Tekno-Feodalizm Perspektifinden Sinema Sektöründe Üretken Yapay Zekâ Teknolojisinin Analizi

Öz

Bu çalışma, medya ve sinema sektörünün yapay zekâ teknolojileri ile yakınsaması neticesinde bilhassa sinematografik görsel üretim pratiklerinde etkin bir şekilde kullanılmaya başlanılan üretken yapay zekâ modellerinin tekno-feodalizm perspektifinden eleştirel bir çözümlemesini sunmaktadır. Betimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılan çalışmanın temel savı, sinematik içerik üretimi için yapay zekâ teknolojisini kullanan bireysel ve kurumsal üreticilerin, teknoloji şirketlerinin yapay zekâ platformlarına ve bulut sistemlerine sistematik olarak daha çok bağımlı hale geldiğidir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, teknolojik dönüşümü ve bu dönüşüm sürecinde gelişen güç ilişkilerini eleştirel ekonomi-politik bir perspektiften ele almaktadır. Çalışmada yapay zekâ teknolojisinin tarihsel gelişimi ile toplumsal, kültürel ve ideolojik boyutları kapsam dışında tutulmuştur. Bununla birlikte yapay zekâ teknolojisi, salt ekonomik analizin ötesine geçilerek, tekno-feodalizm kavramsal çerçevesi içinde yeniden tanımlanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda, medya ve sinema endüstrisinin üretim, dağıtım ve gösterim süreçlerinde dijital dünyaya hâkim olan birkaç teknoloji şirketinin kontrolünün giderek güçleneceği ve bu durumun tekno-feodal yapıyı pekiştireceği saptanmıştır. Büyük teknoloji şirketlerinin üretken yapay zekâ alanına yaptığı stratejik yatırımlar ve start-up satın almaları, pazarın giderek tekelleşeceğini göstermektedir. Bu yapılanma, medya üretimindeki platform bağımlılığını derinleştirirken, bireysel ve kurumsal üreticilerin özerk üretim olanaklarını da sınırlandırmaktadır. Böylece dijital lordlar olarak konumlanan teknoloji şirketlerinin hem abonelik sistemleri üzerinden gelir elde etmesi hem de kullanıcı verilerini kontrol etmesi yoluyla oluşan çift yönlü sömürü mekanizması güçlenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Tekno-feodalizm
• Üretken Yapay Zekâ
• Platform bağımlılığı
• Dijital Tekelleşme
• sinema endüstrisi

Analysis of Generative AI Technology in Cinema Industry from a Techno-Feudalism Perspective

Öz

This study presents a critical analysis of generative AI models from a techno-feudalism perspective, which have begun to be effectively utilized in cinematographic visual production practices as a result of the convergence of media and cinema sectors with AI Technologies. Using descriptive analysis method, the study's fundamental argument is that individual and institutional producers using AI technology for cinematic content production are systematically becoming increasingly dependent on technology companies' AI platforms and cloud systems. In this context, the study examines technological transformation and power relations developing during this transformation process from a critical political-economic perspective. While the historical development of AI technology and its social, cultural, and ideological dimensions are excluded from the scope, AI technology is redefined within the conceptual framework of techno-feudalism, going beyond purely economic analysis. The study concludes that the control of a few technology companies dominating the digital world will increasingly strengthen in the production, distribution, and exhibition processes of the media and cinema industry, thereby reinforcing the techno-feudal structure. Strategic investments and startup acquisitions by major technology companies in the field of generative AI indicate growing market monopolization. While this structure deepens platform dependency in media production, it also limits the autonomous production capabilities of individual and institutional producers. Consequently, the dual exploitation mechanism is strengthened as technology companies positioned as digital lords generate revenue through subscription systems and control user data.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Techno-feudalism
• Generative Artificial Intelligence
• Platform Dependency
• Cinema industry
• Digital monopolization

Kaynakça

1. Acemoğlu, D. ve Restrepo, P. (2018). The race between man and machine: Implications of technology for growth, factor shares, and employment. American Economic Review, VI(108), ss. 1488–1542.
2. Aksoy, S. (2018). Sermaye birikimi, teknoloji ve uluslararasılaşma olgularını Endüstri 4.0 döneminde yeniden düşünmek. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(Özel Sayı), ss. 1697-1706.
3. Alemdar, A. A. (2024, Temmuz 25). Tekno-feodalizmin politik ekonomik eleştirisi. Kompleks. Erişim tarihi: 24.11.2024. https://kompleks.org/fasikul/teknofeodalizm/bolum-2/tekno-feodalizmin-politik-ekonomi-elestirisi/
4. Amazon. (2024). Üretici yapay zekâ nedir? Erişim tarihi: 15.08.2024. https://aws.amazon.com/tr/what-is/generative-ai/
5. Amigud, A. (2024). Generative AI, the creative industries, and human work. Philosophy & Technology, 37(49), ss. 1-20.
6. Anantrasirichai, N. ve Bull, D. (2022). Artificial intelligence in the creative industries: A review. Artificial Intelligence Review, 55, ss. 589-656.
7. Aquarius Project. (1971). Revolutionary engineering: Towards a 'counter-technology'. Erişim tarihi: 11.11.2024. https://www.sense-of-rebellion.com/text/revolutionary-engineering
8. Atabek, Ü. (2020). Tarihten geleceğe iletişim teknolojileri. Siyasal Kitabevi.

9. Bakın, A. (2022). Teknoloji, toplum, sermaye ilişkisi açısından dijital emek üzerine inceleme [Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi]. Marmara Üniversitesi.
10. BBC. (2025, Şubat 4). DeepSeek: The Chinese AI app that has the world talking. Erişim tarihi: 12.02.2025. https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5yv5976z9po
11. Bender, S. (2024). Generative-AI, the media industries, and the disappearance of human creative labour. Media Practice and Education, ss. 1-18.
12. Berlinski, E., Morales, J. ve Sponem, S. (2024). Artificial imaginaries: Generative AIs as an advanced form of capitalism. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 99, ss. 1-15.
13. Bianchi, T. (2024, Temmuz 19). AI-powered online search - Statistics & facts. Statista. Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2024. https://www.statista.com/topics/10825/ai-powered-online-search/
14. Bianchi, T. (2024, Haziran 5). Global weekly interest in generative AI on Google searches 2022-2024. Statista. Erişim tarihi: 19.08.2024.
15. Capgemini Research Institute. (2023). Why consumers love generative AI. Capgemini.
16. Clark, J. (2018, Ekim 22). Surveillance search engines; harvesting real-world road data with hovering drones; and improving language with unsupervised pre-training. Import AI. Erişim tarihi: 07.09.2024. https://jack-clark.net/2018/10/22/import-ai-117-surveillance-search-engines-harvesting-real-world-road-data-with-hovering-drones-and-improving-language-with-unsupervised-pre-training/
17. Clement, J. (2024, Ocak 10). Google, Amazon, Meta, Apple, and Microsoft (GAMAM) - Statistics & facts. Statista. Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2024. https://www.statista.com/topics/4213/google-apple-facebook-amazon-and-microsoft-gafam/
18. Crawford, K. (2021). Atlas Of AI. Yale University Press.
19. Daly, C. (2018, Aralık 4). Enterprise AI is the antithesis to AI feudalism. AI Business. Erişim tarihi: 09.09.2024. https://aibusiness.com/verticals/enterprise-ai-is-the-antithesis-to-ai-feudalism
20. Dean, J. (2020, Mayıs 12). Neofeudalism: The end of capitalism? LA Review of Books. Erişim tarihi: 16.11.2024. https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/neofeudalism-the-end-of-capitalism/
21. Edgadelta. (2024, Mayıs 24). 7 key AI investment statistics every investor should know. Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2024. https://edgedelta.com/company/blog/ai-investment-statistics
22. Elmacı, O. (2023, Eylül 9). Feodalizmden kapitalizme, kapitalizmden tekno-feodalizme… Bir ekonomik sistemin sürdürülebilirlik yolculuğu. DPUportal. Erişim tarihi: 18.11.2024. https://portal.dpu.edu.tr/orhan.elmaci/makale_oku/322/feodalizmden-kapitalizme-kapitalizmden-tekno-feodalizme-bir-ekonomik-sistemin-surdurulebilirlik-yolculugu
23. Fink, C. (2024, Ağustos 1). Meta mints money, Canva acquires Leonardo AI, Hedra Gen-AI video launches. Forbes. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2024. https://www.forbes.com/sites/charliefink/2024/08/01/meta-mints-money-canva-acquires-leonardo-ai-hedra-gen-ai-video-launches/
24. Forno, M. (2023, Kasım 4). What is technofeudalism and are we living under it? ABC News. Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2024. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-11-05/what-is-technofeudalism-and-are-we-living-under-it/103062936
25. Gane, N. (2024). Capitalism is capitalism, not technofeudalism. Journal of Classical Sociology, 1(1), ss. 1-15.
26. García, C. S. (2024). Datafeudalism: The domination of modern societies by Big Tech companies. Philosophy & Technology, 37(90), ss. 1-18.
27. Geddes, K. (2020). Meet your new overlords: How digital platforms develop and sustain technofeudalism. The Columbia Journal of Law & The Arts, 43(4), ss. 455-485.
28. Gilbert, J. (2024). Techno-feudalism or platform capitalism? Conceptualising the digital society. European Journal of Social Theory, 27(4), ss. 513-672.
29. GilPress. (2024, Haziran 3). Midjourney statistics – Users, growth, revenue 2024. Big Data. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2024. https://whatsthebigdata.com/midjourney-statistics/
30. Grill, G. (2024). Constructing capabilities: The politics of testing infrastructures for generative AI. Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ss. 1838-1849.
31. Hammond, G. (2023, Aralık 29). Big Tech outspends venture capital firms in AI investment frenzy. Financial Times. Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2024. https://www.ft.com/content/c6b47d24-b435-4f41-b197-2d826cce9532
32. Harris, M. (2022, Kasım 28). Are we living under 'technofeudalism'? Intelligencer. Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2024. https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2022/10/what-is-technofeudalism.html
33. Harvey, D. (1990). The condition of postmodernity. Blackwell.
34. Hassan, M. R. ve Aziz, M. S. A. (2025). Artificial Intelligence Comic Strip (AICS) generators: A review of subscription models, pricing, and user satisfaction. International Journal on Perceptive and Cognitive Computing, 11(1), ss. 95-102. https://doi.org/10.31436/ijpcc.v11i1.553
35. Jamali, L. (2025, Ocak 28). DeepSeek yapay zeka yarışını nasıl değiştirecek? BBCNEWS Türkçe. Erişim tarihi: 12 Şubat 2025. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cwywlznq5yyo
36. Kapır, B. (2022). Algoritmik Toplum ve Medya. Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
37. Kotkin, J. ve Toplansky, M. (2023, Eylül 22). Blue-collar workers are our only hope automation will turn us all into serfs. UnHerd. Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2024. https://unherd.com/2023/09/blue-collar-workers-are-our-only-hope/
38. Kumar, K. (1999). Sanayi sonrası toplumdan post-modern topluma. Dost Kitabevi.
39. Leonardo.ai. (2024, Kasım 19). 28 AI statistics for marketers. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2024. https://leonardo.ai/news/28-ai-statistics-for-marketers/
40. Leswing, K. (2023, Mart 13). ChatGPT and generative AI are booming, but the costs can be extraordinary. CNBC. Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2024. https://www.cnbc.com/2023/03/13/chatgpt-and-generative-ai-are-booming-but-at-a-very-expensive-price.html
41. Liu, Y. ve Wang, H. (2024). Who on earth is using generative AI? Policy Research Working Paper, ss. 1-45.
42. Bojić, L. M. (2022). Culture organism or techno-feudalism: How growing addictions and artificial intelligence shape contemporary society. Institute for Philosophy and Social Theory.
43. Mazzucato, M. (2019, Ekim 2). Preventing digital feudalism. Project Syndicate. Erişim tarihi: 08.09.2024. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/platform-economy-digital-feudalism-by-mariana-mazzucato-2019-10
44. Microsoft. (2023, Ocak 23). Microsoft and OpenAI extend partnership. Official Microsoft Blog. Erişim tarihi: 27.08.2024. https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2023/01/23/microsoftandopenaiextendpartnership/
45. Morozov, E. (2022). Critique of techno-feudal reason. New Left Review, 133/134, ss. 89-127.
46. Morozov, E. (2024, Haziran 26). Silicon Valley wants unfettered control of the tech market. That's why it's cosying up to Trump. The Guardian. Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2024. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/jun/26/silicon-valley-tech-market-donald-trump-joe-biden-wealth-tax-big-tech-venture-capitalists
47. Ögüç, E. Ş. (2023, Temmuz 14). Associated Press, haber arşivini yapay zeka modeli Chat GPT ile paylaşacak. Anadolu Ajansı. Erişim tarihi: 24.11.2024. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/associated-press-haber-arsivini-yapay-zeka-modeli-chat-gpt-ile-paylasacak/2946037
48. Parisi, L. (2015). Instrumental reason, algorithmic capitalism, and the incomputable. Ed. M. Pasquinelli. Augmented intelligence and its traumas içinde, ss. 125-139. Meson Press.
49. Prado, E. (2021). Tecno-feudalism or socialism of capital. Erişim tarihi: 20.11.2024. https://eleuterioprado.blog
50. Precedence Research. (2024, Temmuz 1). Generative AI market size, share, and trends 2024 to 2033. Erişim tarihi: 09.09.2024. https://www.precedenceresearch.com/generative-ai-market
51. Prodnik, J. A. (2021). Algorithmic logic in digital capitalism. Ed. P. Verdegem. AI for everyone? Critical perspectives içinde, ss. 203-222. University of Westminster Press.
52. Reid, J. (2023, Haziran 25). AI as ideology: A Marxist reading (Crawford, Marx/Engels, Debord, Althusser). PhilArchive. Erişim tarihi: 27.04.2024. https://philarchive.org/rec/REIAAI-7
53. Sadowski, J. (2019). When data is capital: Datafication, accumulation, and extraction. Big Data & Society, 6(1), ss. 1-15.
54. Sætra, H. S. (2023). Generative AI: Here to stay, but for good? Technology in Society, 75, ss. 1-12.
55. Statista. (2024a, Şubat 13). Number of artificial intelligence (AI) tool users globally from 2020 to 2030. Erişim tarihi: 27.08.2024. https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1449844/ai-tool-users-worldwide
56. Statista. (2024b, Aralık 10). Marketing purposes for which professionals are using generative artificial intelligence (AI) in the United States as of March 2023. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2024. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1386786/generative-ai-marketing-purposes-usa/
57. Statista. (2024c). Media - Worldwide. Erişim tarihi: 09.02.2025. https://www.statista.com/outlook/amo/media/worldwide
58. Statista. (2024d). Cinema - Worldwide. Erişim tarihi: 09.02.2025. https://www.statista.com/outlook/amo/media/cinema/worldwide
59. Statista. (2024e). Generative AI - Worldwide. Erişim tarihi: 09.02.2025. https://www.statista.com/outlook/tmo/artificial-intelligence/generative-ai/worldwide
60. Ström, T. E. (2022, Mayıs). Capital and cybernetics. New Left Review, 135, ss. 89-127.
61. Straits. (2024, Temmuz 31). AI in media and entertainment market size, share & trends analysis report. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2024. https://straitsresearch.com/report/ai-in-media-and-entertainment-market
62. Sukhanova, K. (2024, Mayıs 29). AI image generator market statistics – What will 2024 bring? Techreport. Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2024. https://techreport.com/statistics/software-web/ai-image-generator-market-statistics/
63. Şener, N. K. (2024). Yapay zeka ve gazetecilik etiği. Ed. B. Çeber. Yapay zeka etiği ve iletişim; Sorunlar, sınırlar ve zorluklar. Nobel Yayınevi, ss. 105-126.
64. Stanford HAI. (2024). The AI Index 2024 Annual Report. Stanford University Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. Erişim tarihi: 03.03.2024. https://hai.stanford.edu/ai-index/2024-ai-index-report
65. Thormundsson, B. (2024, Mart 27). Funding of artificial intelligence (AI) startup companies worldwide from 2020 to 2023, by quarter. Statista. Erişim tarihi: 27.08.2024. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1344128/worldwide-artificial-intelligence-startup-company-funding-by-quarter/
66. Vargas, N. C. (2024). Exploiting the margin: How capitalism fuels AI at the expense of minoritized groups. AI and Ethics, ss. 1-6.
67. Varoufakis, Y. (2021, Haziran 28). Techno-feudalism is taking over. Project Syndicate. Erişim tarihi: 17.11.2024. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/techno-feudalism-replacing-market-capitalism-by-yanis-varoufakis-2021-06
68. Varoufakis, Y. (2023). Technofeudalism what killed capitalism. The Bodley Head.
69. Varoufakis, Y. (2024a, Şubat 18). Are we transitioning from capitalism to silicon serfdom? Jacobin. Erişim tarihi: 02.11.2024. https://jacobin.com/2024/02/yanis-varoufakis-techno-feudalism-capitalism-interview
70. Varoufakis, Y. (2024b, Kasım 20). Quantity to quality. New Left Review. Erişim tarihi: 23.11.2024. https://newleftreview.org/sidecar/posts/quantity-to-quality
71. Varoufakis, Y. (2024c, Nisan 22). Welcome to the age of technofeudalism – interviewed by WIRED magazine. WIRED. Erişim tarihi: 25.08.2024. https://www.yanisvaroufakis.eu/2024/04/22/welcome-to-the-age-of-technofeudalism-interviewed-by-wired-magazine/
72. Verdegem, P. (2024). Dismantling AI capitalism: the commons as an alternative to the power concentration of Big Tech. AI & Society, 39, ss. 727-737.
73. Walton, N. ve Nayak, B. S. (2021). Rethinking of Marxist perspectives on big data, artificial intelligence (AI) and capitalist economic development. Technological Forecasting & Social Change, 166, ss. 1-8.
74. Williams, R. (2024, Mayıs 13). 2024. MIT Technology Review. Erişim tarihi: 12.02.2025. https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/05/13/1092332/the-download-the-future-of-chips-and-investing-in-us-ai/
75. Wong, W. (2024). The sudden disruptive rise of generative artificial intelligence? An evaluation of their impact on higher education and the global workplace. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(2), ss. 1-15.
76. Woodruff, A., Shelby, R., Kelley, P. G., Rousso-Schindle, S., Smith-Loud, J. ve Wilcox, L. (2024). How knowledge workers think generative AI will (not) transform their industries. CHI '24: Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 641, ss. 1-26.
77. Yedekci, E. (2020). Endüstriyel üretim ilişkileri bağlamında yapay zekâ ve sinema: Benjamın örneği. Ed. F. Zengin & B. Kapır. Yapay zeka ve medya. Doruk Yayınları, ss. 381-407.
78. Yılmaz, Ö. (2023, Nisan 29). "Dijital feodalizm" ve sınıflar. Textum. Erişim tarihi: 24.11.2024. https://textumdergi.net/dijital-feodalizm-ve-siniflar/
79. Yılmaz, Ö. (2024, Temmuz 24). Dijital kapitalizm ve tekno-feodalizm. Kompleks. Erişim tarihi: 24.11.2024. https://kompleks.org/fasikul/teknofeodalizm/bolum-1/dijital-kapitalizm-ve-tekno-feodalizm-creme-de-la-cremein-ekonomipolitigi/