Leaf Wetting - Disease Relation in Soybean

Abstract

Soybean crops are exposed to leaf wetting due to precipitation, dew and irrigation during cultivation in most part of the world, more often in the tropics. It is well known that environmental humidity level has a significant effect on the emergence and development of foliar diseases. When the studies carried out in the World on the effects of leaf wetting on soybeans are examined, it is realised that, Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), frogeye leaf spot disease (Cercospora sojina), powdery mildew (Colrospora diffusa) and anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum apressorium diseases are studied by researchers. Air temperature, wetting duration, sun/cloud period, wetting in day/night and tolerance of varieties were studied in this review and presented together with recommendations.

Keywords

• Leaf wetting,Dew,Rain,Soybean,Diseases

Soyada Yaprak Islanması- Hastalık İlişkisi

Öz

Soya bitkileri, tropik bölgelerde daha sık olmak üzere, dünyanın büyük bir kısmında yetiştirme süresince yağışlar, çiğ ve sulama sebebiyle yaprak ıslanmasına maruz kalmaktadır. Yaprak hastalıklarının ortaya çıkması ve gelişimi üzerinde çevresel nem düzeyinin önemli bir etkisi bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Soyada yaprak ıslanmasının hastalıklara etkisi konusunda dünyada yapılmış çalışmalar incelenince, soya tarımında önemli verim düşüşlerine sebep olan hastalıklardan olan Asya soya pası (Phakopsora pachyrhizi), yaprak lekesi hastalığı (Cercospora sojina), külleme (Microsphaera diffusa) ve antraknoz (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ve Colletotrichum apressorium) hastalıklarının incelendiği görülmektedir. Hava sıcaklığı, ıslanma süresi, güneşlenme/bulutlanma süresi, ıslanmanın gece/gündüz gerçekleşmesi ve çeşitlerin toleransının işlendiği bu çalışmalar bu derlemede bir araya getirilmiş ve önerilerle birlikte sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yaprak ıslanması,çiğ,yağmur,soya,hastalık

Kaynakça

1. Alves, M. C., Pozza, E. A., Ferreira, J. B., Araújo, D. V.D., Costa, J. D. C. D. B., Deuner, C. C.,Machado, J. D. C., 2007. The effects oftemperature and leaf wetness periods on thedevelopment of soybean rust in the cultivarsconsquista, Savana and Suprema. SummaPhytopathologica, 33(3), 239-244.
2. Alves, M. D. C., Pozza, E. A., Costa, J. D. C. D. B., Ferreira, J. B., Araújo, D. V. D., 2009. Effects of temperature and leaf wetness period in powdery mildew Microsphaera diffusa Cke. & Pk. intensity in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, 33(SPE), 1926-1930.
3. Anonim, 2002. World Heritage Encyclopedia: Microsphaera diffusa. http://www.gutenberg.us/articles/microsphaera_diffusa (Erişim tarihi: 14.11.2019).
4. Anonim, 2003. European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization: Microsphaera diffusa. https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CERCSO (Erişim tarihi: 14.11.2019).
5. Anonim, 2018. Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health: Colletotrichum spp. https://www.invasive.org/browse/detail.cfm?imgnum=5469596 (Erişim tarihi: 14.11.2019).
6. Camera, J. N., Ghissi, V. C., Reis, E. M., Deuner, C. C., 2016. The combined effects of temperature and leaf wetness periods on soybean frogeye leaf spot intensity. Semina: Ciências Agrárias, 37(1), 77-84.
7. Dias, C. D. S., 2015. Leaf gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging of soybean leaves infected wıth Colletotrichum truncatum (doctoral dissertation, Universidade Federal de Viçosa).
8. Furtado, G. Q., Moraes, S. R. G., Alves, S. A. M., Amorim, L., Júnior, N. S. M., 2011. The Infection of Soybean Leaves by Phakopsora pachyrhizi during Conditions of Discontinuous Wetness. Journal of Phytopathology, 159(3), 165-170.

9. Garcia, A., Calvo, É. S., de Souza Kiihl, R. A., Harada, A., Hiromoto, D. M., Vieira, L. G. E., 2008. Molecular mapping of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) resistance genes: discovery of a novel locus and alleles. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 117(4), 545.
10. Goellner, K., Loehrer, M., Langenbach, C., Conrath, U. W. E., Koch, E., Schaffrath, U., 2010. Phakopsora pachyrhizi, the causal agent of Asian soybean rust. Molecular plant pathology, 11(2), 169-177.
11. Igarashi, W. T., Silva, M. A. D. A., Igarashi, S., Saab, A., Grigoli, O. J., França, J. A. D., 2014. Leaf wetness duration and percentage based on inter-row spacing, and influence on asian soybean rust. Summa Phytopathologica, 40(2), 123-127.
12. Jun, T. H., Mian, M. R., Kang, S. T., Michel, A. P., 2012. Genetic mapping of the powdery mildew resistance gene in soybean PI 567301B. Theoretical and applied genetics, 125(6), 1159-1168.
13. Kang, S. T., Mian, M. R., 2010. Genetic map of the powdery mildew resistance gene in soybean PI 243540. Genome, 53(5), 400-405.
14. Lehman, S. G., 1928. Frog-eye leaf spot of soybean caused by Cercospora diazu Miura. J. Agric. Res., 35:811-833.
15. Liu, X. M., Zhang, M. H., 1993. Influence of temperature and leaf wetness duration on infection of soybean frogeye leaf spot caused by Cercospora sojina. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 23(4), 321-325.
16. Melchers, L. E., 1925. Disease of cereal and forage crops in the United States in 1924. U.S. Dept. Agr. Pl. Dis. Rep. Supl., 40:186.
17. Melching, J. S., Dowler, W. M., Koogle, D. L., Royer, M.H., 1989. Effects of duration, frequency,and temperature of leaf wetness periods onsoybean rust. Plant Disease, 73(2), 117-122.
18. Mian, M. A. R., Missaoui, A. M., Walker, D. R., Phillips, D. V., Boerma, H. R., 2008. Frogeye leaf spot of soybean: A review and proposed race designations for isolates of Cercospora sojina Hara. Crop science, 48(1), 14-24.
19. Miles, M. R., Frederick, R. D., Hartman, G. L., 2006. Evaluation of soybean germplasm for resistance to Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Plant Health Progress, 7(1), 33.
20. Minghou, L. X. Z., 1993. Influence of Temperature and Leaf Wetness Duration on Infection of Soybean Frogeye Leaf Spot Caused by Cercospora Sojina. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 4.
21. Nagaraj, B. T., 2013. Studies on anthracnose of soybean caused by Colletotrichum truncatum (Schw.) Andrus and Moore. M. Sc (Agri.) Thesis.
22. Narváez, D. F., Jurick, W. M., Marois, J. J., Wright, D.L., 2010. Effects of surface wetness periodson development of soybean rust under fieldconditions. Plant disease, 94(2), 258-264.
23. Oh, J. H., Kim, G. H., 2003. Influence of Temperature, Wetness Duration and Fungicides on Fungal Growth and Disease Progress of Soybean Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum spp. Research in Plant Disease, 9(3), 131-136.
24. Sharma, S. K., Gupta, G. K., & Ramteke, R. A. J. K. U.M. A. R., 2011. Colletotrichum truncatum(Schw) Andrus and WD Moore) the causalagent of anthracnose of soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merrill): a review. Soybean Research, 9,31-52.
25. Singh, T., Sinclair, J. B., 1985. Histopathology of Cercospora sojina in soybean seeds. Phytopathology, 75(2), 185-189.
26. Yang, H. C., Haudenshield, J. S., Hartman, G. L., 2014. Colletotrichum incanum sp. nov., a curved-conidial species causing soybean anthracnose in USA. Mycologia, 106(1), 32-42.
27. Yorinori, J. T., 1989. Frog eye leaf spot of soybean (Cercospora sojina Hara). In World Soybean Research Conference-IV (Vol. 3).
28. Yorinori, J. T., Paiva, W. M., Frederick, R. D., Costamilan, L. M., Bertagnolli, P. F., Hartman, G.E., Nunes Jr, J., 2005. Epidemics of soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in Brazil and Paraguay from 2001 to 2003. Plant Disease, 89(6), 675-677.
29. Yulia, E., Widiantini, F., Karuniawan, A., Comoc, R., 2017. Resistance Potential to Powdery Mildew (Microsphaera diffusa Cooke and Peck) of Several Yellow and Black Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) Genotypes. KnE Life Sciences, 2(6), 270-278.
30. Zhang, G., Pedersen, D. K., Phillips, D. V., Bradley, C.A., 2012. Sensitivity of Cercospora sojinaisolates to quinone outside inhibitor fungicides.Crop protection, 40, 63-68.