Measuring the Vulnerability of the Urban Fabric in the Face of Land Subsidence (Case Study: District 17 of Tehran)
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 33 - 49, 30.06.2023
Ramin Rezaeishahabi
,
Alireza Arab
,
Amir Pishva
,
Vahid Hajipour
,
Marzieh Zahaki
Öz
The involvement of the 17th district of Tehran with the issue of land subsidence was the initial idea of the current research. The current research was conducted in the form of an analytical model in four steps. In the first step, after studying the research literature, the vulnerability indicators of the urban fabric were identified and organized into three criteria (physical and demographic, accessibility and proximity to high risk centers). In the second step, by using Delphi questionnaires and pairwise statistical comparisons, the priorities of vulnerability of the urban fabric in the face of land subsidence were determined. In the third step, the analytical model was defined based on the network analysis process (ANP). Also, the weight of each of the sub-criteria and criteria was obtained using Super Decision software. Finally, in the fourth step, these weights were applied to each of the layers related to the criteria in the ArcGIS software environment, and the final map of the vulnerability of the urban fabric was obtained as a raster in the geographic information system. The results of the model implementation showed that the urban fabric of the 17th district is prone to high vulnerability due to features such as high population and building density, the presence of worn-out fabric, buildings with low structural strength and very low construction quality. In total, about 657 hectares (80%) of the total built-up lands of Tehran's 17th district are under the influence of land subsidence.
Kaynakça
- Aburas, M. M., Abdullah, S. H., Ramli, M. F., & Asha’ari, Z. H. (2017). Land suitability analysis of urban growth in Seremban Malaysia, using GIS based analytical hierarchy process. Procedia engineering, 198, pp. 1128-1136.
- Akbulut, A., Ozcevik, O., & Carton, L. (2018). Evaluating suitability of a GIS–AHP combined method for sustainable urban and environmental planning in Beykoz district, Istanbul. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 13(8), pp. 1103–1115.
AlFanatseh, A. (2021). Land suitability analysis of urban development in the Aqaba area, Jordan, using a GIS-based analytic hierarchy process. GeoJournal, pp. 1-17.
- Alkay, E. (2014). Giriş. In E. Alkay, Şehir Planlamada Analiz ve Değerlendirme Teknikleri (pp. 11-15). İstanbul: Literatür.
- Al-Shalabi, M. A., Mansor, S. B., Ahmed, N. B., & Shiriff, R. (2006). GIS based multicriteria approaches to housing site suitability assessment. XXIII FIG congress, shaping the change, (pp. 8-13). Munich, Germany.
- ArcGIS. (2023, 05 13). Site suitability analysis. ArcGIS: https://doc.arcgis.com/en/imagery/workflows/resources/site-suitability-analysis.htm
- ArcGIS Pro. (2023, 05 13). The general suitability modeling workflow. ArcGIS Pro: https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/analysis/spatial-analyst/suitability-modeler/the-general-suitability-modeling-workflow.htm
- Aydemir, Ş. (1999). Planlama ve planlama Türleri. In Ş. Aydemir, Kentsel Alanların Planlanması ve Tasarımı (pp. 33-40). Trabzon: Akademi.
- Bhushan, N., & Rai, K. (2007). Strategic decision making: applying the analytic hierarchy process. London: Springer.
- Brundtland, G. H., & Khalid, M. (1987). Our common future. Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press.
- Chandio, I. A., Matori, A. N., Yusof, K., Talpur, H. M., & Aminu, M. (2014). GIS-basedland suitability analysis of sustainable hillside development. Procedia Engineering, 77, pp. 87-94.
- Çalışkan, O. (2017). Kentsel Tasarım. In S. S. Özdemir, Ö. B. Özdemir Sarı, & N. Uzun, Kent Planlama (pp. 387-428). Ankara: İmge.
- Çubukçu, K. M. (2017). Kent Planlamada Nicel Teknikler. In S. S. Özdemir, Ö. B. Özdemir Sarı, & N. Uzun, Kent planlama (pp. 537-560). Ankara: İmge.
- Deliry, S. I., & Uyguçgil, H. (2020). GIS-Based land suitability analysis for sustainable urban development: A case study in Eskisehir, Turkey. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(4), pp. 634-650.
- Dong, J., Zhuang, D., Xu, X., & Ying, L. (2008). Integrated evaluation of urban development suitability based on remote sensing and GIS techniques–a case study in Jingjinji Area, China. Sensors, 8(9), pp. 5975-5986.
- Dunn, C. (2007). Participatory GIS—a people's GIS? Progress in human geography, 31(5), pp. 616-637.
- Ersoy, M. (2007). Planlama Kuramına Giriş. In M. Ersoy, Kentsel Planlama Kuramları (pp. 9-34). Ankara: İmge.
- Estoque, R. (2012). Analytic hierarchy process in geospatial analysis. In Y. Murayama, Progress in geospatial analysis (pp. 157-181). Springer: Springer.
- Filipović, M. (2007). The analytic hierarchy process as a support for decision making. Spatium, pp. 44-59.
- Healey, P. (2006). Urban complexity and spatial strategies: Towards a relational planning for our times. London: Routledge.
- Johnston, K. M., & Graham, E. (2021). ArcGIS Spatial Analyst–Suitability Modeling. Esri International User Conference (pp. 1-67). California: Esri.
- Keskinok, H. Ç. (2020). Farklı Kademelerde Bölge ve Kent Planlama. In M. Şenol Balaban, Kent, Planlama ve Afet Risk Yönetimi (pp. 28-57). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
- Koramaz, T. K. (2014). Uygunluk Analizi. In E. Alkay, Şehir Planlamada Analiz ve Değerlendirme Teknikleri (pp. 129-139). İstanbul: Literatür.
- Kumar, A., Sharma, R. K., & Kuma, V. (2018). Landslide hazard zonation using analytical hierarchy process along National Highway-3 in mid Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(20), pp. 1-19.
- Kumar, M., & Shaikh, V. R. (2013). Site suitability analysis for urban development using GIS based multicriteria evaluation technique. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 41(2), pp. 417-424.
- Levend, S., & Fischer, T. B. (2022). Determining People's Design Priorities for Neighbourhood Units: A Study in Liverpool, Merseyside. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 10(1), pp. 21-42.
- Luan, C., Liu, R., & Peng, S. (2021). Land-use suitability assessment for urban development using a GIS-based soft computing approach: A case study of Ili Valley, China. Ecological Indicators, 123, pp. 107333.
Malczewski, J. (2004). GIS-based land-use suitability analysis: a critical overview. Progress in planning, 62(1), pp. 3-65.
- Malczewski, J. (2006). GIS‐based multicriteria decision analysis: a survey of the literature. International journal of geographical information science, 20(7), pp. 703-726.
- Malczewski, J., & Rinner, C. (2015). Multicriteria decision analysis in geographic information science. New York: Springer.
- McBride, S. B. (2019). Site Planning and Design. West Virginia University. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/rri-web-book/1
- Mekânsal Planlar Yapım Yönetmeliği. (2014). Mekânsal Planlar Yapım Yönetmeliği. Ankara: Resmî Gazete (Sayı: 29030). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/06/20140614-2.htm
- Okumuş, G. (2014). Planlamada Analiz Teknikleri ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri. In E. Alkay, Şehir Planlamada Analiz ve Değerlendirme Teknikleri (pp. 17-32). İstanbul: Literatür.
- Özügül, M. D. (2012). Ekolojik planlama. In M. Ersoy, Kentsel Planlama Ansiklopedik Sözlük (pp. 107-112). İstanbul: Ninova.
- Parry, J. A., Ganaie, S. A., & Bhat, S. M. (2018). GIS based land suitability analysis using AHP model for urban services planning in Srinagar and Jammu urban centers of J&K, India. Journal of Urban Management, 7(2), pp. 46-56.
- Saaty, T. (1989). Group decision making and the AHP. In T. Saaty, The Analytic Hierarchy Process (pp. 59-67). Berlin: Springer.
- Saaty, T. (1990). How to make a decision: the analytic hierarchy process. European journal of operational research, 48(1), pp. 9-26.
- Saaty, T. (2008). Decision Making With The Analytic Hierarchy Process. International Journal of Services Sciences, 1(1), pp. 83-98.
- Saaty, T., & Vargas, L. (2012). Models, methods, concepts & applications of the analytic hierarchy process. London: Springer Science & Business Media.
- Saha, A., & Roy, R. (2021). An integrated approach to identify suitable areas for built-up development using GIS-based multi-criteria analysis and AHP in Siliguri planning area, India. SN Applied Sciences, 3(4), pp. 1-17.
- Şahin, S. Z. (2020). Planlamada Yerel Yönetimlerin Sorumlulukları. In M. Şenol Balaban, Kent, Planlama ve Afet Risk Yönetimi (pp. 56-85). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
- Tekel, A., & Altıntaş, Y. (2011). Türk İmar Mevzuatı'nda Tanımlanan Plan Türleri ve Yetkili Kurumlar. In Ç. Varol, A. Gürel Üçer, & A. Uğurlar, Yasal ve Yönetsel Boyutlarıyla Planlama (pp. 79-91). Ankara: BİB.
- Ullah , K. M., & Mansourian, A. (2016). Evaluation of land suitability for urban land‐use planning: case study Dhaka City. Transactions in GIS, 20(1), pp. 20-37.
Arazi çökmesi karşısında kentsel dokunun kırılganlığının ölçülmesi (Örnek olay: Tahran'ın 17. Bölgesi)
Yıl 2023,
Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 33 - 49, 30.06.2023
Ramin Rezaeishahabi
,
Alireza Arab
,
Amir Pishva
,
Vahid Hajipour
,
Marzieh Zahaki
Öz
Tahran'ın 17. bölgesinin arazi çökmesi sorununa dahil edilmesi, mevcut araştırmanın ilk fikriydi. Mevcut araştırma analitik model şeklinde dört adımda gerçekleştirilmiştir. İlk adımda, araştırma literatürü incelendikten sonra, kentsel bağlamın savunmasızlık göstergeleri belirlendi ve üç kriter (fiziksel ve demografik, erişilebilirlik ve yüksek riskli merkezlere yakınlık) halinde düzenlendi. İkinci adımda, Delphi anketleri ve ikili istatistiksel karşılaştırmalar kullanılarak, arazi çökmesi karşısında kentsel dokunun kırılganlığının öncelikleri belirlendi. Üçüncü adımda, ağ analiz sürecine (ANP) dayalı olarak analitik model tanımlanmıştır. Ayrıca Super Decision yazılımı kullanılarak her bir alt kriter ve kriterin ağırlığı elde edilmiştir. Son olarak dördüncü adımda, bu ağırlıklar ArcGIS yazılım ortamında kriterlere ilişkin katmanların her birine uygulanmış ve kentsel bağlamın nihai etkilenebilirlik haritası coğrafi bilgi sisteminde raster olarak elde edilmiştir. Model uygulamasının sonuçları, 17. bölgenin kentsel dokusunun, yüksek nüfus ve bina yoğunluğu, yıpranmış doku varlığı, düşük yapısal dayanıklılığa sahip binalar ve çok düşük inşaat kalitesi gibi özelliklerden dolayı yüksek hassasiyete eğilimli olduğunu göstermiştir. Toplamda, Tahran'ın 17. bölgesindeki meskun arazinin yaklaşık 657 hektarı (yüzde 80'i) arazi çökmesinin etkisi altındadır.
Kaynakça
- Aburas, M. M., Abdullah, S. H., Ramli, M. F., & Asha’ari, Z. H. (2017). Land suitability analysis of urban growth in Seremban Malaysia, using GIS based analytical hierarchy process. Procedia engineering, 198, pp. 1128-1136.
- Akbulut, A., Ozcevik, O., & Carton, L. (2018). Evaluating suitability of a GIS–AHP combined method for sustainable urban and environmental planning in Beykoz district, Istanbul. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 13(8), pp. 1103–1115.
AlFanatseh, A. (2021). Land suitability analysis of urban development in the Aqaba area, Jordan, using a GIS-based analytic hierarchy process. GeoJournal, pp. 1-17.
- Alkay, E. (2014). Giriş. In E. Alkay, Şehir Planlamada Analiz ve Değerlendirme Teknikleri (pp. 11-15). İstanbul: Literatür.
- Al-Shalabi, M. A., Mansor, S. B., Ahmed, N. B., & Shiriff, R. (2006). GIS based multicriteria approaches to housing site suitability assessment. XXIII FIG congress, shaping the change, (pp. 8-13). Munich, Germany.
- ArcGIS. (2023, 05 13). Site suitability analysis. ArcGIS: https://doc.arcgis.com/en/imagery/workflows/resources/site-suitability-analysis.htm
- ArcGIS Pro. (2023, 05 13). The general suitability modeling workflow. ArcGIS Pro: https://pro.arcgis.com/en/pro-app/latest/help/analysis/spatial-analyst/suitability-modeler/the-general-suitability-modeling-workflow.htm
- Aydemir, Ş. (1999). Planlama ve planlama Türleri. In Ş. Aydemir, Kentsel Alanların Planlanması ve Tasarımı (pp. 33-40). Trabzon: Akademi.
- Bhushan, N., & Rai, K. (2007). Strategic decision making: applying the analytic hierarchy process. London: Springer.
- Brundtland, G. H., & Khalid, M. (1987). Our common future. Oxford, GB: Oxford University Press.
- Chandio, I. A., Matori, A. N., Yusof, K., Talpur, H. M., & Aminu, M. (2014). GIS-basedland suitability analysis of sustainable hillside development. Procedia Engineering, 77, pp. 87-94.
- Çalışkan, O. (2017). Kentsel Tasarım. In S. S. Özdemir, Ö. B. Özdemir Sarı, & N. Uzun, Kent Planlama (pp. 387-428). Ankara: İmge.
- Çubukçu, K. M. (2017). Kent Planlamada Nicel Teknikler. In S. S. Özdemir, Ö. B. Özdemir Sarı, & N. Uzun, Kent planlama (pp. 537-560). Ankara: İmge.
- Deliry, S. I., & Uyguçgil, H. (2020). GIS-Based land suitability analysis for sustainable urban development: A case study in Eskisehir, Turkey. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(4), pp. 634-650.
- Dong, J., Zhuang, D., Xu, X., & Ying, L. (2008). Integrated evaluation of urban development suitability based on remote sensing and GIS techniques–a case study in Jingjinji Area, China. Sensors, 8(9), pp. 5975-5986.
- Dunn, C. (2007). Participatory GIS—a people's GIS? Progress in human geography, 31(5), pp. 616-637.
- Ersoy, M. (2007). Planlama Kuramına Giriş. In M. Ersoy, Kentsel Planlama Kuramları (pp. 9-34). Ankara: İmge.
- Estoque, R. (2012). Analytic hierarchy process in geospatial analysis. In Y. Murayama, Progress in geospatial analysis (pp. 157-181). Springer: Springer.
- Filipović, M. (2007). The analytic hierarchy process as a support for decision making. Spatium, pp. 44-59.
- Healey, P. (2006). Urban complexity and spatial strategies: Towards a relational planning for our times. London: Routledge.
- Johnston, K. M., & Graham, E. (2021). ArcGIS Spatial Analyst–Suitability Modeling. Esri International User Conference (pp. 1-67). California: Esri.
- Keskinok, H. Ç. (2020). Farklı Kademelerde Bölge ve Kent Planlama. In M. Şenol Balaban, Kent, Planlama ve Afet Risk Yönetimi (pp. 28-57). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
- Koramaz, T. K. (2014). Uygunluk Analizi. In E. Alkay, Şehir Planlamada Analiz ve Değerlendirme Teknikleri (pp. 129-139). İstanbul: Literatür.
- Kumar, A., Sharma, R. K., & Kuma, V. (2018). Landslide hazard zonation using analytical hierarchy process along National Highway-3 in mid Himalayas of Himachal Pradesh, India. Environmental Earth Sciences, 77(20), pp. 1-19.
- Kumar, M., & Shaikh, V. R. (2013). Site suitability analysis for urban development using GIS based multicriteria evaluation technique. Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing, 41(2), pp. 417-424.
- Levend, S., & Fischer, T. B. (2022). Determining People's Design Priorities for Neighbourhood Units: A Study in Liverpool, Merseyside. ICONARP International Journal of Architecture and Planning, 10(1), pp. 21-42.
- Luan, C., Liu, R., & Peng, S. (2021). Land-use suitability assessment for urban development using a GIS-based soft computing approach: A case study of Ili Valley, China. Ecological Indicators, 123, pp. 107333.
Malczewski, J. (2004). GIS-based land-use suitability analysis: a critical overview. Progress in planning, 62(1), pp. 3-65.
- Malczewski, J. (2006). GIS‐based multicriteria decision analysis: a survey of the literature. International journal of geographical information science, 20(7), pp. 703-726.
- Malczewski, J., & Rinner, C. (2015). Multicriteria decision analysis in geographic information science. New York: Springer.
- McBride, S. B. (2019). Site Planning and Design. West Virginia University. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/rri-web-book/1
- Mekânsal Planlar Yapım Yönetmeliği. (2014). Mekânsal Planlar Yapım Yönetmeliği. Ankara: Resmî Gazete (Sayı: 29030). https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/06/20140614-2.htm
- Okumuş, G. (2014). Planlamada Analiz Teknikleri ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri. In E. Alkay, Şehir Planlamada Analiz ve Değerlendirme Teknikleri (pp. 17-32). İstanbul: Literatür.
- Özügül, M. D. (2012). Ekolojik planlama. In M. Ersoy, Kentsel Planlama Ansiklopedik Sözlük (pp. 107-112). İstanbul: Ninova.
- Parry, J. A., Ganaie, S. A., & Bhat, S. M. (2018). GIS based land suitability analysis using AHP model for urban services planning in Srinagar and Jammu urban centers of J&K, India. Journal of Urban Management, 7(2), pp. 46-56.
- Saaty, T. (1989). Group decision making and the AHP. In T. Saaty, The Analytic Hierarchy Process (pp. 59-67). Berlin: Springer.
- Saaty, T. (1990). How to make a decision: the analytic hierarchy process. European journal of operational research, 48(1), pp. 9-26.
- Saaty, T. (2008). Decision Making With The Analytic Hierarchy Process. International Journal of Services Sciences, 1(1), pp. 83-98.
- Saaty, T., & Vargas, L. (2012). Models, methods, concepts & applications of the analytic hierarchy process. London: Springer Science & Business Media.
- Saha, A., & Roy, R. (2021). An integrated approach to identify suitable areas for built-up development using GIS-based multi-criteria analysis and AHP in Siliguri planning area, India. SN Applied Sciences, 3(4), pp. 1-17.
- Şahin, S. Z. (2020). Planlamada Yerel Yönetimlerin Sorumlulukları. In M. Şenol Balaban, Kent, Planlama ve Afet Risk Yönetimi (pp. 56-85). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi.
- Tekel, A., & Altıntaş, Y. (2011). Türk İmar Mevzuatı'nda Tanımlanan Plan Türleri ve Yetkili Kurumlar. In Ç. Varol, A. Gürel Üçer, & A. Uğurlar, Yasal ve Yönetsel Boyutlarıyla Planlama (pp. 79-91). Ankara: BİB.
- Ullah , K. M., & Mansourian, A. (2016). Evaluation of land suitability for urban land‐use planning: case study Dhaka City. Transactions in GIS, 20(1), pp. 20-37.