Kurşun Uygulamasının Yerfıstığı (Arachis hypogaea L.)’ndaki Morfolojik ve Fizyolojik Etkileri

Yıl 2020, , 233 - 245, 31.10.2020

Sultan Dere , Muhittin Doğan

https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.659091

Öz

Bu çalışma, kurşun (Pb) ağır metalinin, yerfıstığı (Arachis hypogaea L.) bitkisindeki bazı morfolojik ve fizyolojik etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütülmüştür. İklim dolabında, kontrollü şartlar altında ve topraksız ortam kültüründe yürütülen çalışmada denemeler, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre kurulmuştur. Buna göre araştırmada yerfıstığı (A. hypogeae L. cv. Sultan)’na 0, 10, 100 ve 1000 mg L-1 Pb derişimleri uygulanmıştır. Araştırma sonucuna göre, yerfıstığı fidelerinin kök, gövde ve yapraklarının Pb içeriği, artan Pb derişimine bağlı olarak artmıştır. Fidelerde kurşunun içeriği bitki aksamına göre kök>gövde>yaprak şeklinde olmuştur. Bitki kök, gövde uzunlukları ile kök, gövde ve yaprak yaş ağırlıkları Pb derişimleri artışına paralel olarak azalmıştır. Buna ek olarak, Pb derişimleri kök, gövde ve yapraktaki fenolik bileşikleri de azaltmıştır. Araştırmada ayrıca, yaprakların fotosentetik pigment miktarları Pb toksisitesinde azalmıştır. Uygulanan Pb derişimlerinin yerfıstığı fidelerinde hücre membranlarında oksidatif strese neden olduğu ve kök, gövde ve yapraklarda malondialdehit miktarının arttığı belirlenmiştir. Fidelerin bütün kısımlarında protein miktarlarında genelde azalmalar saptanmıştır. Prolin aminoasidinin miktarları kök ve gövdede, kontrol grubuna göre genelde azalmışken, yapraklarda özellikle 100 ve 1000 mg L-1'lik derişimlerinde artmış olması, bu aminoasidin yapraklarda Pb toksititesine karşı bazı rollerinin olabileceğini göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak kurşunun yüksek dozlarının yerfıstığı fidelerinde toksik etki yaptığı belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Arachis hypogeae, kurşun, ağır metal, fenolik bileşikler, prolin, toksik etki

Kaynakça

• Anonim, 2019. Bitkisel Üretim İstatistikleri. (https:// biruni.tuik.gov.tr / medas /?kn = 92& locale = tr), (Erişim tarihi: 08.10.2019).
• Asri, F.Ö., Sönmez, S., 2006. Ağır metal toksisitesinin bitki metabolizması üzerine etkileri. Derim, 23(2): 36-45.
• Aziz, A., Martin-Tanguy, J., Larher, F., 1998. Stress-induced changes in polyamine and tyramine levels can regulate proline accumulation in tomato leaf discs treated with sodium chloride. Physiology Plant, 104: 195-202.
• Azmat, R., Haider, S., Askari, S., 2006. Effect of Pb on germination, growth, morphology and histomorphology of Phaseolus mungo and Lens culinaris. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(5): 979-984.
• Balsberg Pahlsson, A.M., 1989. Toxicity of heavys (Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb) to vascular plants. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 47: 287-319.
• Bates, L.S., Waldren S.P., Teare, I.D., 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water- stress studies. Plant Soil, 39: 205-208.
• Batır, M.B., 2014. Kurşun (Pb) ve bakır (Cu) ağır metal stresi uygulanan enginar (Cynara scolymus L.) tohumlarının fidelerinde oluşan DNA değişikliklerinin belirlenmesi. Yüksek lisans tezi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir.
• Bazzaz, M.B., Govindjee, C., 1974. Effect of lead chloride on chloroplast reaction. Environmental Letters, 3(6): 175-191.
• Braz, J., 2005. Copper in plants. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 17: 145-146.
• Breckle, S.W., 1991. Growth under heavy metals. In: Y. Waisel (Ed.), Plant roots: The hidden half. 3rd Edn., New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, pp. 351-373.
• Burton, K.W., Morgan, E., Roig, A., 1984. The influence of heavy metals on the growth of sitka-spruce in South Wales forests. Plant and Soil, 78: 271-282.
• Craft, C.C., Audia, W.V., 1962. Phenolic substances associated with wound-barier formation in vegetables. Botanical Gazette, 123: 211-219.
• Çolak, U., Doğan, M., 2011. Kurşun uygulamasının Triticum aestivum L. cv. Ceyhan-99’daki bazı fizyolojik etkileri. Biyoloji Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 4(2): 49-53.
• Dere, S., 2017. The effect of lead pollution on agricultural production and human health. International Conference on Agriculture, Forest, Food, Food Sciences and Technologies, 15-17 May, Nevşehir, s. 28.
• Dere, S., 2019. Kurşun kirliliğinin tarımsal üretime etkileri. Ejons International Journal on Mathematics, Engineering & Natural Sciences, 3(12): 108-118.
• Doğan, M., Çolak, U., 2009. Triticum aestivum L. cv. Tosunbey'e uygulanan kurşunun bazı fizyolojik özelliklere etkisi. Ekoloji, 19(73): 98-104.
• Doğan, M., Demirörs Saygıdeğer, S., 2009. Kadminyumun Ceratophyllum demersum L. üzerindeki fizyolojik ve morfolojik etkileri, Ekoloji, 18(7): 57-64.
• Doğan M., Demirörs Saygıdeğer, S., Çolak, U., 2009. Effect of lead toxicity on aquatic macrophyte Elodea canadensis Michx. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 83(2): 249-254.
• Eichhorn, G.L., Butzow, J.J., Shin, Y.A., 1985. Some effects of metal ions on DNA structure and genetic information transfer. Journal of Biosciences, 8(3-4): 527-535.
• Eun, S.O., Youn, H.S., Lee, Y., 2000. Lead disturbs microtubule organization in the root meristem of Zea mays. Physiology Plant, 110(3): 357-365
• Fargasova, A., 1994. Effect of Pb, Cd, Hg, As and Cr on germination and root growth of Sinapis alba seeds. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 52: 452-456.
• Ghosh, M., Singh, S.P., 2005. Comparative uptake and phytoextraction study of soil induced chromium by accumulator and high biomass weed species. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 3(2): 67-79.
• Goldbold, D.L., Kettner, C., 1991. Lead influences root growth and mineral nutrition of Picea abies seedlings. Journal of Plant Physiology, 139(1): 95-99.
• Gür, N., Topdemir, A., Munzuroğlu, Ö., Çobanoğlu, D., 2004. Ağır metal iyonlarının (Cu+2, Pb+2, Hg+2, Cd+2) Clivia sp. bitkisi polenlerinin çimlenmesi ve tüp büyümesi üzerine etkileri. Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Matematik Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(2): 177-182.
• Hare, P.D., Cress, W.A., 1997. Metabolic implications of stress-induced proline accumulation in plants. Plant Growth Regulation, 21: 79-102.
• Henssler, H., Gospage, S., 1987. The exhaust emission standards of the European community. SAE Transactions, 96(7): 69-83.
• Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H., 1984. Trace element in the soil and plants. CRC Press, 3rd Edn., Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C., pp. 331-331.
• Kennedy, C.D., Gonsalves, F.A.N., 1989. The action of divalen Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu and Pb ions on the ATPase activity of a plasma membrane fraction isolated from roots of Zea mays. Plant and Soil, 117(2): 167-175.
• Keser, G., 2005. Nasturtium officinale R. Br.’de kurşunun strese bağlı enzimlerin aktivitelerine, gelişmeye, mineral ve klorofil içeriğine etkileri. Doktora tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.
• Kıran, Y., Munzuroğlu, Ö., 2004. Mercimek (Lens culinaris Medik.) tohumlarının çimlenmesi ve fide büyümesi üzerine kurşunun etkileri. Fırat Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 16(1): 1-9.
• Kıran, Y., Şahin, A., 2005. The effects of the lead on the seed germination, root growth and root tip cell mitotic divisions of Lens culinaris Medik. Gazi University Journal of Science, 18(1): 17-25.
• Kieffer, P., Dommes, J., Hoffmann, L., Hausman, J.F., Renaut, J., 2008. Quantitative changes in protein expression of cadmium-exposed poplar plants. Proteomics, 8(12): 2514-2530.
• Kopittke, P.M., Asher, C.J., Blamey, F.P.C., Menzies, N.W., 2007. Toxic effects of Pb+2 on the growth and mineral nutrition of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens) and Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana). Plant and Soil, 300(1-2): 127-136.
• Kuiper, P.J.C., 1985. Lipid metabolism of higher plants as a factor in environmental adaptation. In: P.A. Siegenthaler (Ed.), Structure, function and metabolism of plant lipids, 9rd Edn., Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 525-530.
• Kupper, H., Kupper, F., Spiller, M., 1996. Environmental relevance of heavy metal- substitud chlorophylls using the example of water plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 47(295): 259-266.
• Lane, S.D., Martin, E.S., 1977. A histochemical investigation of lead uptake in Raphanus sativus. New Phytologist, 79: 281-286.
• Lavid, N., Schwartz, A., Tel Yarden, O., Tel-Or. E., 2001. The involvement of polyphenols and peroxidase activities in heavy-metal accumulation by epidermal glands of the waterlily (Nymphaeaceae). Planta, 212(3): 323-331.
• Lichtenthaler, H.K., Wellburn A.R., 1983. Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions, 11(5): 591-592.
• Lindberg, R.A., Quinn, A.M., Hunter, T., 1992. Dual-specificity protein kinases: Will any hydroxyl do? Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 17(3): 114-119.
• Lowry, O.H., Rosebrough, N.J. Farr, A.L., Randall, R.J., 1951. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193(1): 165-175.
• Marschner, H., 1995. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Elsevier, 2nd Edn., Academic Press, London.
• Miles, C.D., Brandle, J.R., Daniel, D.J., Chuder, O., Schnare, P.O., Uhlick, D.J., 1972. Inhibition of photosystem II isolated choloroplast by lead. Plant Physiology, 49(5): 820-825.
• Miranda, M.G., Ilangovan, K., 1996. Uptake of lead by Lemna gibba L. influnce on spesific growth rate and basic biochemical changes. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 56: 1000-1007.
• Nagoor, S., 1999. Physiological and biochemical responses of cereal seedlings to graded levels of heavy metals. II. Effects on protein metabolism in maize seedlings. Advances in Plant Sciences, 12: 425-433.
• Nriagu, O.J., 1992. Toxic metal pollution in Africa. The Science of the Total Environment, 121: 1-37.
• Nwosu, J.U., Harding, A.K., Linder, G., 1995. Cadmium and lead uptake by edible crops grown in a silt loam soil. Bulletin of Environmental Contmination and Toxicology, 54(44): 570-578.
• Obroucheva, N.V., Bystrova, E.I., Ivanov, V.B., Anupova, O.V., Seregin, I.V., 1998. Root growth responses to lead in young maize seedlings. Plant and Soil, 200: 55-61.
• Okcu, M., Tozlu, E., Kumlay, A.M., Pehluvan, M., 2009. Ağır metallerin bitkiler üzerine etkileri. Alınteri, 1(B): 14-26.
• Ouzounidou, G., Moustakas, M., Eleftheriou, E.P., 1997. Physiological and ultrastructural effects of cadmium on wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 32: 154-160.
• Öncel, I., Keleş, Y., Üstün, A.S., 2000. Interactive effects of temperature and heavy metal stress on the growth and some biochemical compounds in wheat seedlings. Environmental Pollution, 107(3): 315-320.
• Öztürk, L., Eker, S., Özkutlu, F., 2003. Effect of cadmium on growth and concentrations of cadmium, ascorbic acid and sulphydryl groups in durum wheat cultivars. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 27: 161-168.
• Ozyazici, M.A., Dengiz, O., Ozyazici, G., 2017. Spatial distribution of heavy metals density in cultivated soils of Central and East Parts of Black Sea Region in Turkey. Eurasian Journal of Soil Science, 6(3): 197-205.
• Parys, E., Romanowska, E., Siedlecka, M., Poskuta, J., 1998. The effect of lead on photosynthesis and respiration in detached leaves and in mesophyll protoplasts of Pisum sativum. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum, 20(3): 313-322.
• Rama Devi, S., Prasad, M.N.V., 2004. Membrane lipid alterations in heavy metal exposed plant. In: M.N.V. Prasad (Ed.), Heavy Metal Stres in Plants, from Molecules to Ecosystems, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 99-116.
• Ratkevicius, N., Correa, J.A., Moenne, A., 2003. Copper accumulation, synthesis of ascorbate and activation of ascorbate peroxidase in Enteromorpha compressa (L.) Grev. (Chlorophyta) from heavy metal-enriched environments in Northern Chile. Plant Cell Environment, 26(10): 1599-1608.
• Rolfe, G.L., Bazzaz, F.A., 1975. Effect of lead contamination on transpiration and photosynthesis of loblolly pine and Autumn olive. Forest Science, 21(1): 33-35.
• Ruiz, J.M., Romero, L., 2001. Bioactivity of the phenolic compounds in higher plants. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, 25: 651-681.
• Ruiz-Jimenez, J., Luque-Garcia, J.L., Luque De Castro, M.D., 2003. Dynamic ultrasound-assisted extraction of cadmium and lead from plants prior to electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta, 480(2): 231-237.
• Salunkhe, D.K., Chavan, J.K., Adsule, R.N., Kadam, S.S., 1992. World oilseeds. Chemistry, technology and utilization. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.
• Sawidis, T., Marnasidis, A., Zachariadis, G., Stratis, J., 1995. A study of air pollution with heavy metals in Thessaloniki city (Greece) using trees as biological indicators. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 28(1): 118-124.
• Sharmila, P., Pardha Saradhi, P., 2002. Proline accumulation in heavy metal stressed plants: An adaptive strategy. In: M.N.V. Prasad (Ed.), Physiology and Biochemistry of Metal Toxicity and Tolerance in Plants, Springer, Dordrecht, Kluwer, pp. 179-199.
• Singh, R.P., Tripathi, R.D., Sinha, S.K., Maheshwari, R., Srivastava, H.S., 1997. Response of higher plants to lead contaminated environment. Chemosphere, 34(11): 2467-2493.
• Spona, K.D., Baum, B., 1993. Untersuchungen zur pflanzenverfolgbarkeit von blei, cadmium, kupfer und zink auf kontaminierten böden den in einem industriellen ballungsgebiet. In: U. Radtke (Ed.), Schwermetalle, Duseldörfer Geographische Schriften, Düsseldorf, pp. 203-222.
• Suchoszek-Lukaniuk, K., Jaromin, A., Korycinska, M., Kozubek, A., 2011. Health benefits of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seeds and peanut oil consumption. In: V.R. Preedy (Ed.), Nuts and Seeds in Health and Disease Prevention, (1rd Edn.), Academic Press, UK, pp. 873-880.
• Symeonidis, L., Karataglis, S., 1992. The effect of lead and zinc on plant growth and chlorophyll content of Holcus lanatus L. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 168(2): 108-112.
• Terzi, H., Yıldız, M., 2013. Bitkilerde ağır metal toksisitesi: proteomik yaklaşım. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 13(021001): 1-21.
• Van Assche, F., Clijsters, H., 1990. Effects of metals on enzyme activity in plants. Plant Cell and Environment, 13(3): 195-206.
• Verma, S., Dubey, R.S., 2003. Lead toxicity induces lipid peroxidation and alters the activites of antioxidant enzymes in growing rice plants. Plant Science, 164(4): 645-655.
• Vitoria, A.P., Lea, P.J., Azevedo, R.A., 2001. Antioxidant enzymes responses to cadmium in radish tissues. Phytochemistry, 57(5): 701-710.
• Xiong, Z.T., 1998. Lead uptake and effects on seed germination and plant growth in a Pb hyperaccumulator Brassica pekinensis Rupr. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 60(2): 285-291.
• Zayed, A., Gowthaman, S., Terry, N., 1998. Phytoaccumulation of trace elements by wetland plants: I. Duckweed. Journal of Environmental Quality, 27(3): 715-721.
• Zengin, F.K., Munzuroğlu, Ö., 2004. Effects of lead (Pb++) and copper (Cu++) on the growth of root,shoot and leaf of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seedlings. Gazi Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(3): 1-10.
• Zhou, Q., 2001. The measurement of malondialdehyde in plants. In: Q. Zhou (Ed.), Methods in Plant Physiology, China Agricultural Press, Beijing, pp. 173-174.