Kenevir (Cannabis sativa L.) Bitkilerinde Görülen Virüs Kaynaklı Hastalıklar

Yıl 2020, , 111 - 119, 29.02.2020

Mehmet Ali Şevik

https://doi.org/10.19159/tutad.663715

Öz

Kenevir (Cannabis sativa L.), Cannabaceae familyası Cannabis cinsi içerisinde yer almaktadır. C. sativa’nın bir

varyetesi olan endüstriyel kenevir (C. sativa ssp. vulgaris L.) kültürü yapılan önemli bir endüstri bitkisidir. Endüstriyel

kenevir insanlık tarihinin en eski bitkisel ham madde kaynaklarından birisi olarak bilinmektedir. Kenevir; tohum, yağ, giysi,

ip, kâğıt, yalıtım malzemesi, kozmetik ürünler, biyolojik olarak parçalanabilen plastikler, inşaat malzemesi, reçine, yakıt vb.

gibi çeşitli ürünler elde etmek amacıyla yetiştirilmektedir. Kenevir çevre şartlarına, hastalık ve zararlılara karşı oldukça

hassastır. Olumsuz çevre koşullarında bitkiler hastalıklara daha yatkın hale gelmektedir. Kenevir bitkilerinde 100'den fazla

mikroorganizma (fungus, bakteri, virüs vd.) hastalık oluşturabilmektedir. Yapılan birçok çalışmada; kenevir çizgi virüsü

(HSV), kenevir mozaik virüsü (HMV), yonca mozaik virüsü (AMV), hıyar mozaik virüsü (CMV) ve arabis mozaik virüsü

(ArMV)’nün kenevir çeşitlerinde hastalıklara neden olduğu rapor edilmiştir. Ayrıca tütün mozaik virüsü (TMV), tütün

halkalı leke virüsü (TRSV), tütün çizgi virüsü (TSV), domates halkalı leke virüsü (TomRSV), taflan halkalı leke virüsü

(ERSV), karaağaç mozaik virüsü (EMV), tilkikuyruğu mozaik virüsü (FMV) kenevir bitkilerinden izole edilmiştir. Son

yıllarda kenevir virüsleri üzerinde yapılan çalışmalarda ise, şekerpancarı tepe kıvırcıklık virüsü (BCTV) ve marul kloroz

virüsü (LCV)’nün kenevir bitkilerinde enfeksiyon gerçekleştirdiği rapor edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cannabis, kenevir, hastalık, virüs, vektör

Virus-Induced Diseases in Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Plants

Öz

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) belongs to Cannabis genus in Cannabinaceae family. Industrial hemp (C. sativa var.

vulgaris L.), a variant of the C. sativa, is an important industrial crop. Industrial hemp is one of the oldest raw material

resource crops know to humans. Hemp is cultivated to produce a vast variety of products such as hemp seeds, hemp oil,

clothing, rope, paper, insulation, cosmetics, biodegradable plastics, construction material, resin, fuel, etc. Hemp is very

sensitive to environmental conditions, diseases, and pests. Plants are more susceptible to diseases in adverse environmental

conditions. More than 100 microorganisms (fungi, bacteria, virus, etc.) can cause disease in cannabis. In many studies

conducted; hemp streak virus (HSV), hemp mosaic virus (HMV), alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), cucumber mosaic virus

(CMV) and arabis mosaic virus (ArMV) have been reported to cause diseases in hemp varieties. Also, tobacco mosaic virus

(TMV), tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV), tobacco streak virus (TSV), tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV), eunoymous ringspot

virus (ERSV), elm mosaic virus (EMV), and foxtail mosaic virus (FMV) are isolated from hemp plants. In recent years,

studies on cannabis viruses have reported that beet curly top virus (BCTV) and lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV) infect cannabis

plants.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cannabis, hemp, disease, virus, vector

Kaynakça

• Al-Saleh, M.A., Amer, M.A., 2013. Biological and molecular variability of Alfalfa mosaic virus affecting alfalfa crop in Riyadh Region. Plant Pathology Journal, 29(4): 410-417.
• Anderson, P.K., Cunningham, A.A., Patel, N.G., Morales, F.J., Epstein, P.R., Dazsak, P., 2004. Emerging infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnology drivers. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 19(10): 535-544.
• Andre, C.M., Hausman, J.F., Guerriero, G., 2016. Cannabis sativa: The plant of the thousand and one molecules. Frontiers in Plant Science, 7(19): 1-17.
• Anonymous, 2002. Arabis Mosaic Nepovirus. Data Sheets on Quarantine Pests. EPPO Global Database. (https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/ARMV00/distribution), (E rişim tarihi: 20.12.2019).
• Aytac, S., 2018. An environmentally friendly plant in terms of oxygen supply: Hemp. ICOEST 4th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, September 19-23, Ukraine, pp. 31-34.
• Aytaç, S., Arslanoğlu, S.F., Ayan, A.K., 2018a. Suçlu olarak bilinen bitki: Kenevir. In: Current Academic Studies Agricultural Sciences, N. Keskin (Ed.), IVPE, Cetinje, Montenegro, pp. 445-455.
• Aytaç, S., Arslanoğlu, SF., Ayan, A.K., 2018b. High-temperature inhibition of seed germination of hemp (Cannabis sp.). Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(12): 8200-8204.
• Aytaç, S., Ayan, A.K., Arslanoğlu, S.F., 2017. Endüstriyel tip kenevir (Cannabis sativa L.) yetiştiriciliği. Karadeniz’in Lif Bitkileri Çalıştayı, 5-6 Mayıs, Samsun, s. 27-35.
• Bakro, F., Wielgusz, K., Bunalski, M., Jedryczka, M., 2018. An overview of pathogen and insect threats to fibre and oilseed hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and methods for their biocontrol. Integrated Control in Oilseed Crops IOBC-WPRS Bulletin, 136(1): 9-20.
• Blattny, C., Osvald, C.V., Novak, J., 1950. Virosy a z viros podezrele zjevy u konopi. Ochrana Rostlin, 23: 5-9.
• Che, C.T., 1991. Plants as a source of potential antiviral agents. In: H. Wagner, N.R. Farnsworth (Eds.), Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Academic Press, London, pp. 167-251.
• Cherney, J.H., Small, E., 2016. Industrial hemp in North America: production, politics and potential. Agronomy, 6(4): 1-24.
• Edwardson, J.R., Christie R.G., 1997. Viruses Infecting Peppers and Other Solanaceous Crops. Gainesville, Florida.
• Dingha, B., Sandler, L., Bhowmik, A., Akotsen-Mensah, C., Jackai, L., Gibson, K., Turco, R., 2019. Industrial hemp knowledge and interest among North Carolina organic farmers in the United States. Sustainability, 11(9): 1-17.
• Gallitelli, D., 2000. The ecology of cucumber mosaic virus and sustainable agriculture. Virus Research, 71(1-2): 9-12.
• Ghani, M., Basit, A., 1975. Investigations on The Natural Enemies of Marijuana, Cannabis satisla L. and Opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L. Commonwealth Institute Press, Rawalpindi, Pakistan.
• Giladi, Y., Hadad, L., Luria, N., Cranshaw, W., Lachman, O., Dombrovsky, A., 2020. First report of beet curly top virus infecting Cannabis sativa L., in Western Colorado. Plant Disease, 08(19): 1656-1656.
• Gildow, F.E., Shah, D.A., Sackett, W.M., Butzler, T., Nault, B.A., Fleischer, S.J., 2008. Transmission efficiency of Cucumber mosaic virus by aphids associated with virus epidemics in snap bean. Phytopathology, 98(11): 1233-1241.
• Gizlenci, Ş., Acar, M., Yiğen, Ç., Aytaç, S., 2019. Kenevir Tarımı. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Araştırmalar ve Politikalar Genel Müdürlüğü (TAGEM) Yayınları, Ankara.
• Grabowska, L., Rębarz, M., Chudy, M., 2009. Breeding and cultivation of industrial hemp in Poland. Herba Polonica, 55(3): 328-334.
• Hadad, L., Luria, N., Smith, E., Sela, N., Lachman, O., Dombrovsky, A., 2019. Lettuce chlorosis virus disease: A new threat to cannabis production. Viruses, 11(9): 1-15.
• Hughes, J.D.A., Odu, B.O., 2003. Plant Virology in Sub-Saharan Africa. In: Proceedings of a Conference Organized by IITA. 4-8 June, International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, pp. 581-581.
• Hull, R., 2014. Matthew׳s Plant Virology, Academic Press, USA.
• Jaspars, E.M.J., Bos, L., 1980. Alfalfa Mosaic Virus. CMI/AAB Descriptions of Plant Viruses No. 229, CAB International, Wallingford, UK.
• Jeffries, C.J., 1998. Technical Guidelines for The Safe Movement of Germplasm: Potato. FAO/IPGRI Publishing, Rome, Italy.
• Kegler, H., Spaar, D., 1997. Kurzmitteilung zur Virusanfalligkeit von Hanfsorten (Cannabis sativa L.). Archives Phytopathologie, 30: 457-464.
• King, A.M.Q., Adams, M.J., Carstens, E.B., Lefkowitz, E., 2012. Virus Taxonomy: Classification and Nomenclature of Viruses. Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, California.
• Kominek, P., Svoboda, P., Abou Ghanem-Sabanadzovic, N., 2003. Improved detection of Arabis mosaic virus in grapevine and hop plants. Acta Virologica, 47(3): 199-200.
• Kumari, R., Bhardwaj, P., Singh, L., Zaidi, A.A., Hallan, V., 2013. Biological and molecular characterization of cucumber mosaic virus Subgroup II Isolate causing severe mosaic in cucumber. Indian Journal of Virology, 24(1): 27-34.
• Lancz, G., Specter, S., Brown, H.K., 1990. Suppressive effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol on herpes simplex virus infectivity in ilitro. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 196(4): 401-404.
• McPartland, J.M., 1996. A review of Cannabis diseases. Journal of The International Hemp Association, 3(1): 19-23.
• McPartland, J.M., Clarke, R.C., Watson, D.P., 2000. Hemp Diseases and Pests: Management and Biological Control. New York: CABI Publishing.
• Ouedraogo, R.S., Pita, J.S., Somda, I.P., Traore, O., Roossinck, M.J., 2019. Impact of cultivated hosts on the recombination of Cucumber mosaic virus. Journal of Virology, 93(7): e01770-18.
• Palukaitis, P., García-Arenal, F., 2003. Cucumoviruses. Advances in Virus Research, 62: 241-323.
• Palukaitis, P., Roossinck, M.J., Dietzgen, R.G., Francki, R.I.B., 1992. Cucumber mosaic virus. Advances in Virus Research, 41: 281-348.
• Parrella, G., 2000. Evidence for two distinct subgroups of Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) from France and Italy and their relationships with other AMV strains. Archives of Virology, 145(12): 2659-2667.
• Ranalli, P., 1999. Advances in Hemp Research. The Haworth Press, Binghamton, New York.
• Righetti, L., Paris, R., Ratti, C., Calassanzio, M., Onofri, C., Calzolari, D., Menzel, W., Knierim, D., Magagnini, G., Pacifico, D., Grassi, G., 2018. Not the one, but the only one: About cannabis cryptic virus in plants showing ‘hemp streak’ disease symptoms. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 150(3): 575-588.
• Salentijn, E.M., Zhang, Q., Amaducci, S., Yang, M., Trindade, L.M., 2015. New developments in fiber hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) breeding. Industrial Crops and Products, 68: 32-41.
• Schmelzer, K., 1963. Investigations on viruses of ornamental and wild woody plants. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 46: 105-138.
• Schmidt, H.E., Karl, E., 1969. Untersuchungen über eine Flecken- und Streifenbildung am Hanf (Cannabis sativa L.). Zweite Abteilung, 123: 310-314.
• Schmidt, H.E., Karl, E., 1970. Analysis of the viruses of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) with regard to the hemp aphid (Phorodon cannabis Pass.) as virus vector. Zentralblatt Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunden, Infektionskrankheiten Hygiene, 125(1): 16-22.
• Scholthof, K.B.G., Adkins, S., Czosnek, H., Palukaitis, P., Jacquot, E., Hohn, T., Hemenway, C., 2011. Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology. Molecular Plant Pathology, 12(9): 938-954.
• Soosaar, J.L., Burch-Smith, T.M., Dinesh-Kumar, S.P., 2005. Mechanisms of plant resistance to viruses. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 3(10): 789-798.
• Thresh, J.M., Ormerod, P., 1989. Arabis mosaic virus in English hop plantings. In: Proceedings of the International Workshop on Hop Virus Diseases, A. Eppler (Ed.), December 8, Deutsche Phytomedizinische Gesellscaft, Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart, Germany, pp. 43-54.
• Whitfield, A.E., Falk, B.W., Rotenberg, D., 2015. Insect vector-mediated transmission of plant viruses. Virology, 479: 278-289.
• Xu, H., Nie, J., 2006. Identification, characterization and molecular detection of Alfalfa mosaic virus in potato. Phytopathology, 96(11): 1237-1242.
• Zitter, T.A., Murphy, J.F., 2009. Cucumber mosaic virus. The Plant Health Instructor. APS Press, St Paul, MN.