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Türkiye’s Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in the Context of Global Entrepreneurship Trends: An Analysis Based on the GEM 2025/2026 Report and TOBB Data for 2016–2025

Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1 24 Ağustos 2026
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Türkiye’s Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in the Context of Global Entrepreneurship Trends: An Analysis Based on the GEM 2025/2026 Report and TOBB Data for 2016–2025

Öz

This study aims to evaluate Türkiye’s entrepreneurial ecosystem within the context of global entrepreneurship trends, using TOBB data on newly established and closed enterprises from 2016 to 2025. In this study, the GEM 2025/2026 Report was used not as a direct empirical data source for Türkiye but as a conceptual reference framework to explain global entrepreneurship trends, ecosystem conditions, and the issue of enterprise sustainability. However, the empirical analysis of Türkiye is based on data on established and closed companies, cooperatives, and sole proprietorships. This study employed a descriptive and interpretive design based on secondary data. The findings indicate that between 2016 and 2025, 1,317,036 enterprises were established in Türkiye, 417,258 enterprises were closed, and there was a net increase of 899,778 enterprises. The closure-to-establishment ratio for the entire study period was 31.68%. Companies dominate entrepreneurial activity in terms of legal form, whereas closure-to-establishment ratios are higher for sole proprietorships and cooperatives. Sector-based findings indicate that enterprise formation and closures are particularly concentrated in the trade, construction and manufacturing sectors. By linking the GEM 2025/2026 discussion on the transition from entrepreneurial activity to sustainability with Türkiye’s registered enterprise dynamics, this study contributes to the literature by showing that entrepreneurship policies should not focus solely on enterprise creation but also on the survival and resilience capacities of newly established enterprises. In conclusion, this study reveals that Türkiye’s entrepreneurial ecosystem possesses a strong capacity for business creation; however, it highlights the need to place greater emphasis on the sustainability of enterprises, sectoral vulnerabilities, digitalization, and post-establishment support mechanisms.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entrepreneurial ecosystem, newly established/closed enterprises, TOBB, GEM, Türkiye.

Etik Beyan

Since this research is based on the examination of publicly available written documents and works, ethics committee approval was not required.

Kaynakça

  1. Acs, Z. J., Autio, E., & Szerb, L. (2014). National systems of entrepreneurship: Measurement issues and policy implications. Research Policy, 43(3), 476-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.08.016
  2. Audretsch, D. B., & Belitski, M. (2017). Entrepreneurial ecosystems in cities: Establishing the framework conditions. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 42(5), 1030-1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10961-016-9473-8
  3. Brüderl, J., & Schüssler, R. (1990). Organizational mortality: The liabilities of newness and adolescence. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(3), 530-547. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393316
  4. Eurostat. (2008). NACE Rev. 2: Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  5. Eurostat & OECD. (2007). Eurostat-OECD Manual on Business Demography Statistics. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264041882-en
  6. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. (2026). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2025/2026 Global Report: From Uncertainty to Opportunity. Global Entrepreneurship Research Association.
  7. Isenberg, D. J. (2010). The Big Idea: How to Start an Entrepreneurial Revolution. Harvard Business Review, 88(6), 40–50.
  8. KOSGEB. (n.d.). Entrepreneur Support Program (ESP). Retrieved May 6, 2026, from https://www.kosgeb.gov.tr/site/tr/genel/destekdetay/1231/girisimci-destek-programi
  9. Mason, C., & Brown, R. (2014). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems and Growth-oriented Entrepreneurship. Final report to the OECD, Paris, 30(1), 77–102.
  10. Spigel, B. (2017). The relational organization of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 41(1), 49-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/etap.12167

Kaynak Göster

APA
Terzibaş, A. (2026). Türkiye’s Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in the Context of Global Entrepreneurship Trends: An Analysis Based on the GEM 2025/2026 Report and TOBB Data for 2016–2025. Turkuaz Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(1), 203-226. https://doi.org/10.54970/turkuaz.1947628
AMA
1.Terzibaş A. Türkiye’s Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in the Context of Global Entrepreneurship Trends: An Analysis Based on the GEM 2025/2026 Report and TOBB Data for 2016–2025. Turkuaz. 2026;7(1):203-226. doi:10.54970/turkuaz.1947628
Chicago
Terzibaş, Ayhan. 2026. “Türkiye’s Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in the Context of Global Entrepreneurship Trends: An Analysis Based on the GEM 2025/2026 Report and TOBB Data for 2016–2025”. Turkuaz Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi 7 (1): 203-26. https://doi.org/10.54970/turkuaz.1947628.
EndNote
Terzibaş A (01 Ağustos 2026) Türkiye’s Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in the Context of Global Entrepreneurship Trends: An Analysis Based on the GEM 2025/2026 Report and TOBB Data for 2016–2025. Turkuaz Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi 7 1 203–226.
IEEE
[1]A. Terzibaş, “Türkiye’s Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in the Context of Global Entrepreneurship Trends: An Analysis Based on the GEM 2025/2026 Report and TOBB Data for 2016–2025”, Turkuaz, c. 7, sy 1, ss. 203–226, Ağu. 2026, doi: 10.54970/turkuaz.1947628.
ISNAD
Terzibaş, Ayhan. “Türkiye’s Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in the Context of Global Entrepreneurship Trends: An Analysis Based on the GEM 2025/2026 Report and TOBB Data for 2016–2025”. Turkuaz Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi 7/1 (01 Ağustos 2026): 203-226. https://doi.org/10.54970/turkuaz.1947628.
JAMA
1.Terzibaş A. Türkiye’s Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in the Context of Global Entrepreneurship Trends: An Analysis Based on the GEM 2025/2026 Report and TOBB Data for 2016–2025. Turkuaz. 2026;7:203–226.
MLA
Terzibaş, Ayhan. “Türkiye’s Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in the Context of Global Entrepreneurship Trends: An Analysis Based on the GEM 2025/2026 Report and TOBB Data for 2016–2025”. Turkuaz Uluslararası Türk Dünyası Bilimsel Araştırmalar Dergisi, c. 7, sy 1, Ağustos 2026, ss. 203-26, doi:10.54970/turkuaz.1947628.
Vancouver
1.Ayhan Terzibaş. Türkiye’s Entrepreneurial Ecosystem in the Context of Global Entrepreneurship Trends: An Analysis Based on the GEM 2025/2026 Report and TOBB Data for 2016–2025. Turkuaz. 01 Ağustos 2026;7(1):203-26. doi:10.54970/turkuaz.1947628