Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemisi Döneminde Çevrimiçi Öğrenme

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 90 - 107, 20.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.916837

Öz

Covid-19 Salgını sonrası geçen yaklaşık bir yıllık süre içinde çevrimiçi eğitim uygulamaları acil durum çözümlerinden uygulanabilir çözümlere doğru bir gelişim göstermiştir. Bu da Yamamoto ve Altun’un, 2020 makalesinde öne sürdükleri çevrimiçi öğrenmenin önlenemeyen yükselişin göstergesi olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bu geçişten elde edilen deneyim; hükümet yetkilileri, eğitim kurumlarının yöneticileri, eğitimciler, veliler ve öğrencilerin dahil olduğu tüm paydaşları olumlu/olumsuz yönleriyle etkilemiş ve çevrimiçi eğitim uygulamalarının gelişmesi ve uygulamaların titizlikle ele alınması gerektiği konusunda daha belirgin bir tabloyu ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; dünyada ve Türkiye’de Covid-19 pandemisinin çevrimiçi eğitime etkisini ele almak ve pandemi sonrasında gerçekleştirilen çevrimiçi öğrenme konularını ele alan kaynak ve örneklerin incelenmesi, karşılaştırılması, bu dönemde yapılmış akademik araştırmaların değerlendirilmesidir. Bu çerçevede yaşanan sorunları ve eksiklikleri ortaya çıkararak uzaktan eğitimin geleceğine ışık tutacak bir tartışmanın ve geliştirme önerilerinin sunulmasıdır. Araştırmada, doküman inceleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Literatür taramasından elde edilen bulgulara göre değerlendirmeler yapılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Agcom. (2019). Educare Digitalee. Napoli: Agcom.
  • Akagündüz, U. (2020, 09 23). EBA çöktü, sorunlar döküldü. Retrieved from Gündem Edirne: http://www.gundemedirne.com/detay/6943-eba-coktu,-sorunlar-dokuldu.html
  • Alevizou, G. (2020, 04 03). Virtual schooling, Covid-gogy and digital fatigue. Retrieved from lse.ac.uk: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/medialse/2020/04/03/virtual-schooling-covid-gogy-and-digital-fatigue/
  • Allen, G. C. (2019). Understanding China’s AI Strategy: Clues to Chinese Strategic Thinking on Artificial Intelligence and National Security. Washington: Center for a New American Security.
  • Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2006). Making the grade: Online education in United States. Massachusetts: Sloan-Consortium.
  • Allen, J., Rowan, L., & Singh, P. (2020). Teaching and teacher education in the time of COVID-19. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 233-236.
  • Anderson, T. (2003). Getting the mix right again: An updated and theoretical rationale for interaction. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 4(2), 1-14.
  • Andrew, A., Cattan, S., Costa Dias, M., Farquharson, C., Kraftman, L., Krutikova, S., . . . Sevilla, A. (2020). Learning during the lockdown: real-time data on children’s experiences during home learning. London: The Institute for Fiscal Studies.
  • Angdhiri, R. P. (2020, 04 11). Challenges of home learning during a pandemic through the eyes of a student. Retrieved from RARKRYAN P. ANGDHIRI: https://newgelora.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/04/11/challenges-of-home-learning-during-a-pandemic-through-the-eyes-of-a-student.html
  • Ashton, J. (2020, 10 15). It’s time Boris Johnson admitted he’s to blame for Britain’s disastrous coronavirus response. Retrieved from independent.co.uk: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/boris-johnson-prime-minister-coronavirus-response-uk-b437092.html
  • Aydemir, M. (2018). Uzaktan Eğitim Program, Ders ve Materyal Tasarımı. Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
  • Balcı, A. (2020). COVID-19 ÖZELİNDE SALGINLARIN EĞİTİME ETKİLERİ. Uluslararası Liderlik Çalışmaları Dergisi: Kuram ve Uygulama, 75 - 85.
  • BBC. (2020, 10 08). Coronavirus: Hancock concern over 'sharp rise' in cases. Retrieved from bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54066831
  • bbc.com. (2020, 06 20). Virüs bulaştırma katsayısı R0 nedir, nasıl hesaplanır? Retrieved from BBC: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-52197229
  • bbc.com. (2021, 03 13). Covid-19 pandemic: Italy to shut shops and schools amid infection spike. Retrieved from bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56382608
  • Belkin, D. (2013, 05 13). College Offers Online Master's Degree for $6,000. Retrieved from wsj.com: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324031404578483670125295836
  • Bilgiç Doğan, H. G. (2014). Yükseköğretim Kurumlarında Web Tabanlı Uzaktan Eğitim Programları Bileşenleri: Uygulamalar Ve Sorun Alanları (Doktora Tezi). Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Bingöl, B. (2020). COVİD-19 Sürecinde Peyzaj Mimarlığı Öğrencilerinin Acil Uzaktan Öğretim Sistemi Üzerine Görüşleri: Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Örneği. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi , (20), 890-897.
  • Birgun. (2020, 05 07). 'Normalleşme süreci': Ülkeler hangi adımları atıyor, DSÖ'nün kriterleri neler? Retrieved from Birgun.net: https://www.birgun.net/haber/normallesme-sureci-ulkeler-hangi-adimlari-atiyor-dso-nun-kriterleri-neler-299995
  • Birgün. (2020, 12 17). Bilkent Üniversitesi'nden ilginç kopya çözümü: Öğrencilere ayna gönderilecek. Retrieved from birgun.net: https://www.birgun.net/haber/bilkent-universitesi-nden-ilginc-kopya-cozumu-ogrencilere-ayna-gonderilecek-327015
  • birmingham.ac.uk. (2020, 08 21). COVID-19 forces universities to innovate online learning opportunities - study. Retrieved from birmingham.ac.uk: https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2020/08/covid-19%20forces%20universities%20innovation%20online.aspx
  • Bothwell, E., & McKie, A. (2020, 03 04). Universities ‘may have to close’ to prevent spread of coronavirus. Retrieved from timeshighereducation.com: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/universities-may-have-close-toprevent-spread-coronavirus
  • Bozkurt, A. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemi süreci ve pandemi sonrası dünyada eğitime yönelik değerlendirmeler: Yeni normal ve yeni eğitim paradigması. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi , 112-142.
  • Bozkurt, Ö. A. (2015). Kitlesel Açık Çevrimiçi Dersler (Massive Open Online Courses - MOOCs) ve sayısal bilgi çağında yaşamboyu öğrenme fırsatı. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 56 - 81.
  • Briggs, S. (2014, 08 14). The Science of Attention: How To Capture And Hold The Attention of Easily Distracted Students. Retrieved from opencolleges.edu.au: https://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/features/30-tricks-for-capturing-students-attention/
  • Bryson, J. R., & Andres, L. (2020). Covid-19 and rapid adoption and improvisation of online teaching: curating resources for extensive versus intensive online learning experiences. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 608-623.
  • Burgess, S., & Sievertsen, H. H. (2020, 04 01). Schools, skills, and learning: The impact of COVID-19 on education. Retrieved from voxeu.org: https://voxeu.org/article/impact-covid-19-education
  • Cassini, G. (2020, 03 24). Liceo Pertini, la didattica online si applica anche allo studio dello strumento musicale. Retrieved from ilsecoloxix.it: https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/genova/2020/03/24/news/liceo-pertini-la-didattica-online-si-applica-anche-allo-studio-dello-strumento-musicale-1.38633287
  • Cedefop. (2020, 10 07). Italy: Responses to the Covid-19 outbreak. Retrieved from cedefop.europa.eu: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/news-and-press/news/italy-responses-covid-19-outbreak
  • cnnturk.com. (2021, 02 22). EBA çöktü mü? Son dakika! 22 Şubat 2021 EBA’ya neden girilmiyor, açılmıyor? Retrieved from
  • cnnturk.com: https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/eba-coktu-mu-son-dakika-ebaya-neden-girilmiyor-acilmiyor
  • cnnturk.com. (2021, 03 07). Normalleşme beklerken yeni açıklama: "Nisan ayında üçüncü dalgayı görürüz". Retrieved from
  • cnnturk.com: https://www.cnnturk.com/dunya/normallesme-beklerken-yeni-aciklama-nisan-ayinda-ucuncu-dalgayi-goruruz
  • Cobo, C., Hawkins, R., & Rovner, H. (2020, 03 31). How countries across Latin America use technology during COVID19 driven school closures. Retrieved from worldbank.org: https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/how-countries-across-latin-america-use-technology-during-covid19-driven-school-closures
  • Cobo, C., Munoz-Najar, A., & Ciarrusta, I. S. (2021, 01 14). Remote learning during COVID-19 pandemic: How countries have faced the challenge of implementing multichannel education delivery strategies. Retrieved from blogs.worldbank.org: https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/remote-learning-during-covid-19-pandemic-how-countries-have-faced-challenge-implementing
  • cscse.edu.cn. (2020, 04 03). A few notes on verification service for foreign degree qualification of returning students influenced by COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved from Chinese Service Center for Scholarly Exchange: www.cscse.edu.cn/publish/portal0/tab38/info16162.htm
  • Cumhuriyet. (2020, 12 20). Bilkent Üniversitesi’nden ilginç kopya önlemleri. Retrieved from cumhuriyet.com.tr: https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/bilkent-universitesinden-kopyaya-ilginc-onlemler-1800124
  • Çelik, Z. (2020, 08 12). Covid-19 salgınının gölgesinde eğitim: Riskler ve öneriler. Odak Analiz No. 5, pp. 2-52.
  • Çetinkaya, M. (2020). Distance Education in Turkey During the Pandemic. In Ş. İdin, Research Highlights in Education and Science 2020 (pp. 85-103). Konya: ISRES.
  • d'Addio, A. (2020, 04 17). Covid-19: How is Italy Copying With School Closure? Retrieved from ukfiet.org: https://www.ukfiet.org/2020/covid-19-how-is-italy-copying-with-school-closure/
  • Daniel, J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects, 91–96.
  • Daniels, N. (2020, 05 05). When the Pandemic Ends, Will School Change Forever? Retrieved from nytimes.com: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/05/learning/when-the-pandemic-ends-will-school-change-forever.html
  • Demir, A. (2018). Endüstri 4.0'dan Eğitim 4.0'a Değişen Eğitim-Öğretim Paradigmaları. Turkish Studies, 147-171.
  • Demir, M., Günaydın, Y., & Demir, Ş. Ş. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgınının Türkiye'de turizm üzerindeki öncülleri, etkileri ve sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 6(1), 80-107.
  • Demirci, S. (2021, 03 22). COVID-19 ve Dünyada Okulların Durumu. Retrieved from Tedmem: https://tedmem.org/covid-19/covid-19-ve-dunyada-okullarin-durumu
  • Deutsche Welle, T. (2020, 07 13). Pandemi nedeniyle 10 milyon çocuğun eğitimi tehlikede. Retrieved from dw.com: https://www.dw.com/tr/pandemi-nedeniyle-10-milyon-%C3%A7ocu%C4%9Fun-e%C4%9Fitimi-tehlikede/a-54155065
  • Dhawan, S. (2020). Online Learning: A Panacea in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 5-22.
  • Dokuz8haber. (2020, 06 23). İTÜ'de ilginç kurallar: Sınavlarda kamera, mikrofon ve laptop zorunluluğu. Retrieved from dokuz8haber.net: https://dokuz8haber.net/2020/06/23/itude-ilginc-kurallar-sinavlarda-kamera-mikrofon-ve-laptop-zorunlulugu/
  • Doyne, S., & Gonchar, M. (2020, 04 06). Should Schools Change How They Grade Students During the Pandemic? Retrieved from nytimes.com: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/learning/coronavirus-schools-grading.html
  • Duffy, T., Gilbert, I., Kennedy, D., & Kwong, P. W. (2002). Comparing distance education and conventional education: Observations from a comparative study of post-registration nurses. ALT-J: Research in Learning Technology, 10(1), 70-82.
  • dw.com. (2021, 03 23). Milli Eğitim Bakanı Selçuk: Uzaktan eğitim kalıcı olacak. Retrieved from dw.com: https://www.dw.com/tr/milli-e%C4%9Fitim-bakan%C4%B1-sel%C3%A7uk-uzaktan-e%C4%9Fitim-kal%C4%B1c%C4%B1-olacak/a-56957433
  • El-Bar, K. (2021, 04 01). İngiltere prömiyeri, İngiltere'deki 3. ulusal kilitlenmeyi duyurdu. Retrieved from aa.com.tr: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/uk-premier-announces-3rd-national-lockdown-in-england/2098308
  • ERG. (2019). Eğitimin Yönetişimi ve Finansmanı. İstanbul: Eğitim Reformu Girişimi. Ezginci, Y. (2020). Pandemi Sürecinde Online Anket Uygulaması. Konya Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, (8)Özel Sayı, 53-61.
  • Fatih Projesi. (2021, 02 17). Fatih Projesi. Retrieved from Fatih Projesi: http://fatihprojesi.meb.gov.tr/ Francis, M. (2020, 09 21). Case of teen jailed for missing online classwork shows how schools and courts oppress Black students. Retrieved from news.yahoo.com: https://news.yahoo.com/teen-jailed-for-missing-online-classwork-shows-how-schools-and-courts-oppress-black-students-144612058.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMo8CymzBOZHHJYzOpLK7ylF0ymL_pNIN1o-V_W6Ap1
  • Gao, J., Huang, X., & Zhang, L. (2019). Comparative Analysis between International Research Hotspots and National-Level Policy Keywords on Artificial Intelligence in China from 2009 to 2018. Sustainability, 11(23).
  • García, E., & Weiss, E. (2020). COVID-19 and student performance, equity, and U.S. education policy. Washington: Economic Policy Institute.
  • GazeteManifesto. (2020, 05 17). RÖPORTAJ | İTÜ Öğrencileri: Uzaktan sınav sistemindeki eşitsizlikler son bulmalıdır! Retrieved from gazetemanifesto.com: https://gazetemanifesto.com/2020/roportaj-itu-ogrencileri-uzaktan-sinav-sistemindeki-esitsizlikler-son-bulmalidir-357637/
  • Genç, S. Z., Engin, G., & Yardım, T. (2020). Pandemi (Covid-19) Sürecindeki Uzaktan Eğitim Uygulamalarına İlişkin Lisansüstü Öğrenci Görüşleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (41), 134-158.
  • Giannini, S., Jenkins, R., & Saavedra, J. (2020, 05 18). Reopening schools: When, wher and how? Retrieved from worldbank.org: https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/reopening-schools-when-where-and-how
  • Giovannella, C., Passarelli, M., & Persico, D. (2020). The Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Italian Learning Ecosystems: the School Teachers’ Perspective at the steady state. Interaction Design and Architecture, 264-286.
  • Golden, C. (2020, 03 23). Remote Teaching: The Glass Half-Full. Retrieved from educause.edu: https://er.educause.edu/blogs/2020/3/remote-teaching-the-glass-half-full gov.uk. (2021). COVID-19 series: briefing on schools, October 2020. London: gov.uk.
  • Guan, W.-j., Ni, Z.-y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-h., Ou, C.-q., He, J.-x., . . . Chen. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1708-1720.
  • Guo, P. J., Kim, J., & Rubin, R. (2014). How video production affects student engagement: An empirical study of MOOC videos. Proceedings of the first ACM conference on Learning. Atlanta: ACM.
  • Gündüz, M. (2020). Canlı Derslerde Öğretici-Öğrenci Etkileşimi. In S. KARAMAN, & E. KURŞUN, Uzaktan Öğretimde Canlı Ders Uygulama İlkeleri ve Örnekleri (pp. 131-145). Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2020). The Economic Impacts of Learning Losses. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Harkins, A. M. (2008). Leapfrog Principles and Practices: Core Components of Education 3.0 and 4.0. Futures Research Quarterly, 24(1), 19-31.
  • Hess, A. J. (2020, 04 16). How the coronavirus pandemic has changed college admissions. Retrieved from cnbc.com: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/16/how-the-coronavirus-pandemic-has-changed-college-admissions.html
  • Hürriyet. (2020, 10 13). Hibrit eğitim nedir, ne demek? 2020 2021 yılı hibrit eğitim modeliyle ilgili MEB açıklamaları! Retrieved from hurriyet.com.tr: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-hibrit-egitim-nedir-ne-demek-2020-2021-yili-hibrit-egitim-modeliyle-ilgili-meb-aciklamalari-41585792/1
  • İçişleri_Bakanlığı. (2020, 05 15). Sokağa Çıkma Yasağı Genelgesi. Retrieved from icisleri.gov.tr: https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/65-yas-ve-ustu-ile-kronik-rahatsizligi-olanlara-sokaga-cikma-yasagi-genelgesi
  • Internationaleducation.gov.au. (2020, 05 20). China's education arrangements during COVID-19 pandemic period. Retrieved from Australian Government, Department of Eductaion, Skills and Employment: https://internationaleducation.gov.au/international-network/china/PolicyUpdates-China/Pages/China's-education-arrangements-during-COVID-19-pandemic-period.aspx
  • Işıklar, K. İ. (2014). 21. Yüzyılda Bilgi, Uygarlık Ve Değişim. Aydınlanma 1923: Bağımsız Kemalist Düşün Dergisi, (40), 1-4.
  • Karip, E. (2020, 04 20). COVID-19: Okulların Kapatılması ve Sonrası. Retrieved from Tedmem: https://tedmem.org/vurus/covid-19-okullarin-kapatilmasi-ve-sonrasi#note-3322-1
  • Keskin, M., & Özer Kaya, D. (2020). COVID-19 Sürecinde Öğrencilerin Web Tabanlı Uzaktan Eğitime Yönelik Geri Bildirimlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 59-67.
  • Kulakiewicz, A., Roberts, N., Long, R., & Danechi, S. (2021, 01 11). Support for pupils’ education during school closures. Retrieved from parliament.uk: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cdp-2021-0004/
  • Kuyucu, M. (2017). Y Kuşağı ve Teknoloji: Y Kuşağının İletişim Teknolojilerini Kullanım Alışkanlıkları. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, (5)2, 845-872.
  • Lau, J., Yang, B., & Dasgupta, R. (2020, 03 12). Will the coronavirus make online education go viral? Retrieved from timeshighereducation.com: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/will-coronavirus-make-online-education-go-viral
  • Lawrie, E. (2021, 01 14). Covid: What free school meals are children supposed to get? Retrieved from bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-53053337
  • Ledwon, H. (2020, 05 03). 55 Legit Master’s Degrees You Can Now Earn Completely Online. Retrieved from classcentral.com: https://www.classcentral.com/report/mooc-based-masters-degree/
  • Lieberman, M. (2020, 09 22). COVID-19 & Remote Learning: How to Make It Work. Retrieved from Edweek: https://www.edweek.org/technology/covid-19-remote-learning-how-to-make-it-work/2020/07
  • Llovio, L. (2020, 11 22). Blacks and Hispanics more likely to lack access to internet and technology, study finds. Retrieved from heraldtribune.com: https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/local/2020/11/22/blacks-and-hispanics-more-likely-to-lack-access-to-internet/3765787001/
  • May, G. H. (2011). Education: Time to rethink the Industrial model? Journal of Futures Studies, 16(1), 101-108.
  • McElrath, K. (2020, 08 26). Nearly 93% of Households With School-Age Children Report Some Form of Distance Learning During COVID-19. Retrieved from Schooling During the COVID-19 Pandemic: https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2020/08/schooling-during-the-covid-19-pandemic.html
  • Mebpersonel.com. (2021, 02 22). EBA Çöktü, Canlı Derslerde Aksaklık Yaşanıyor. Retrieved from mebpersonel.com: https://www.mebpersonel.com/meb-personel/eba-coktu-canli-derslerde-aksaklik-yasaniyor-h249949.html
  • Ning, A., & Corcoran, B. (2020, 04 20). How China’s Schools Are Getting Through COVID-19. Retrieved from Edsurge Global Education: https://www.edsurge.com/news/2020-04-20-how-china-s-schools-are-getting-through-covid-19
  • NTV. (2020, 03 23). EBA TV uzaktan eğitim başladı! TRT EBA TV nereden ve nasıl izlenecek? EBA TV uydu frekansları nedir? Retrieved from ntv.com.tr: https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/eba-tv-uzaktan-egitim-basladi-trt-eba-tv-nereden-ve-nasil-izlenecek-eba-tv-uydu-frekanslari-nedir,W7ZJUVmPQU-JLHCfQrg3rw
  • Okan, N. (2020). Pandemi Sürecinde Yapılan Online Derslerin Verimliliğinin İncelenmesi ve Yüz Yüze Yapılan Derslerle Karşılaştırmasının Yapılması. Uluslarası Covid-19 Kongresi: Eğitimde Yeni Normlar (pp. 23-35). Elâzığ: Fırat Üniversitesi.
  • Özden, A. T. (2019). Pozitif Algının ve Tüketici Karar Verme Tarzlarının Y ve Z Kuşakları Açısından Karşılaştırılması. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, (5)1, 1-20.
  • Pokhrel, S., & Chhetri, R. (2021). A Literature Review on Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Teaching and Learning. Higher Education for the Future, 8(1), 133-141.
  • Pooworavan, Y. (2015). Challenges of New Frontier in Learning: Education 4.0. Bangkok: Innovative Learning Center. Population_Reference_Bureau. (2020, 10 02). Children, Coronavirus, and the Digital Divide: Native American, Black, and Hispanic Students at Greater Educational Risk During Pandemic. Retrieved from prb.org: https://www.prb.org/coronavirus-digital-divide-education/
  • PTI. (2020, 08 22). COVID: Experiment with online education will lead to permanent change, says Harvard professor. Retrieved from indianexpress.com: https://indianexpress.com/article/education/covid-experiment-with-online-education-will-lead-to-permanent-change-says-harvard-professor-6545448/
  • Puncreobutr, V. (2016, 12). Education 4.0: New Challenge of Learning. . St. Theresa Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(9), 92-97.
  • Reimers, F. M., & Schleicher, A. (2020, 01 18). 2020 COVID-19 pandemisine karşı eğitimde atılabilecek adımlara rehberlik edecek bir çerçeve. (OECD 2020 Raporu). Retrieved from harvard.edu: https://globaled.gse.harvard.edu/files/geii/files/framework_guide_v4_tr.pdf
  • Reuters. (2021, 03 21). Italian parents and children protest against COVID school closures. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-italy-education-idUSKBN2BD0M6
  • Russell, T. L. (1999). The No significant difference phenomenon as reported in 355 research reports, summaries and papers. North Carolina: USA: North Carolina State University.
  • Saraç, M. A. (2020, 02 22). Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu Covid-19 Bilgilendirme. Retrieved from covid19.yok.gov.tr: https://covid19.yok.gov.tr/Documents/alinan-kararlar/04-yok-dersleri-platformu-erisime-acildi.pdf
  • Sarıgöz, O. (2012). Bilgi Toplumunun Eleştirisi ve Türkiye’de Modern Eğitimin Gerçekleştiremedikleri. Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 72-84.
  • Saygılı, S. (2013). Sanayi Toplumundan Bilgi Toplumuna Geçiş Sürecinde Eğitimde Dönüştürücü Bir Entelektüel Olarak Öğretmenler. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 263-274.
  • Seale, C. (2020, 03 17). Distance Learning During The Coronavirus Pandemic: Equity And Access Questions For School Leaders. Retrieved from forbes.com: https://www.forbes.com/sites/colinseale/2020/03/17/distance-learning-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic-equity-and-access-questions-for-school-leaders/?sh=569bb1c81d4d
  • Sebastian Kamps, B., & Christian, H. (2020). Covid Reference (5 ed., Vol. 1). Hamburg.
  • Sezgin, S. (2021). Acil Uzaktan Eğitim Sürecinin Analizi: Öne Çıkan Kavramlar, Sorunlar ve Çıkarılan Dersler. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 273-296.
  • Statista, R. (2020, 11 27). Share of online school classes due to the outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) in Italy in 2020, by region. Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1106536/online-school-classes-due-to-coronavirus-in-italy/
  • Şen, Ö., & Kızılcalıoğlu, G. (2020). Covıd-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Ve Akademisyenlerin Uzaktan Öğretime Yönelik Görüşlerinin Belirlenmesi. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 239-252.
  • Telli, G. (2021, 03 06). Pandemi Döneminde Uzaktan Öğretim (Marmara Bilge Okulları). (T. Gedik, Interviewer)
  • Telli, G., Kalaç, M. Ö., & Eronal, Y. (2020). Covid-19 mücadelesi kapsamında uzaktan eğitim sürecinde engelli öğrencilerin durumu sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Manisa: Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Rektörlük Basımevi.
  • The World Bank, E. R. (Mayıs 2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic: Shocks to education and policy responses. New York: The World Bank.
  • TheLocal. (2020, 11 04). UPDATE: Italy announces regions under red and orange zone restrictions. Retrieved from thelocal.it: https://www.thelocal.it/20201104/red-and-orange-zones-italy-announces-new-restrictions-for-each-region/
  • Toffler, A. (1970). Future Shock. New York: Random House, Inc.
  • UNESCO. (2020, 12 06). Covid-19 impact on education. Retrieved from National learning platforms and tools: https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponseUNESCO
  • Unesco. (2020, 02 19). How is China ensuring learning when classes are disrupted by coronavirus? Retrieved from unesco.org: https://en.unesco.org/news/how-china-ensuring-learning-when-classes-are-disrupted-coronavirus
  • Unesco. (2021). Education: From disruption to recovery. Paris: UNESCO.
  • Unicef. (2021, 02 08). 1 in 3 Italian families unable to support children’s remote learning during the lockdown – UNICEF and Università Cattolica. Retrieved from Unicef: https://www.unicef-irc.org/article/2109-1-in-3-italian-families-unable-to-support-childrens-remote-learning-during-the-lockdown-unicef-and-universit%C3%A0-cattolica.html
  • Warschauer, M. (2004). Technology and social inclusion: Rethinking the digital divide. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Weyand, L. D. (1925). What is Industrial Education? American Journal of Sociology, 30(6), 652-664.
  • Wilson, K., & Korn, J. H. (2007). Attention During Lectures: Beyond Ten Minutes. Teaching of Psychology, 37-41.
  • Worldbank. (2020, 06 30). How countries are using edtech (including online learning, radio, television, texting) to support access to remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved from worldbank.org: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/edutech/brief/how-countries-are-using-edtech-to-support-remote-learning-during-the-covid-19-pandemic
  • worldbank.org. (2020, 07 22). Lessons For Education during the COVID-19 crisis. Retrieved from worldbank.org: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/edutech/brief/lessons-for-education-during-covid-19-crisis
  • Yamamoto, G. T., & Altun, D. (2020, 04). Coronavirüs ve Çevrimiçi (Online) Eğitimin Önlenemeyen Yükselişi. Üniversite Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 25-34.
  • Yamamoto, G. T., & Karaman, F. (2011). Education 2.0. On the Horizon, 109-117.
  • Yavuz, M., Kayalı, B., Balat, Ş., & Karaman, S. (2020). Salgın Sürecinde Türkiye’deki Yükseköğretim Kurumlarının Acil Uzaktan Öğretim Uygulamalarının İncelenmesi. Milli Eğitim, 129-154.
  • Yıldırım, G. (2020). Canlı Derslerde Zaman Yönetimi. In S. KARAMAN, & E. KURŞUN, Uzaktan Öğretimde Canlı Ders Uygulama İlkeleri ve Örnekleri (pp. 156-166). Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Yılmaz, B. (2001). Bilgi Kültürü. Bilim ve Ütopya Dergisi, (90) 14.
  • Yılmaz, E., Güner, B., Mutlu, H., & Arın Yılmaz, D. (2020). Farklı öğrenim kademelerindeki öğrencilere verilen uzaktan eğitim hizmetinin veli görüşlerine göre değerlendirilmesi. Milli Eğitim, (49)1, 477-503.
  • YÖK. (2020, 09 16). Ağrı Dijital Dönüşüm Tanıtım Toplantısı. Retrieved from yok.gov.tr: https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/agri-dijital-donusum-tanitim-toplantisi.aspx
  • Yurtkulu, F., & Akçay, M. (2021). Hayatta Kalmanın Yeni Adı: Sosyal Mesafe. Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Derneği Yayını, 6-32.
  • Yükseköğretim Kalite Kurulu. (2020, 07 07). Pandemi Döneminde Uzaktan Eğitim. Retrieved from Yükseköğretim Kalite Kurulu: https://portal.yokak.gov.tr/makale/pandemi-doneminde-uzaktan-egitim/
  • Zan, N., & Zan, B. U. (2020). Koronavirüs ile Acil Durumda Eğitim: Türkiye’nin Farklı Bölgelerinden Uzaktan Eğitim Sistemine Dahil Olan Edebiyat Fakültesi Öğrencilerine Genel Bakış. Turkish Studies, 1367-1394.

Online Learning During Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemic Period

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 90 - 107, 20.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.916837

Öz

In about a year after the Covid-19 Outbreak, online education applications have evolved from emergency solutions to feasible solutions. This can be considered as an indication of the unavoidable rise that Yamamoto and Altun put forward in their 2020 article. The experience gained from this transition; It influenced all stakeholders, including government officials, administrators of educational institutions, educators, parents and students, with positive / negative aspects, and revealed a more pronounced picture of the development of online education practices and the need for rigorous handling of practices. The aim of this study is; At the beginning of the world and in Turkey Covid-19 pandemics and 1 year experience by examining the currently conducted online training samples, comparison, evaluation of findings of academic research conducted in this period, the existing problems and shortcomings uncovering distance education of the future will shed light on the debate and to better practices submission of improvement suggestions. In addition, it is to present a discussion and improvement suggestions that will shed light on the future of distance education by revealing the problems and deficiencies experienced in this framework. In the research, document analysis method was used. Evaluations were made according to the findings obtained from the literature review.

Kaynakça

  • Agcom. (2019). Educare Digitalee. Napoli: Agcom.
  • Akagündüz, U. (2020, 09 23). EBA çöktü, sorunlar döküldü. Retrieved from Gündem Edirne: http://www.gundemedirne.com/detay/6943-eba-coktu,-sorunlar-dokuldu.html
  • Alevizou, G. (2020, 04 03). Virtual schooling, Covid-gogy and digital fatigue. Retrieved from lse.ac.uk: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/medialse/2020/04/03/virtual-schooling-covid-gogy-and-digital-fatigue/
  • Allen, G. C. (2019). Understanding China’s AI Strategy: Clues to Chinese Strategic Thinking on Artificial Intelligence and National Security. Washington: Center for a New American Security.
  • Allen, I. E., & Seaman, J. (2006). Making the grade: Online education in United States. Massachusetts: Sloan-Consortium.
  • Allen, J., Rowan, L., & Singh, P. (2020). Teaching and teacher education in the time of COVID-19. Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education, 233-236.
  • Anderson, T. (2003). Getting the mix right again: An updated and theoretical rationale for interaction. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 4(2), 1-14.
  • Andrew, A., Cattan, S., Costa Dias, M., Farquharson, C., Kraftman, L., Krutikova, S., . . . Sevilla, A. (2020). Learning during the lockdown: real-time data on children’s experiences during home learning. London: The Institute for Fiscal Studies.
  • Angdhiri, R. P. (2020, 04 11). Challenges of home learning during a pandemic through the eyes of a student. Retrieved from RARKRYAN P. ANGDHIRI: https://newgelora.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/04/11/challenges-of-home-learning-during-a-pandemic-through-the-eyes-of-a-student.html
  • Ashton, J. (2020, 10 15). It’s time Boris Johnson admitted he’s to blame for Britain’s disastrous coronavirus response. Retrieved from independent.co.uk: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/boris-johnson-prime-minister-coronavirus-response-uk-b437092.html
  • Aydemir, M. (2018). Uzaktan Eğitim Program, Ders ve Materyal Tasarımı. Konya: Eğitim Yayınevi.
  • Balcı, A. (2020). COVID-19 ÖZELİNDE SALGINLARIN EĞİTİME ETKİLERİ. Uluslararası Liderlik Çalışmaları Dergisi: Kuram ve Uygulama, 75 - 85.
  • BBC. (2020, 10 08). Coronavirus: Hancock concern over 'sharp rise' in cases. Retrieved from bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54066831
  • bbc.com. (2020, 06 20). Virüs bulaştırma katsayısı R0 nedir, nasıl hesaplanır? Retrieved from BBC: https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-52197229
  • bbc.com. (2021, 03 13). Covid-19 pandemic: Italy to shut shops and schools amid infection spike. Retrieved from bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56382608
  • Belkin, D. (2013, 05 13). College Offers Online Master's Degree for $6,000. Retrieved from wsj.com: https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324031404578483670125295836
  • Bilgiç Doğan, H. G. (2014). Yükseköğretim Kurumlarında Web Tabanlı Uzaktan Eğitim Programları Bileşenleri: Uygulamalar Ve Sorun Alanları (Doktora Tezi). Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Bingöl, B. (2020). COVİD-19 Sürecinde Peyzaj Mimarlığı Öğrencilerinin Acil Uzaktan Öğretim Sistemi Üzerine Görüşleri: Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Örneği. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi , (20), 890-897.
  • Birgun. (2020, 05 07). 'Normalleşme süreci': Ülkeler hangi adımları atıyor, DSÖ'nün kriterleri neler? Retrieved from Birgun.net: https://www.birgun.net/haber/normallesme-sureci-ulkeler-hangi-adimlari-atiyor-dso-nun-kriterleri-neler-299995
  • Birgün. (2020, 12 17). Bilkent Üniversitesi'nden ilginç kopya çözümü: Öğrencilere ayna gönderilecek. Retrieved from birgun.net: https://www.birgun.net/haber/bilkent-universitesi-nden-ilginc-kopya-cozumu-ogrencilere-ayna-gonderilecek-327015
  • birmingham.ac.uk. (2020, 08 21). COVID-19 forces universities to innovate online learning opportunities - study. Retrieved from birmingham.ac.uk: https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/latest/2020/08/covid-19%20forces%20universities%20innovation%20online.aspx
  • Bothwell, E., & McKie, A. (2020, 03 04). Universities ‘may have to close’ to prevent spread of coronavirus. Retrieved from timeshighereducation.com: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/universities-may-have-close-toprevent-spread-coronavirus
  • Bozkurt, A. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) pandemi süreci ve pandemi sonrası dünyada eğitime yönelik değerlendirmeler: Yeni normal ve yeni eğitim paradigması. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi , 112-142.
  • Bozkurt, Ö. A. (2015). Kitlesel Açık Çevrimiçi Dersler (Massive Open Online Courses - MOOCs) ve sayısal bilgi çağında yaşamboyu öğrenme fırsatı. Açıköğretim Uygulamaları ve Araştırmaları Dergisi, 56 - 81.
  • Briggs, S. (2014, 08 14). The Science of Attention: How To Capture And Hold The Attention of Easily Distracted Students. Retrieved from opencolleges.edu.au: https://www.opencolleges.edu.au/informed/features/30-tricks-for-capturing-students-attention/
  • Bryson, J. R., & Andres, L. (2020). Covid-19 and rapid adoption and improvisation of online teaching: curating resources for extensive versus intensive online learning experiences. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 608-623.
  • Burgess, S., & Sievertsen, H. H. (2020, 04 01). Schools, skills, and learning: The impact of COVID-19 on education. Retrieved from voxeu.org: https://voxeu.org/article/impact-covid-19-education
  • Cassini, G. (2020, 03 24). Liceo Pertini, la didattica online si applica anche allo studio dello strumento musicale. Retrieved from ilsecoloxix.it: https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/genova/2020/03/24/news/liceo-pertini-la-didattica-online-si-applica-anche-allo-studio-dello-strumento-musicale-1.38633287
  • Cedefop. (2020, 10 07). Italy: Responses to the Covid-19 outbreak. Retrieved from cedefop.europa.eu: https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/news-and-press/news/italy-responses-covid-19-outbreak
  • cnnturk.com. (2021, 02 22). EBA çöktü mü? Son dakika! 22 Şubat 2021 EBA’ya neden girilmiyor, açılmıyor? Retrieved from
  • cnnturk.com: https://www.cnnturk.com/turkiye/eba-coktu-mu-son-dakika-ebaya-neden-girilmiyor-acilmiyor
  • cnnturk.com. (2021, 03 07). Normalleşme beklerken yeni açıklama: "Nisan ayında üçüncü dalgayı görürüz". Retrieved from
  • cnnturk.com: https://www.cnnturk.com/dunya/normallesme-beklerken-yeni-aciklama-nisan-ayinda-ucuncu-dalgayi-goruruz
  • Cobo, C., Hawkins, R., & Rovner, H. (2020, 03 31). How countries across Latin America use technology during COVID19 driven school closures. Retrieved from worldbank.org: https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/how-countries-across-latin-america-use-technology-during-covid19-driven-school-closures
  • Cobo, C., Munoz-Najar, A., & Ciarrusta, I. S. (2021, 01 14). Remote learning during COVID-19 pandemic: How countries have faced the challenge of implementing multichannel education delivery strategies. Retrieved from blogs.worldbank.org: https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/remote-learning-during-covid-19-pandemic-how-countries-have-faced-challenge-implementing
  • cscse.edu.cn. (2020, 04 03). A few notes on verification service for foreign degree qualification of returning students influenced by COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved from Chinese Service Center for Scholarly Exchange: www.cscse.edu.cn/publish/portal0/tab38/info16162.htm
  • Cumhuriyet. (2020, 12 20). Bilkent Üniversitesi’nden ilginç kopya önlemleri. Retrieved from cumhuriyet.com.tr: https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/bilkent-universitesinden-kopyaya-ilginc-onlemler-1800124
  • Çelik, Z. (2020, 08 12). Covid-19 salgınının gölgesinde eğitim: Riskler ve öneriler. Odak Analiz No. 5, pp. 2-52.
  • Çetinkaya, M. (2020). Distance Education in Turkey During the Pandemic. In Ş. İdin, Research Highlights in Education and Science 2020 (pp. 85-103). Konya: ISRES.
  • d'Addio, A. (2020, 04 17). Covid-19: How is Italy Copying With School Closure? Retrieved from ukfiet.org: https://www.ukfiet.org/2020/covid-19-how-is-italy-copying-with-school-closure/
  • Daniel, J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects, 91–96.
  • Daniels, N. (2020, 05 05). When the Pandemic Ends, Will School Change Forever? Retrieved from nytimes.com: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/05/learning/when-the-pandemic-ends-will-school-change-forever.html
  • Demir, A. (2018). Endüstri 4.0'dan Eğitim 4.0'a Değişen Eğitim-Öğretim Paradigmaları. Turkish Studies, 147-171.
  • Demir, M., Günaydın, Y., & Demir, Ş. Ş. (2020). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) salgınının Türkiye'de turizm üzerindeki öncülleri, etkileri ve sonuçlarının değerlendirilmesi. International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research, 6(1), 80-107.
  • Demirci, S. (2021, 03 22). COVID-19 ve Dünyada Okulların Durumu. Retrieved from Tedmem: https://tedmem.org/covid-19/covid-19-ve-dunyada-okullarin-durumu
  • Deutsche Welle, T. (2020, 07 13). Pandemi nedeniyle 10 milyon çocuğun eğitimi tehlikede. Retrieved from dw.com: https://www.dw.com/tr/pandemi-nedeniyle-10-milyon-%C3%A7ocu%C4%9Fun-e%C4%9Fitimi-tehlikede/a-54155065
  • Dhawan, S. (2020). Online Learning: A Panacea in the Time of COVID-19 Crisis. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 5-22.
  • Dokuz8haber. (2020, 06 23). İTÜ'de ilginç kurallar: Sınavlarda kamera, mikrofon ve laptop zorunluluğu. Retrieved from dokuz8haber.net: https://dokuz8haber.net/2020/06/23/itude-ilginc-kurallar-sinavlarda-kamera-mikrofon-ve-laptop-zorunlulugu/
  • Doyne, S., & Gonchar, M. (2020, 04 06). Should Schools Change How They Grade Students During the Pandemic? Retrieved from nytimes.com: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/learning/coronavirus-schools-grading.html
  • Duffy, T., Gilbert, I., Kennedy, D., & Kwong, P. W. (2002). Comparing distance education and conventional education: Observations from a comparative study of post-registration nurses. ALT-J: Research in Learning Technology, 10(1), 70-82.
  • dw.com. (2021, 03 23). Milli Eğitim Bakanı Selçuk: Uzaktan eğitim kalıcı olacak. Retrieved from dw.com: https://www.dw.com/tr/milli-e%C4%9Fitim-bakan%C4%B1-sel%C3%A7uk-uzaktan-e%C4%9Fitim-kal%C4%B1c%C4%B1-olacak/a-56957433
  • El-Bar, K. (2021, 04 01). İngiltere prömiyeri, İngiltere'deki 3. ulusal kilitlenmeyi duyurdu. Retrieved from aa.com.tr: https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/uk-premier-announces-3rd-national-lockdown-in-england/2098308
  • ERG. (2019). Eğitimin Yönetişimi ve Finansmanı. İstanbul: Eğitim Reformu Girişimi. Ezginci, Y. (2020). Pandemi Sürecinde Online Anket Uygulaması. Konya Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, (8)Özel Sayı, 53-61.
  • Fatih Projesi. (2021, 02 17). Fatih Projesi. Retrieved from Fatih Projesi: http://fatihprojesi.meb.gov.tr/ Francis, M. (2020, 09 21). Case of teen jailed for missing online classwork shows how schools and courts oppress Black students. Retrieved from news.yahoo.com: https://news.yahoo.com/teen-jailed-for-missing-online-classwork-shows-how-schools-and-courts-oppress-black-students-144612058.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZ29vZ2xlLmNvbS8&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAMo8CymzBOZHHJYzOpLK7ylF0ymL_pNIN1o-V_W6Ap1
  • Gao, J., Huang, X., & Zhang, L. (2019). Comparative Analysis between International Research Hotspots and National-Level Policy Keywords on Artificial Intelligence in China from 2009 to 2018. Sustainability, 11(23).
  • García, E., & Weiss, E. (2020). COVID-19 and student performance, equity, and U.S. education policy. Washington: Economic Policy Institute.
  • GazeteManifesto. (2020, 05 17). RÖPORTAJ | İTÜ Öğrencileri: Uzaktan sınav sistemindeki eşitsizlikler son bulmalıdır! Retrieved from gazetemanifesto.com: https://gazetemanifesto.com/2020/roportaj-itu-ogrencileri-uzaktan-sinav-sistemindeki-esitsizlikler-son-bulmalidir-357637/
  • Genç, S. Z., Engin, G., & Yardım, T. (2020). Pandemi (Covid-19) Sürecindeki Uzaktan Eğitim Uygulamalarına İlişkin Lisansüstü Öğrenci Görüşleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, (41), 134-158.
  • Giannini, S., Jenkins, R., & Saavedra, J. (2020, 05 18). Reopening schools: When, wher and how? Retrieved from worldbank.org: https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/reopening-schools-when-where-and-how
  • Giovannella, C., Passarelli, M., & Persico, D. (2020). The Effects of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Italian Learning Ecosystems: the School Teachers’ Perspective at the steady state. Interaction Design and Architecture, 264-286.
  • Golden, C. (2020, 03 23). Remote Teaching: The Glass Half-Full. Retrieved from educause.edu: https://er.educause.edu/blogs/2020/3/remote-teaching-the-glass-half-full gov.uk. (2021). COVID-19 series: briefing on schools, October 2020. London: gov.uk.
  • Guan, W.-j., Ni, Z.-y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-h., Ou, C.-q., He, J.-x., . . . Chen. (2020). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. The New England Journal of Medicine, 1708-1720.
  • Guo, P. J., Kim, J., & Rubin, R. (2014). How video production affects student engagement: An empirical study of MOOC videos. Proceedings of the first ACM conference on Learning. Atlanta: ACM.
  • Gündüz, M. (2020). Canlı Derslerde Öğretici-Öğrenci Etkileşimi. In S. KARAMAN, & E. KURŞUN, Uzaktan Öğretimde Canlı Ders Uygulama İlkeleri ve Örnekleri (pp. 131-145). Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Hanushek, E. A., & Woessmann, L. (2020). The Economic Impacts of Learning Losses. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Harkins, A. M. (2008). Leapfrog Principles and Practices: Core Components of Education 3.0 and 4.0. Futures Research Quarterly, 24(1), 19-31.
  • Hess, A. J. (2020, 04 16). How the coronavirus pandemic has changed college admissions. Retrieved from cnbc.com: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/16/how-the-coronavirus-pandemic-has-changed-college-admissions.html
  • Hürriyet. (2020, 10 13). Hibrit eğitim nedir, ne demek? 2020 2021 yılı hibrit eğitim modeliyle ilgili MEB açıklamaları! Retrieved from hurriyet.com.tr: https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/galeri-hibrit-egitim-nedir-ne-demek-2020-2021-yili-hibrit-egitim-modeliyle-ilgili-meb-aciklamalari-41585792/1
  • İçişleri_Bakanlığı. (2020, 05 15). Sokağa Çıkma Yasağı Genelgesi. Retrieved from icisleri.gov.tr: https://www.icisleri.gov.tr/65-yas-ve-ustu-ile-kronik-rahatsizligi-olanlara-sokaga-cikma-yasagi-genelgesi
  • Internationaleducation.gov.au. (2020, 05 20). China's education arrangements during COVID-19 pandemic period. Retrieved from Australian Government, Department of Eductaion, Skills and Employment: https://internationaleducation.gov.au/international-network/china/PolicyUpdates-China/Pages/China's-education-arrangements-during-COVID-19-pandemic-period.aspx
  • Işıklar, K. İ. (2014). 21. Yüzyılda Bilgi, Uygarlık Ve Değişim. Aydınlanma 1923: Bağımsız Kemalist Düşün Dergisi, (40), 1-4.
  • Karip, E. (2020, 04 20). COVID-19: Okulların Kapatılması ve Sonrası. Retrieved from Tedmem: https://tedmem.org/vurus/covid-19-okullarin-kapatilmasi-ve-sonrasi#note-3322-1
  • Keskin, M., & Özer Kaya, D. (2020). COVID-19 Sürecinde Öğrencilerin Web Tabanlı Uzaktan Eğitime Yönelik Geri Bildirimlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. İzmir Kâtip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 59-67.
  • Kulakiewicz, A., Roberts, N., Long, R., & Danechi, S. (2021, 01 11). Support for pupils’ education during school closures. Retrieved from parliament.uk: https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cdp-2021-0004/
  • Kuyucu, M. (2017). Y Kuşağı ve Teknoloji: Y Kuşağının İletişim Teknolojilerini Kullanım Alışkanlıkları. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, (5)2, 845-872.
  • Lau, J., Yang, B., & Dasgupta, R. (2020, 03 12). Will the coronavirus make online education go viral? Retrieved from timeshighereducation.com: https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/will-coronavirus-make-online-education-go-viral
  • Lawrie, E. (2021, 01 14). Covid: What free school meals are children supposed to get? Retrieved from bbc.com: https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-53053337
  • Ledwon, H. (2020, 05 03). 55 Legit Master’s Degrees You Can Now Earn Completely Online. Retrieved from classcentral.com: https://www.classcentral.com/report/mooc-based-masters-degree/
  • Lieberman, M. (2020, 09 22). COVID-19 & Remote Learning: How to Make It Work. Retrieved from Edweek: https://www.edweek.org/technology/covid-19-remote-learning-how-to-make-it-work/2020/07
  • Llovio, L. (2020, 11 22). Blacks and Hispanics more likely to lack access to internet and technology, study finds. Retrieved from heraldtribune.com: https://www.heraldtribune.com/story/news/local/2020/11/22/blacks-and-hispanics-more-likely-to-lack-access-to-internet/3765787001/
  • May, G. H. (2011). Education: Time to rethink the Industrial model? Journal of Futures Studies, 16(1), 101-108.
  • McElrath, K. (2020, 08 26). Nearly 93% of Households With School-Age Children Report Some Form of Distance Learning During COVID-19. Retrieved from Schooling During the COVID-19 Pandemic: https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2020/08/schooling-during-the-covid-19-pandemic.html
  • Mebpersonel.com. (2021, 02 22). EBA Çöktü, Canlı Derslerde Aksaklık Yaşanıyor. Retrieved from mebpersonel.com: https://www.mebpersonel.com/meb-personel/eba-coktu-canli-derslerde-aksaklik-yasaniyor-h249949.html
  • Ning, A., & Corcoran, B. (2020, 04 20). How China’s Schools Are Getting Through COVID-19. Retrieved from Edsurge Global Education: https://www.edsurge.com/news/2020-04-20-how-china-s-schools-are-getting-through-covid-19
  • NTV. (2020, 03 23). EBA TV uzaktan eğitim başladı! TRT EBA TV nereden ve nasıl izlenecek? EBA TV uydu frekansları nedir? Retrieved from ntv.com.tr: https://www.ntv.com.tr/turkiye/eba-tv-uzaktan-egitim-basladi-trt-eba-tv-nereden-ve-nasil-izlenecek-eba-tv-uydu-frekanslari-nedir,W7ZJUVmPQU-JLHCfQrg3rw
  • Okan, N. (2020). Pandemi Sürecinde Yapılan Online Derslerin Verimliliğinin İncelenmesi ve Yüz Yüze Yapılan Derslerle Karşılaştırmasının Yapılması. Uluslarası Covid-19 Kongresi: Eğitimde Yeni Normlar (pp. 23-35). Elâzığ: Fırat Üniversitesi.
  • Özden, A. T. (2019). Pozitif Algının ve Tüketici Karar Verme Tarzlarının Y ve Z Kuşakları Açısından Karşılaştırılması. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, (5)1, 1-20.
  • Pokhrel, S., & Chhetri, R. (2021). A Literature Review on Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Teaching and Learning. Higher Education for the Future, 8(1), 133-141.
  • Pooworavan, Y. (2015). Challenges of New Frontier in Learning: Education 4.0. Bangkok: Innovative Learning Center. Population_Reference_Bureau. (2020, 10 02). Children, Coronavirus, and the Digital Divide: Native American, Black, and Hispanic Students at Greater Educational Risk During Pandemic. Retrieved from prb.org: https://www.prb.org/coronavirus-digital-divide-education/
  • PTI. (2020, 08 22). COVID: Experiment with online education will lead to permanent change, says Harvard professor. Retrieved from indianexpress.com: https://indianexpress.com/article/education/covid-experiment-with-online-education-will-lead-to-permanent-change-says-harvard-professor-6545448/
  • Puncreobutr, V. (2016, 12). Education 4.0: New Challenge of Learning. . St. Theresa Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 5(9), 92-97.
  • Reimers, F. M., & Schleicher, A. (2020, 01 18). 2020 COVID-19 pandemisine karşı eğitimde atılabilecek adımlara rehberlik edecek bir çerçeve. (OECD 2020 Raporu). Retrieved from harvard.edu: https://globaled.gse.harvard.edu/files/geii/files/framework_guide_v4_tr.pdf
  • Reuters. (2021, 03 21). Italian parents and children protest against COVID school closures. Retrieved from Reuters: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-italy-education-idUSKBN2BD0M6
  • Russell, T. L. (1999). The No significant difference phenomenon as reported in 355 research reports, summaries and papers. North Carolina: USA: North Carolina State University.
  • Saraç, M. A. (2020, 02 22). Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu Covid-19 Bilgilendirme. Retrieved from covid19.yok.gov.tr: https://covid19.yok.gov.tr/Documents/alinan-kararlar/04-yok-dersleri-platformu-erisime-acildi.pdf
  • Sarıgöz, O. (2012). Bilgi Toplumunun Eleştirisi ve Türkiye’de Modern Eğitimin Gerçekleştiremedikleri. Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 72-84.
  • Saygılı, S. (2013). Sanayi Toplumundan Bilgi Toplumuna Geçiş Sürecinde Eğitimde Dönüştürücü Bir Entelektüel Olarak Öğretmenler. Uşak Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 263-274.
  • Seale, C. (2020, 03 17). Distance Learning During The Coronavirus Pandemic: Equity And Access Questions For School Leaders. Retrieved from forbes.com: https://www.forbes.com/sites/colinseale/2020/03/17/distance-learning-during-the-coronavirus-pandemic-equity-and-access-questions-for-school-leaders/?sh=569bb1c81d4d
  • Sebastian Kamps, B., & Christian, H. (2020). Covid Reference (5 ed., Vol. 1). Hamburg.
  • Sezgin, S. (2021). Acil Uzaktan Eğitim Sürecinin Analizi: Öne Çıkan Kavramlar, Sorunlar ve Çıkarılan Dersler. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(1), 273-296.
  • Statista, R. (2020, 11 27). Share of online school classes due to the outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) in Italy in 2020, by region. Retrieved from Statista: https://www.statista.com/statistics/1106536/online-school-classes-due-to-coronavirus-in-italy/
  • Şen, Ö., & Kızılcalıoğlu, G. (2020). Covıd-19 Pandemi Sürecinde Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Ve Akademisyenlerin Uzaktan Öğretime Yönelik Görüşlerinin Belirlenmesi. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 239-252.
  • Telli, G. (2021, 03 06). Pandemi Döneminde Uzaktan Öğretim (Marmara Bilge Okulları). (T. Gedik, Interviewer)
  • Telli, G., Kalaç, M. Ö., & Eronal, Y. (2020). Covid-19 mücadelesi kapsamında uzaktan eğitim sürecinde engelli öğrencilerin durumu sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri. Manisa: Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Rektörlük Basımevi.
  • The World Bank, E. R. (Mayıs 2020). The COVID-19 Pandemic: Shocks to education and policy responses. New York: The World Bank.
  • TheLocal. (2020, 11 04). UPDATE: Italy announces regions under red and orange zone restrictions. Retrieved from thelocal.it: https://www.thelocal.it/20201104/red-and-orange-zones-italy-announces-new-restrictions-for-each-region/
  • Toffler, A. (1970). Future Shock. New York: Random House, Inc.
  • UNESCO. (2020, 12 06). Covid-19 impact on education. Retrieved from National learning platforms and tools: https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponseUNESCO
  • Unesco. (2020, 02 19). How is China ensuring learning when classes are disrupted by coronavirus? Retrieved from unesco.org: https://en.unesco.org/news/how-china-ensuring-learning-when-classes-are-disrupted-coronavirus
  • Unesco. (2021). Education: From disruption to recovery. Paris: UNESCO.
  • Unicef. (2021, 02 08). 1 in 3 Italian families unable to support children’s remote learning during the lockdown – UNICEF and Università Cattolica. Retrieved from Unicef: https://www.unicef-irc.org/article/2109-1-in-3-italian-families-unable-to-support-childrens-remote-learning-during-the-lockdown-unicef-and-universit%C3%A0-cattolica.html
  • Warschauer, M. (2004). Technology and social inclusion: Rethinking the digital divide. Cambridge: MIT Press.
  • Weyand, L. D. (1925). What is Industrial Education? American Journal of Sociology, 30(6), 652-664.
  • Wilson, K., & Korn, J. H. (2007). Attention During Lectures: Beyond Ten Minutes. Teaching of Psychology, 37-41.
  • Worldbank. (2020, 06 30). How countries are using edtech (including online learning, radio, television, texting) to support access to remote learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved from worldbank.org: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/edutech/brief/how-countries-are-using-edtech-to-support-remote-learning-during-the-covid-19-pandemic
  • worldbank.org. (2020, 07 22). Lessons For Education during the COVID-19 crisis. Retrieved from worldbank.org: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/edutech/brief/lessons-for-education-during-covid-19-crisis
  • Yamamoto, G. T., & Altun, D. (2020, 04). Coronavirüs ve Çevrimiçi (Online) Eğitimin Önlenemeyen Yükselişi. Üniversite Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 25-34.
  • Yamamoto, G. T., & Karaman, F. (2011). Education 2.0. On the Horizon, 109-117.
  • Yavuz, M., Kayalı, B., Balat, Ş., & Karaman, S. (2020). Salgın Sürecinde Türkiye’deki Yükseköğretim Kurumlarının Acil Uzaktan Öğretim Uygulamalarının İncelenmesi. Milli Eğitim, 129-154.
  • Yıldırım, G. (2020). Canlı Derslerde Zaman Yönetimi. In S. KARAMAN, & E. KURŞUN, Uzaktan Öğretimde Canlı Ders Uygulama İlkeleri ve Örnekleri (pp. 156-166). Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi.
  • Yılmaz, B. (2001). Bilgi Kültürü. Bilim ve Ütopya Dergisi, (90) 14.
  • Yılmaz, E., Güner, B., Mutlu, H., & Arın Yılmaz, D. (2020). Farklı öğrenim kademelerindeki öğrencilere verilen uzaktan eğitim hizmetinin veli görüşlerine göre değerlendirilmesi. Milli Eğitim, (49)1, 477-503.
  • YÖK. (2020, 09 16). Ağrı Dijital Dönüşüm Tanıtım Toplantısı. Retrieved from yok.gov.tr: https://www.yok.gov.tr/Sayfalar/Haberler/agri-dijital-donusum-tanitim-toplantisi.aspx
  • Yurtkulu, F., & Akçay, M. (2021). Hayatta Kalmanın Yeni Adı: Sosyal Mesafe. Sosyal Hizmet Uzmanları Derneği Yayını, 6-32.
  • Yükseköğretim Kalite Kurulu. (2020, 07 07). Pandemi Döneminde Uzaktan Eğitim. Retrieved from Yükseköğretim Kalite Kurulu: https://portal.yokak.gov.tr/makale/pandemi-doneminde-uzaktan-egitim/
  • Zan, N., & Zan, B. U. (2020). Koronavirüs ile Acil Durumda Eğitim: Türkiye’nin Farklı Bölgelerinden Uzaktan Eğitim Sistemine Dahil Olan Edebiyat Fakültesi Öğrencilerine Genel Bakış. Turkish Studies, 1367-1394.
Toplam 126 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Sahure Gonca Telli 0000-0002-8238-3185

Deniz Altun 0000-0001-7690-1137

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Telli, S. G., & Altun, D. (2021). Coronavirus (Covid-19) Pandemisi Döneminde Çevrimiçi Öğrenme. Üniversite Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 90-107. https://doi.org/10.32329/uad.916837

Cited By