Biyofili ve Doğa Sporları: İnsan-Çevre Bağlantısının Derinlemesine İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu araştırma, doğa sporcularının biyofili ve doğa sporları arasındaki bağlantıyı ortaya koymak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yaklaşımlarından durum çalışması desenlerinden biri olan bütüncül tek durum deseni çerçevesinde tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmaya katılım kriterleri olarak, doğa sporcularının 18 yaşından büyük olmaları, en az lise mezunu olmaları ve en az 5 yıldır düzenli doğa sporu yapmaları belirlenmiştir. Bu kriterleri karşılayan 2 kadın ve 8 erkek olmak üzere toplam 10 doğa sporcusu çalışma grubunu oluşturmuştur. Veriler, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile toplanmış ve içerik analizi yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın geçerliliğini sağlamak için inandırıcılık, aktarılabilirlik, güvenilirlik ve doğrulanabilirlik kriterleri dikkate alınmıştır. Güvenilirliği artırmak adına görüşmeler kaydedilmiş, yazıya dökülmüş ve bağımsız araştırmacılar tarafından kodlanmıştır. Analizler sonucunda, “Doğayla kurulan bağ,” “Doğa sporlarının bireysel gelişime katkısı,” “Doğa koruma bilincinin artması” ve “Doğal ortamın etkisi” olmak üzere dört ana tema ortaya çıkmıştır. Sonuçlar, doğa sporcularının doğadan kopamama, stres yönetimi, çevre koruma ve kişisel gelişim gibi biyofilik deneyimlerle sıklıkla karşılaştıklarını göstermiştir. Katılımcıların doğa sporlarına bağlılıkları ve doğaya olan aidiyet duyguları, doğa ile sürdürülebilir bir ilişki kurmalarını desteklemekte ve bu sürecin insan sağlığı ve doğa koruma açısından büyük bir potansiyel taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyofili
• Doğa Sporları
• Çevre

Biophilia and Outdoor Sports: A In-Depth Examination of the Human-Environment Connection

Öz

This study aims to explore the connection between nature sports enthusiasts' biophilia and nature sports. The research was designed using a holistic single-case design, one of the qualitative research approaches, in order to determine the biophilic states of nature sports participants. The study group was selected using criterion sampling, one of the purposeful sampling methods. Participants in the study were required to be over 18 years of age, have at least a high school diploma, and have been actively involved in nature sports for at least 5 years. A total of 10 nature sports participants, consisting of 2 women and 8 men, met these criteria and participated in the study. Data was collected using a semi-structured interview form and analyzed through content analysis. To ensure the validity of the research, credibility, transferability, reliability, and confirmability criteria were considered. To ensure reliability, interviews were recorded and transcribed, and individual coding was performed by different researchers. As a result of the analyses, four main themes emerged, in line with the theoretical framework: “Connection with nature,” “Contribution of nature sports to personal development,” “Increase in environmental awareness,” and “Impact of the natural environment.” The findings suggest that the most common biophilic states experienced by participants in nature sports activities include an inability to detach from nature, stress management, overcoming challenges, environmental protection and cleanliness, and personal development. The participants' commitment to nature sports and their sense of belonging to nature support the establishment of a sustainable relationship with nature. This process presents significant potential for both human health and environmental conservation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biophilia
• Outdoor Sports
• Environment

Kaynakça

1. Ab Dulhamid, H., Isa, M. I., Mohamed, B. ve Sazali, M. F. (2023). Motivation of outdoor recreation participation among rural and urban communities. Journal of the Malaysian Institute of Planners, 21(1), 470-483.
2. Akin, Y., Kurniawan, A. R., Mudzakir, D. O., Afriyuandi, A. R., Setiawan, L. ve Rasid, A. R. A. (2024). Integration of life skills in outdoor education program towards interpersonal communication. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7(5), 1044-1052.
3. Andkjær, S., Klein-Wengel, T. T., Ishøi, A. ve Bjørk Petersen, C. (2021). Being and doing in the outdoors brings something extra! Evaluating the Danish healthy in nature project. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being, 16(1), 1983947.
4. Andreucci, M. B., Loder, A., Brown, M. ve Brajković, J. (2021). Exploring challenges and opportunities of biophilic urban design: Evidence from research and experimentation. Sustainability, 13(8), 4323.
5. Andrews, N. (2018). How cognitive frames about nature may affect felt sense of nature connectedness. Ecopsychology, 10(1), 61-71.
6. Baker, M. ve O’Brien, W. (2020). Rethinking outdoor leadership: An investigation of affective abilities in Australian higher education curriculum. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 20(3), 202-216.
7. Barbiero, G. (2011). Biophilia and Gaia. Two hypothesis for an affective ecology. Journal of Bio-Urbanism, 1, 11-27.
8. Barbiero, G. (2021). Affective ecology as development of biophilia hypothesis. Vis Sustain, 16, 43-77.

9. Beery, T. H. (2013). Nordic in nature: Friluftsliv and environmental connectedness. Environmental Education Research, 19(1), 94-117.
10. Beery, T. ve Jönsson, K. I. (2017). Outdoor recreation and place attachment: Exploring the potential of outdoor recreation within a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 17, 54-63.
11. Bjerke, T., And, C. T. ve Kleiven, J. (2006). Outdoor recreation interests and environmental attitudes in Norway. Managing Leisure, 11(2), 116-128.
12. Brocherie, F., Girard, O. ve Millet, G. P. (2015). Emerging environmental and weather challenges in outdoor sports. Climate, 3(3), 492-521.
13. Brymer, E. ve Gray, T. (2010). Developing an intimate “relationship” with nature through extreme sports participation. Leisure/Loisir, 34(4), 361-374.
14. Calogiuri, G. ve Elliott, L. R. (2017). Why do people exercise in natural environments? Norwegian adults’ motives for nature-, gym-, and sports-based exercise. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(4), 377.
15. Chang, C. C., Cheng, G. J. Y., Nghiem, T. P. L., Song, X. P., Oh, R. R. Y., Richards, D. R. ve Carrasco, L. R. (2020). Social media, nature, and life satisfaction: global evidence of the biophilia hypothesis. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 4125.
16. Chen, H. M., Tu, H. M. ve Ho, C. I. (2013). Understanding biophilia leisure as facilitating well-being and the environment: An examination of participants’ attitudes toward horticultural activity. Leisure Sciences, 35(4), 301-319.
17. Chi, N. T. K. (2022). Environmentally responsible behaviour in outdoor recreation: the moderating impact of COVID-19 related risk perception. Journal of Tourism Futures, 1-16. DOI 10.1108/JTF-09-2021-0234
18. Creswell, J. W. (2018). Nitel araştırma yöntemleri (Çev. M. Bütün ve S. B. Demir), Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi.
19. Ewert, A., Place, G. ve Sibthorp, J. (2005). Early-life outdoor experiences and an individual’s environmental attitudes. Leisure Sciences, 27(3), 225-239.
20. Franco, L. S., Shanahan, D. F. ve Fuller, R. A. (2017). A review of the benefits of nature experiences: More than meets the eye. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(8), 864.
21. Frauman, E. ve Washam, J. (2013). The role of gender as it relates to confidence among university outdoor programs' staff. Journal of Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 5(2), 119-122.
22. Freeman, P. A. ve Zabriskie, R. B. (2002). The role of outdoor recreation in family enrichment. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 2(2), 131-145.
23. Gaekwad, J. S., Sal Moslehian, A., Roös, P. B. ve Walker, A. (2022). A meta-analysis of emotional evidence for the biophilia hypothesis and implications for biophilic design. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 750245.
24. Gladwell, V. F., Brown, D. K., Wood, C., Sandercock, G. R. ve Barton, J. L. (2013). The great outdoors: How a green exercise environment can benefit all. Extreme Physiology & Medicine, 2, 1-7.
25. Gunderson, R. (2014). Erich Fromm’s ecological messianism: The first biophilia hypothesis as humanistic social theory. Humanity & Society, 38(2), 182-204.
26. Gupta, N. ve Agarwal, M. (2022). Degradation in the value of outdoor sports: A study of challenges using Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory approach. Decision Analytics Journal, 3, 100045.
27. Human, N. ve Steyn, B. J. M. (2023). Psychological transformation of the ‘self’towards eco sensitivity through high-risk nature-based sports: A South African context. Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 1-14.
28. Kahn Jr, P. H. (1997). Developmental psychology and the biophilia hypothesis: Children’s affiliation with nature. Developmental Review, 17(1), 1-61.
29. Kalvaitis, D. ve Monhardt, R. (2015). Children voice biophilia: The phenomenology of being in love with nature. Journal of Sustainability Education, 9, 1-15.
30. Karisman, V. A. ve Supriadi, D. (2018). the Effect of Outdoor Education on Students’ Responsibility and Selfconfidence. Malaysia Outdoor Recreation, 33-40. Kellert, S. R. ve Wilson, E. O. (2013). The biophilia hypothesis. Washington: Island Press.
31. Keniger, L. E., Gaston, K. J., Irvine, K. N. ve Fuller, R. A. (2013). What are the benefits of interacting with nature?. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10(3), 913-935.
32. Korpela, K. M., Stengård, E. ve Jussila, P. (2016). Nature walks as a part of therapeutic intervention for depression. Ecopsychology, 8(1), 8-15.
33. Kovach, J. S. (2019). Outdoor recreation increases self-confidence in women. The Journal of Student Leadership, 3(1), 27-35.
34. Krein, K. (2008). Sport, nature and worldmaking. Sports Ethics and Philosophy, 2(3), 285 301.
35. Larson, L. R., Whiting, J. W. ve Green, G. T. (2011). Exploring the influence of outdoor recreation participation on pro-environmental behaviour in a demographically diverse population. Local Environment, 16(1), 67-86.
36. Lencastre, M. P. A., Guedes Vidal, D., Estrada, R., Barros, N., Leandro Maia, R. ve Farinha Marques, P. (2024). The biophilia hypothesis explored: Regenerative urban green spaces and well-being in a Portuguese sample. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 81(3), 1461-1475.
37. Marafa, L. M., Tsang, F., Watts, G. ve Yuan, X. M. (2018). Perceived tranquility in green urban open spaces. World Leisure Journal, 60(3), 221-234.
38. Martin, A. L., Adams, A. E. ve Stein, T. V. (2024). Equity, identity, and representation in outdoor recreation:‘I am not an outdoors person’. Leisure Studies, 43(4), 531-544.
39. Meltzer, N. W., Bobilya, A. J., Faircloth, W. B., Mitten, D. Ve Chandler, R. M. (2018). The effect of an outdoor orientation program on participants’ biophilic expressions. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 21, 187-205.
40. Miles, M. B. ve Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis. Sage Publications. Molina Gómez, J., Morales Rodríguez, F. M. ve Mercadé-Melé, P. (2024). Self-esteem and general self-efficacy in an Outdoor training program in university students. Estudios sobre Educación, 46, 141-172.
41. Mullins, P. M. (2014). A socio-environmental case for skill in outdoor adventure. Journal of Experiential Education, 37(2), 129-143. https://doi.org/10.1177/1053825913498366
42. Mutz, M. ve Müller, J. (2016). Mental health benefits of outdoor adventures: Results from two pilot studies. Journal of Adolescence, 49, 105-114.
43. Norman, J., Annerstedt, M., Boman, M. ve Mattsson, L. (2010). Influence of outdoor recreation on self-rated human health: comparing three categories of Swedish recreationists. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 25(3), 234-244.
44. O’Brien, L. ve Forster, J. (2021). Physical activity supporting connection to nature, and helping to maintain wellbeing during the Covid-19 restrictions in England. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9), 4585.
45. Pálsdóttir, A. M., Persson, D., Persson, B. ve Grahn, P. (2014). The journey of recovery and empowerment embraced by natüre - Clients’ perspectives on nature-based rehabilitation in relation to the role of the natural environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(7), 7094-7115.
46. Patel, J. ve Ehrenzeller, C. (2023). Nature as a peace educator: Toward inner peace through learning and being in natural environments. The Journal of Environmental Education, 54(5), 294-305.
47. Puhakka, R. (2021). University students’ participation in outdoor recreation and the perceived well-being effects of nature. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 36, 100425.
48. Ramalho, A. ve Petrica, J. (2023). Growing old, growing green: Nature-base physical activity for aging gracefully. Portekiz: Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco. Raymore, L. A., Barber, B. L. ve Eccles, J. S. (2001). Leaving home, attending college, partnership and parenthood: The role of life transition events in leisure pattern stability from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 30(2), 197-223.
49. Rosenberger, R. S., Bergerson, T. R. ve Kline, J. D. (2009). Macro-Linkages between health and outdoor recreation: The role of parks and recreation providers. Journal of Park & Recreation Administration, 27(3), 8-20.
50. Silver, D. (2018). Nitel verileri yorumlama. (Çev. E. Dinç), Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
51. Tarrant, M. A. ve Green, G. T. (1999). Outdoor recreation and the predictive validity of environmental attitudes. Leisure Sciences, 21(1), 17-30.
52. Thompson Coon, J., Boddy, K., Stein, K., Whear, R., Barton, J. ve Depledge, M. H. (2011). Does participating in physical activity in outdoor natural environments have a greater effect on physical and mental wellbeing than physical activity indoors? A systematic review. Environmental Science & Technology, 45(5), 1761-1772.
53. Venter, Z. S., Barton, D. N., Gundersen, V., Figari, H. ve Nowell, M. (2020). Urban nature in a time of crisis: recreational use of green space increases during the COVID-19 outbreak in Oslo, Norway. Environmental Research Letters, 15(10), 104075.
54. Watts, G. ve Bauer, J. (2022). Tranquillity trails–design, implementation and benefits for healthy leisure. World Leisure Journal, 64(2), 156-165.
55. Yıldırım, A. ve Şimşek, H. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri. 11. Baskı, Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
56. Zafeiroudi, A. (2020). Enhancing adolescents’ environmental responsibility through outdoor recreation activities. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 9(6), 43-55.
57. Zwart, R. ve Ewert, A. (2022). Human health and outdoor adventure recreation: Perceived health outcomes. Forests, 13(6), 869.