values of diameter at breast height increment and the values of the total basal area and volume increments per hectare.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ash, Increment, Basal area, Volume

Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl. PLANTASYONLARINDA BÜYÜME PARAMETRELERİ ÜZERİNE SIKLIK BAKIMININ ETKİSİ

Öz

Bu çalışmada, Sinop yöresinde tesis edilen dar yapraklı dişbudak plantasyonlarında iki farklı sıklık bakımı müdahalesinin çap, göğüs yüzeyi ve hacim artımı üzerindeki etkilerinin ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Dar yapraklı dişbudak plantasyonundan seçilen deneme alanlarında iki farklı sıklık bakımı müdahalesi uygulanmıştır. İlk sıklık bakımı müdahalesinde (İ1), dikimle gelen dişbudak bireyleri alanda bırakılmış ve ölçülmüştür. Sonradan doğal olarak gelen dişbudak bireyleri ise kesilerek alandan uzaklaştırılmış ve bu şekilde dikimle kurulan aralık mesafe (yaklaşık 2x2 m) korunmaya çalışılmıştır. İkinci sıklık bakımı müdahalesinde (İ2), dikimden sonra doğal olarak gelen dişbudak bireyleri alanda bırakılmış ve dikimle gelen dişbudaklarla birlikte ölçülmüştür. Deneme alanlarında ayıklama müdahalelerine 2004 yılında başlanmış olup ilk ölçüm bu yılda gerçekleştirilmiştir. Daha sonra 2007 yılı gelişme dönemi sonunda ağaçların çap değerleri elde edilerek, üç yıllık artım sonuçlarına bağlı olarak değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır. Üç yıllık (2004-2007 yılı) çap, göğüs yüzeyi ve hacim artımına ilişkin kovaryans analizi sonucunda işlemler arasında %99 güven düzeyinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar olduğu ortaya koyulmuştur. Deneme alanlarında İ1 ve İ2 işlemlerinin üç yıllık çap artım değerlerinin sırasıyla 1,51 cm ve 0,65 cm olduğu belirlenmiştir. Göğüs yüzeyi artımına ilişkin olarak İ1 işleminde 10,31 m2ha-1, İ2 işleminde ise 3,36 m2ha-1 değerinde bir artımın meydana geldiği tespit edilmiştir. Toplam hacim artımı bakımından da İ1 işlemi 93,01 m3ha-1 artım değeri ile İ2 işlemine (24,27 m3ha-1) göre oldukça yüksek bir artım değerine sahip olmuştur. Yapılan çalışmada dikim alanına sonradan doğal yolla gelen bireylerin alandan uzaklaştırılarak ve ağaçlar arasında 2 x 2 m dikim aralık mesafesinin tekrardan sağlanmasının, gerek çapı artımı, gerekse hektardaki toplam göğüs yüzeyi ve hacim artımı değerlerinin artması yönünde önemli etkiye sahip olduğu ortaya koyulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Dişbudak, Artım, Göğüs yüzeyi, Hacim

Kaynakça

• Agestam, E. Ekö, P. M. & Johansson, U. (1998) Timber quality and volume growth in naturally regenerated and planted Scots pine stands in SW Sweden (No. 204).
• Bachofen, H. & Zingg, A. (2001) Effectiveness of structure improvement thinning on stand structure in subalpine Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) stands. For. Ecol. Manage. 145, 137–149.
• Bayar, E. & Deligoz, A. (2019a) Effects of precommercial thinning on growth parameters in Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe stand. Journal of Forestry Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-019-00992-z
• Bayar, E. & Deligöz, A. (2019b). Three-year results of precommercial thinning in Burdur region natural Anatolian black pine stand. Artvin Coruh University Journal of Forestry Faculty, 20(1), 18-27.
• Bernardo, A., Reis, G. G., Reis, M. G. F. & Harrison, R. (1998) Effect of spacing on Eucalyptus camaldulensis, E. pellita and E. urophylla plantations in southeastern Brazil: Growth & biomass. Forest Ecol. Management, 104, 1–13.
• Bobinac, B. (2000) Effect of late thinning on the increment of future trees of narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl). Glasnik Sumarskog Fakulteta, Univerzitet u Beogradu, (83), 43-54.
• Boncina, A., Kadunc, A., & Robic, D. (2007) Effects of selective thinning on growth and development of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forest stands in south-eastern Slovenia. Ann. For. Sci. 64, 47–57.
• Boshier, D., Cordero, J., Harris, S., Pannell, J., Rendell, S., Savill, P. & Eriksen, B. (2005) Ash species in Europe: Biological characteristics and practical guidelines for sustainable use, Oxford Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
• Brissette, J., Frank Jr., R. M., Stone, T. L. & Skratt, T. A. (1999) Precommercial thinning in a northern conifer stand: 18-year results. Forestry Chronicle, 75, 967–972.
• Cameron, A. D., Dunham, R. A. & Petty, J.A. (1995) The effects of heavy thinning on stem quality and timber properties of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). Forestry, 68, 275–285.
• Çiçek, E. & Yılmaz, M. (2002) The importance of Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa as a fast growing tree for turkey. In Proceedings. IUFRO Meeting. Management of Fast Growing Plantations. 11th-13th September 2002, İzmit, Turkey, 192-200.
• Çiçek, E. (2004) Dar yapraklı dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) plantasyonlarında bazı meşcere özelliklerinin silvikültürel yönden değerlendirilmesi. G.Ü. Kastamonu Orman Fak. Derg., 4(2), 205-219.
• Çiçek, E., Yılmaz, F., Özbayram, A. K., & Çetin, B. (2010) Aralamanın dişbudak (Fraxinus angustifolia ssp. oxycarpa) plantasyonunun gelişimine etkisi. III. Ulusal Karadeniz Ormancılık Kongresi, Artvin, 886-894.
• Çiçek, E., Yılmaz. F., Özbayram, A. K. & Çitgez, T. (2012) Effect of thinning intensity and crown class on narrowleaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) Epicormic Branching. Artvin Çoruh Univ J For Fac, 13, 40–48
• Cicek, E., Yilmaz, F., Özbayram, A. K., Efe, M., Yilmaz M. & Usta, A. (2013) Effects of thinning intensity on the growth of narrow- leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa) plantations, Turk J Agric For, 37(1), 97-104.
• Clatterbuck, W. K. (2002) Growth of a 30-year cherrybark oak plantation 6 years after thinning, In: K.W. Outcalt (ed), Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-48, USDA Forest Service, 189-192, Asheville, NC, USA.
• Danusevicius, D., Kerpauskaite, V., Kavaliauskas, D., Fussi, B., Konnert, M. & Baliuckas, V. (2016) The effect of tending and commercial thinning on the genetic diversity of Scots Pine stands. Eur J For Res, 135, 1159–1174.
• Davis, P. H. (1987) Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. Vol. 7, Univ. Press, Edinburgh, p. 900.
• Davis, P. H., Cullen, J. & Coode, M. J. E. (1988) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands, 10 vol., Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
• DeBell, D. S. & Harrington, C. A. (1997) Productivity of Populus in monoclonal and polyclonal blocks at three spacings. Canadian journal of forest research, 27(7), 978-985.
• Dobrowolska, D., Hein, S., Oosterbaan, A., Wagner, S., Clark, J. & Skovsgaard, J. P. (2011) A review of European ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.): implications for silviculture. Forestry, 84(2), 133-148.
• Ekö, P.M., Peterssonn, N. & Bjerregard, J. (1995) Pre-commercial thinning in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L). Results from a field trial. Forest Landsc. Res., 1, 207– 226.
• Eler, Ü., Özçelik, R., Özdemir, İ. & Çatal, Y. (2004) Effects of delayedrelease cutting on the development of two young natural Taurus cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) stands in the lakes district. Suleyman Demirel Univ J Nat Appl Sci, 8(1), 1–6.
• Erkan, N., Aydın, A. C. & Eler, Ü. (2017) Thinning-growth relationships in Pinus brutia Ten. plantations in South Western part of Turkey. Journal of Forestry Research, 4(2), 90-99.
• Fahlvik, N., Berglund, M., Holmström, H. & Nilsson, U. (2018) Simulation of the long-term effects of different strategies for precommercial thinning in Pinus sylvestris. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 33(4), 347-356.
• Fahlvik, N., Ekö, P. M. & Pettersson, N. (2005) Influence of precommercial thinning grade on branch diameter and crown ratio in Pinus sylvestris in southern Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 20(3), 243-251.
• Ferguson, D. E., Byrne, J. C., Wykoff, W. R., Kummet, B. & Hensold, T. (2011) Response of ponderosa pine stands to pre-commercial thinning on Nez Perce and Spokane Tribal forests in the Inland Northwest, USA. Res. Pap. RMRS-RP-88. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
• Fraxigen, (2005) Ash species in Europe: Biological characteristics and practical guidelines for sustainable use. A summary of findings from the FRAXIGEN project EU project EVK-CT-00108. Oxford Forestry Institute, University of Oxford, UK, p. 128.
• Ginn, S. E., Seiler, J. R., Cazell, B. H. & Kreh, R. E. (1991) Physiological and growth responses of eight-year-old loblolly pine stands to thinning. Forest Sci., 37, 1030–1040.
• Graham, J. S. (1998) Thinning increases diameter growth of paper birch in the Susitna Valley, Alaska: 20 year results. North. J. Appl. Forest, 15, 113–115.
• Guner, S., Tufekcioglu, A. & Celik, N. (2017) Effects of Thinning, Liming, and Nitrogen Application on The Growth of A Young Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) Forest Stand. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26(11), 6727-6733.
• Huuskonen, S. & Hynymen, J. (2006) Timing and intensity of precommercial thinning and their on the first commercial thinning in Scots Pine stands. Silva Fenn, 40(4), 645–662.
• Juodvalkis, A., Kairiukstis, L. & Vasiliauskas, R. (2005) Effects of thinning on growth of six tree species in north-temperate forests of Lithuania, Eur J For Res, 124(3), 187-192.
• Kapucu, F., Yavuz, H. & Gül, A.U. 1999. Dişbudak meşcerelerinde hacım, bonitet endeks ve normal hasılat Tablosunun düzenlenmesi. K.T.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Araştırma Fonu Başkanlığı, Sonuç Raporu. Proje no: 96.113.001.4, Trabzon.
• Kaymakçı, E., Erkuloğlu, Ö. S. & Eronat, A.F. (2000) Research on delayed thinning of Pinus nigra in Gördes state forest enterprise. Ege Forestry Research, İzmir.
• Kellomäki, S. & Tuimala, A. (1981) Effect of stand density on branchiness of young Scots pine. Folia For, 478, 1-27.
• Kerr, G. (1996) The effect of heavy or ‘free growth’ thinning on oak (Quercus petraea and Q. robur), Forestry, 69(4), 303-317.
• Kranjec, J., Milotić, M., Hegol, M. & Diminić, D. (2017) Fungus-like organisms in the soil of declining Narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl). Šumarski list, 141(3-4), 115-122.
• Kremer, D., Calvolic, J. & Bozic, M. (2006) Growth characteristics of introduced green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marshall) and narrow leaved ash (F. angustifolia L.) in lowland forest region in Croatia. New Forest, 31, 211–224.
• Leak, W. B. & Solomon, D. S. (1997) Long-term growth of crop trees after release in northern hardwoods. North J Appl For, 14,147–151.
• Lindgren, P. M. F., Sullivan, T. P., Sullivan, D. S., Brockley, R. P. & Winter, R. (2007) Growth response of young lodgepole pine to thinning and repeated fertilization treatments:10-year results. Forestry, 80, 587–611.
• Mäkinen, H., Isomäkı, A. & Hongiısto, T. (2006) Effect of half systematic and systematic thinning on the increment of scots pine and norway spruce in Finland. Forestry 79(1), 103-121.
• Mayer, H. & Aksoy, H. (1998) Türkiye Ormanları (Çev: H. Aksoy. G. Özalp). Batı Karadeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü. Muhtelif Yayınlar No: 1. Bolu.
• Meadows, J. S. & Goelz, J. (2002) Fourth year effects of thinning on growth and epicormic branching in a red oak-sweetgum stand on a minor stream bottom site in west-central Alabama, In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research Conference, Southern Research Station, Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 201-208, Asheville, NC, USA.
• Nutto, L., Spathelf, P. & Rogers, R. (2005) Managing diameter growth and natural pruning of Parana pine, Araucaria angustifolia (Bert.) O Ktze., to produce high value timber. Ann. For. Sci., 62, 163–173.
• Odabaşı, T., Çalışkan, A. & Bozkuş, H.F. (2007) Orman bakımı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayını, İstanbul.
• Oker‐Blom, P., Kellomaki, S., Valtonen, E. & Väisänen, H. (1988) Structural development of Pinus sylvestris stands with varying initial density: a simulation model. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 3(1-4), 185-200.
• Öncül, Ö., Uğurlu, C., Köse, M. & Tilki, F. (2016) Effects of precommercial thinning on stem diameter and basal area in natural stands of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). J For Res, 1(3), 29–37.
• Özbayram, A. K. (2019) Diameter increment distribution along the stem of narrow-leaved ash in response to thinning intensity. Šumarski list, 143(1-2), 45-51.
• Özbayram, A. K. & Çiçek, E. (2018) Thinning experiments in narrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) plantations: 10-year results. New Forests, 49(5), 585-598.
• Özçelik, R. & Eler, Ü. (2009) Effects of release cutting on the development of young natural Lebanon Cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich) stands of Western Mediterranean Region of Turkey. J Environ Biol, 30(2), 179–182.
• Özdemir, T., Eler, Ü. & Şırlak, U. (1984) Antalya Yöresi Doğal Kızılçam Ormanlarında Ayıklama Kesimleri (Sıklık Bakımı) ve Etkileri Üzerine Araştırmalar [Researches on Effects of precommercial thinning in Natural Red Pine Forests of Antalya Region], Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü, Teknik Bülten No: 20, Ankara.
• Pinkard, E.A. & Neilsen, W.A. (2003) Crown and stand characteristics of Eucalyptus nitens in response to initial spacing: implications for thinning. Forest Ecology Management, 172, 215–227.
• Pitt, D. & Lanteigne, L. (2008) Long-term outcome of precommercial thinning in northwestern New Brunswick: Growth and yield of balsam fir and red spruce. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38, 592–610.
• Pothier, D. (2002). Twenty-year results of precommercial thinning in a balsam fir stand. Forest Ecology and Management 168, 177–186.
• Rice, J. A., MacDonald, G. B. & Weingartner, D.H. (2001) Precommercial thinning of trembling aspen in northern Ontario: Part 1 – Growth responses. Forest Chron, 77, 893–901.
• Río, M. D., Calama, R., Canellas, I., Roig, S. & Montero, G. (2008) Thinning intensity and growth response in Sw-European scots pine stands. Ann For Sci, 65(3), 308–317.
• Ruha, T. & Varmola, M. (1997) Precommercial thinning in naturally regenerated Scots pine stands in northern Finland. Silva Fennica, 31, 401–415.
• Rytter, L. & Werner, M. (2007) Influence of early thinning in broadleaved stands on development of remaining stems. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 22, 198-210.
• Rytter, L. & Stener, L. (2005) Productivity and thinning effects in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L.× P. tremuloides Michx.) stands in southern Sweden. Forestry, 78, 285–295.
• Savill, P., Evans, J., Auclair, D. & Falck, J. (1997) Plantation silviculture in Europe. Oxford University Press, UK.
• Simard, S. W., Blenner-Hassett, T. & Cameron, I.R. (2004) Pre-commercial thinning effects on growth, yield and mortality in even-aged paper birch stands in Biritish Columbia. For. Ecol. Manage., 190, 163–178.
• Sıvacıoğlu, A., Durkaya, A., Vurdu, H. & Benli, R. (2006) Effects of the release cuttings on increment and growth of the natural Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in Taşköprü (Kastamonu) region. Gazi Univ J For Fac, 6(2), 153–166.
• Yılmaz, E., Çalışkan, A., Alptekin, Ü., Tüfekçi, S., Aytar, F., Keleş, H. & Yıldızbakan, A. (2010). Toros (Lübnan) sediri (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) sıklık çağı meşcerelerindeki bakım tedbirlerinin belirlenmesi. Ankara: Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı Doğu Akdeniz Ormancılık Araştırma Enstitüsü, (36).