Relationship Between Pro-Environmental Behaviours and Life Satisfaction in Individuals Participating in Outdoor Recreation Activities

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 151 - 163, 30.08.2025

Kadir Çalışkan

Öz

This study investigates the relationship between pro-environmental behaviours and life satisfaction among university-educated men who participate in outdoor recreation activities. Utilizing a correlational survey design, data were collected from 252 participants residing in various regions of Turkey through the Environmental Behavior Scale and the Satisfaction with Life Scale. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and multiple linear regression. Findings revealed a weak but statistically significant positive relationship between pro-environmental behaviours and life satisfaction. Among the sub-dimensions, only the "Environmentally Conscious Consumer" factor significantly predicted life satisfaction, although the overall explanatory power of the model was low. These results suggest that environmentally friendly consumption habits may be more closely associated with subjective well-being compared to other forms of pro-environmental behaviours. Accordingly, interventions aiming to enhance life satisfaction should prioritize the development of sustainable consumption practices. Moreover, eco-recreation workshops, nature-based education programs, and environmental leadership camps can be effective in fostering environmental awareness and sustainable behaviours. Positioned at the crossover of environmental psychology and sport-based recreation, this study offers an interdisciplinary contribution and highlights the psychological implications of eco-friendly living practices.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Environmental psychology , Environmental behaviour , Ecological awareness , Eco-recreation , Subjective well-being , Outdoor sports

Açık Alan Rekreasyonuyla İlgilenen Bireylerde Pro-Çevresel Davranış ve Yaşam Tatmini Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Öz

Bu araştırma, açık alan rekreasyonuna katılan üniversite mezunu erkek bireylerin pro-çevresel davranış düzeyleri ile yaşam tatminleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. İlişkisel tarama modeliyle yürütülen çalışmada, Türkiye'nin farklı coğrafi bölgelerinden 252 katılımcıya Çevre Davranışı ve Yaşam Tatmini Ölçekleri uygulanmıştır. Veriler, tanımlayıcı istatistikler, korelasyon analizi ve çoklu doğrusal regresyon modeliyle analiz edilmiştir. Bulgular, pro-çevresel davranış ile yaşam tatmini arasında zayıf fakat anlamlı düzeyde pozitif bir ilişki olduğunu göstermiştir. Regresyon analizine göre yalnızca “Çevreye Duyarlı Tüketici” boyutu yaşam tatmini üzerinde anlamlı bir yordayıcıdır; modelin genel açıklayıcılığı ise düşüktür. Sonuçlar, çevreci tüketim davranışlarının yaşam tatminiyle diğer pro-çevresel boyutlara kıyasla daha güçlü ilişkili olabileceğini göstermektedir. Bu doğrultuda, yaşam tatminini artırmaya yönelik çevre dostu tüketim alışkanlıklarını geliştiren yaklaşımlara öncelik verilmeli; çevre bilincini destekleyen eko-rekreasyon atölyeleri, doğa temelli eğitimler ve çevre liderliği programları gibi sürdürülebilirlik odaklı sosyal ve eğitsel etkinlikler teşvik edilmelidir. Çalışma, çevre psikolojisi ile spor temelli rekreasyon alanı arasındaki kesişim noktasında disiplinler arası bir katkı sunmakta ve sürdürülebilir yaşam davranışlarının psikolojik yansımalarına dair önemli açılımlar sağlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çevre psikolojisi , Çevreci davranış , Ekolojik bilinç , Eko-rekreasyon , Öznel iyi oluş , Doğa sporları

Etik Beyan

Araştırma, Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşerî Bilimler Araştırmaları Etik Kurulunun 2025/06-06 ve E.7475 sayılı etik kurul izni kapsamında gerçekleştirilmiş, elde edilen veriler yalnızca bu araştırma kapsamında kullanılmıştır.

Kaynakça

• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
• Akkiraju, K., & Rao, N. D. (2025). Higher income is associated with greater life satisfaction, and more stress. Communications Psychology, 3(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44271-025-00210-z
• Aral, Ö. H., & López-Sintas, J. (2022). Is pro-environmentalism a privilege? Country development factors as moderators of socio-psychological drivers of pro-environmental behavior. Environmental Sociology, 8(2), 211-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/23251042.2021.2018123
• Ardahan, F. & Yerlisu Lapa, T. (2011). Açık alan rekreasyonu: bisiklet kullanıcıları ve yürüyüşçülerin doğa sporu yapma nedenleri ve elde ettikleri fayda. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 1327-1341.
• Ardoin, N. M., Bowers, A. W., Kannan, A., & O'Connor, K. (2022). Positive youth development outcomes and environmental education: a review of research. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 27(1), 475-492. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2022.2147442
• Ayalon, L. (2024). A typology of pro-environmental behaviors: demographic correlates and reasons for limited public engagement in pro-environmental behaviors. Sustainability, 16(20), 8740. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16208740
• Baumgartner, T., Langenbach, B. P., Gianotti, L. R., Müri, R. M., & Knoch, D. (2019). Frequency of everyday pro-environmental behaviour is explained by baseline activation in lateral prefrontal cortex. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36956-2
• Bayrak, A., & Demirel, M. (2021). Rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılımın ekolojik tutum açısından değerlendirilmesi. Sportive, 5(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.53025/sportive.1184740
• Bekmezci, M., & Mert, İ. S. (2018). Yaşam tatmini ölçeğinin Türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenirlilik çalışması. Toros Üniversitesi İİSBF Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(8), 166-177.
• Beşikçi, T., Yerlisu Lapa, T. and Güzel, P. (2019) “Investigating the relationships between life satisfaction and leisure satisfaction on individuals interested in outdoor recreation: sample of parks in London”, Annals of “Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati. Fascicle XV, Physical Education and Sport Management, 1, pp. 8-12. doi: https://doi.org/10.35219/efms.2019.1.02.
• Binder, M., & Blankenberg, A. K. (2017). Green lifestyles and subjective well-being: More about self-image than actual behavior?. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 137, 304-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.03.009
• Binder, M., Blankenberg, A. K., & Nickel, J. (2025). Pro-environmental behavior and life satisfaction: How strong is our evidence?. Ecological Economics, 237, 108684. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2025.108684
• Bostan, A., Balcıoğlu, Y. S., & Elçi, M. (2024). Latent class analysis of environmental behavior and psychological well-being: Insights into sustainable well-being practices. Sustainability, 16(23), 10205. https://doi.org/10.3390/su162310205
• Brochado, A., Teiga, N., & Oliveira-Brochado, F. (2017). The ecological conscious consumer behaviour: Are the activists different? International Journal of Consumer Studies, 41(2), 138–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12321
• Brosch, T. (2021). Affect and emotions as drivers of climate change perception and action: a review. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 42, 15-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.02.001
• Capstick, S., Nash, N., Whitmarsh, L., Poortinga, W., Haggar, P., & Brügger, A. (2022). The connection between subjective wellbeing and pro-environmental behaviour: Individual and cross-national characteristics in a seven-country study. Environmental Science & Policy, 133, 63-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2022.02.025
• Chan, H. W. (2020). When do values promote pro-environmental behaviors? Multilevel evidence on the selfexpression hypothesis. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 71, 101361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101361
• Chia, J. L., Hartanto, A., & Tov, W. (2024). Supporting satisfaction, satisfying support: bidirectional associations of social support and life satisfaction. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 19485506241283584. https://doi.org/10.1177/194855062412835
• Chida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2008). Positive psychological well-being and mortality: a quantitative review of prospective observational studies. Biopsychosocial Science and Medicine, 70(7), 741-756. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0b013e31818105ba
• Chwialkowska, A., Bhatti, W. A., & Glowik, M. (2020). The influence of cultural values on pro-environmental behavior. Journal of Cleaner Production, 268, 122305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122305
• Clayton, S., & Karazsia, B. T. (2020). Development and validation of a measure of climate change anxiety. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101434
• Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research Methods in Education (8th ed.). Routledge. 101434.
• Corral Verdugo, V. (2012). The positive psychology of sustainability. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 14(5), 651-666. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-012-9346-8
• De Bernardi, C., Linde, S., & Ioannides, D. (2023). Pro-environmental behaviour in sport and outdoor activities: A literature review. Mistra Sport & Outdoors.
• Demirel, M., Gürbüz, B., & Karaküçük, S. (2009). Rekreasyonel aktivitelere katılımın çevreye yönelik tutum üzerindeki etkisi ve yeni ekolojik paradigma ölçeği‟nin geçerliği ve güvenirliği. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(2), 47-50. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000155
• Diaz, M. F., Charry, A., Sellitti, S., Ruzzante, M., Enciso, K., & Burkart, S. (2020). Psychological factors influencing pro-environmental behavior in developing countries: Evidence from Colombian and Nicaraguan students. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 580730. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580730
• Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542. https://doi.org/10.1037/00332909.95.3.542
• Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71-75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
• Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011). Happy people live longer: Subjective well‐being contributes to health and longevity. Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 3(1), 1-43. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758 0854.2010.01045.x
• Dominguez-Vergara, J., Aguilar-Salcedo, B., Orihuela-Anaya, R., & Villanueva-Alvarado, J. (2024). New psychometric evidence of the life satisfaction scale in older adults: An exploratory graph analysis approach. Geriatrics, 9(5), 111. https://doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics9050111
• Dormann, C. F., Elith, J., Bacher, S., Carré, G. C. G., García Márquez, J. R., Gruber, B., Lafourcade, B., Leitao, P. J., Münkemüller, T., McClean, C. J., Osborne, P. E., Reneking, B., Schröder, B., Skidmore, A. K., Zurell, D., & Lautenbach, S. (2013). Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography, 36(1), 27-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600 0587.2012.07348.x Ekinci, E. (2024). Biyofili ve Doğa Sporları: İnsan-Çevre Bağlantısının Derinlemesine İncelenmesi. Uluslararası Bozok Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(3), 53-68.
• Field, A. (2024). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (6th ed.). SAGE Publications.
• Goldman, D., Yavetz, B., & Pe'er, S. (2006). Environmental literacy in teacher training in Israel: Environmental behavior of new students. The Journal of Environmental Education, 38(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.3200/JOEE.38.1.3-22
• Gökdayı, F., & Demirel, M. (2011). Bir boş zaman etkinliği olarak doğa sporları aktivitelerine katılan bireylerin çevresel farkındalık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. SDÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 14, 117-130. https://doi.org/10.36415/dagcilik.485987
• Graafland, J. (2023). Economic freedom and life satisfaction: A moderated mediation model with individual autonomy and national culture. European Journal of Political Economy, 79, 102448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2023.102448
• Han, G.-S. (2023). Relationships between outdoor recreation-associated flow, pro-environmental attitude, and pro-environmental behavioral intention. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(9), 5173. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310581
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate data analysis (8th ed.). Cengage Learning.
• Haverkamp, T. K., Welsch, H., & Ziegler, A. (2022). The relationship between pro-environmental behavior, economic preferences, and life satisfaction: Empirical evidence from Germany (No. 04-2022). MAGKS Joint Discussion Paper Series in Economics. https://hdl.handle.net/10419/254240
• Hristova, V., Haralampiev, K., Vlaev, I., & Karabeliova, S. (2025). Predicting pro-environmental behavior: The leading influence of environmental attitudes. Behavioral Sciences, 15(3), 291. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15030291
• Kasser, T. (2017). Living both well and sustainably: A review of the literature, with some reflections on future research, interventions and policy. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 375(2095), 20160369. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0369 Kaufman, S. B. (2023). Self-actualizing people in the 21st century: Integration with contemporary theory and research on personality and well-being. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 63(1), 51-83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167818809187
• Koba, Y., & Alkan, C. (2023). Açık alan rekreasyon aktivitesi olarak dağcılık faaliyeti ve yaşam doyumu ilişkisi. Advancements in Tourism, Recreation and Sports Sciences (ATRSS), 6(1), 205 219. https://doi.org/10.53353/atrss.1179992
• Koçak, F., & Balcı, V. (2010). Doğada yapılan sportif etkinliklerde çevresel sürdürülebilirlik. Ankara Üniversitesi Çevrebilimleri Dergisi, 2(2), 213-222. https://doi.org/10.1501/Csaum_0000000037
• Kollmuss, A., & Agyeman, J. (2002). Mind the Gap: Why do people act environmentally and what are the barriers to pro-environmental behavior? Environmental Education Research, 8(3), 239-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620220145401
• Konstantopoulos, I., Manoli, A. E., Ntzoufras, I., Chantzi, E., & Thamnopoulos, I. (2024). Understanding fans‟ responses to sustainability: a segmentation of sport event goers‟ pro-environmental intentions and behaviours. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2024.2424760
• Lange, F., & Dewitte, S. (2019). Measuring pro-environmental behavior: Review and recommendations. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 63, 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.04.009
• Lepp, A. (2018). Correlating leisure and happiness: The relationship between the leisure experience battery and the Satisfaction With Life Scale. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(2), 246-252. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2017.1325759
• Liang, M., Chen, Q., & Zhou, Y. (2022). The influence of various role models on children‟s pro-environmental behaviours. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 873078. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.873078
• Malwa, D. (2024). Relationship between environmental education programs and pro-environmental behaviors among youth in Kenya. American Journal of Environment Studies, 7(1), 43-56.
• Mendez, A., & Rojas, M. (2024). Change in Maslow‟s hierarchy of basic needs: evidence from the study of well being in Mexico. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.511101
• Nagy, S. (2025). The impact of socio-demographic variables on pro-environmental behaviour. Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences, 33(2), 132-143. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPso.23128
• OECD (2024). Society at a Glance 2024: OECD Social Indicators, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/918d8db3-en.
• Oreg, S., & Katz-Gerro, T. (2006). Predicting proenvironmental behavior cross-nationally: Values, the theory of planned behavior, and value-belief-norm theory. Environment and Behavior, 38(4), 462-483. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916505286012
• Park, J. H., & Kang, S. W. (2023). Social interaction and life satisfaction among older adults by age group. In Healthcare (Vol. 11, No. 22, p. 2951). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11222951
• Piao, X., & Managi, S. (2024). Determinants of pro-environmental behaviour: effects of socioeconomic, subjective, and psychological well-being factors from 37 countries. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03790-z
• Pongiglione, F. (2014). Motivation for adopting pro-environmental behaviors: the role of social context. Ethics, Policy & Environment, 17(3), 308-323. https://doi.org/10.1080/21550085.2014.955318
• Prinzing, M. (2024). Proenvironmental behavior increases subjective well-being: Evidence from an experience sampling study and a randomized experiment. Psychological Science, 35(9), 951-961. https://doi.org/10.1177/09567976241251766
• Prinzing, M. M., & Laffan, K. (2024). Leveraging the link between pro-environmental behaviour and well-being to encourage sustainable lifestyle shifts. npj Climate Action, 3(1), 73. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44168 024-00154-w
• Prinzing, M., Lades, L. K., Weber, T. O., Fredrickson, B., & Laffan, K. (2024). Pro-environmental behaviors and well-being in everyday life. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 98, 102394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102394
• Purnama, C. Y., Srisayekti, W., Fitriana, E., & Djunaidi, A. (2024). Pro-environmental behavior to improve the quality of life with social value orientation as moderator: findings from Indonesia. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 35(3), 819–838. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2024.2415902
• Polat, E. (2023). Doğa yürüyüşüne katılım motivasyonu ve yaşam tatmini arasındaki ilişkiler. In N. Dinçer & M. Dalkılıç (Eds.), Spor bilimlerinde ileri ve çağdaş çalışmalar 2 (ss. 126-139). Duvar Yayınları.
• Salazar, S. D. S. (2021). Exploring the differential effect of life satisfaction on low and high-cost proenvironmental behaviors. IJERPH, 19(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010277
• Salonen, K., Hyvönen, K., Ratcliffe, E., & Paakkolanvaara, J. V. (2023). Psychological well-being and pro environmental behaviour. In Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Planetary Well-Being (pp. 167-176). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003334002-17
• Sameer, Y., Eid, Y., & Veenhoven, R. (2023). Perceived meaning of life and satisfaction with life: A research synthesis using an online finding archive. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 957235. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957235
• Şandor, S. (2024). Neuropsychology of cognitive functions related to pro-environmental behavior. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 16(2), 317-326. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.1344782
• Saracevic, S., & Schlegelmilch, B. B. (2021). The impact of social norms on pro-environmental behavior: A systematic literature review of the role of culture and self-construal. Sustainability, 13(9), 5156. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095156
• Schilder Manning, C. (2025). Motivating Pro-Environmental Behavior: The Roles of Emotions, Habits, and Status in Consumer and Lifestyle Choices. Psychology Honors Projects. 61. https://digitalcommons.macalester.edu/psychology_honors/61 Schmitt, M. T., Aknin, L. B., Axsen, J., & Shwom, R. L. (2018). Unpacking the relationships between pro environmental behavior, life satisfaction, and perceived ecological threat. Ecological Economics, 143, 130-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.07.007
• Schulz, P., Nicolai, S., Tomczyk, S., Schmidt, S., Franikowski, P., & Stoll-Kleemann, S. (2024). Gender and Socioeconomic Influences on Ten Pro-Environmental Behavior Intentions: A German Comparative Study. Sustainability, 16(7), 2816. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072816 Shiva, V. & Mies, M. (2018). Ekofeminizm, (Çev.) İlknur Urkun, Kelso, Sinek Sekiz Yayınevi.
• Siedlecki, K. L., Salthouse, T. A., Oishi, S., & Jeswani, S. (2014). The relationship between social support and subjective well-being across age. Social indicators research, 117(2), 561-576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0361-4
• Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-4537.00175
• Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G. A., & Kalof, L. (1999). A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: The case of environmentalism. Human ecology review, 81-97. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24707060 Suminar, J. R., Hafiar, H., Amin, K., & Prastowo, A. A. (2024). Predicting pro-environmental behavior among generation Z in Indonesia: the role of family norms and exposure to social media information. Frontiers in Communication, 9, 1461609. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2024.1461609
• Sümbül, S., Asma, M., & Yıldız, K. (2019). Doğa sporcularının merak ve keşfetme eğilimlerinin yaşam doyum düzeylerini yordayıcı etkisi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 4(2), 229 242. https://doi.org/10.31680/gaunjss.566576
• Swami, V., Stieger, S., Voracek, M., Aavik, T., Abdollahpour Ranjbar, H., Adebayo, S. O., ... & Lukács, A. (2025). Life satisfaction around the world: Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) across 65 nations, 40 languages, gender identities, and age groups. PLoS One, 20(1), e0313107. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0313107
• Tam, K. P. (2025). Culture and pro-environmental behavior. Current Opinion in Psychology, 62, 101986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2024.101986
• Timur, S., & Yılmaz, M. (2013). Çevre davranış ölçeğinin Türkçe'ye uyarlanması. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 33(2), 317-333.
• Tuygun Toklu, A. (2019) Çevresel bilinç yeşil davranışı etkiler mi? Türkiye‟nin Doğu Karadeniz bölgesinde bir araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 11(4), 2799-2811. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2019.776
• Yaşartürk, F., Elçi, G., Kural, S., & Keskin, Y. (2024). Analysis of the relationship between leisure satisfaction and life satisfaction among students participating in outdoor recreational activities. Physical Education of Students, 28(6), 371-381. https://doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2024.0606
• Vistharakula, U. R., & Kaushik, V. (2021). Influence of gender and age with consumers „green behavior‟. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 40(12), 95-100. https://doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2021/v40i1231384
• Wang, X., Zhang, J., Wu, S., Xiao, W., Wang, Z., Li, F., ... & Miao, D. (2021). Effects of meaning in life on subjective well-being: The mediating role of self-efficacy. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 49(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.9975
• Welsch, H., & Kühling, J. (2018). How green self-image is related to subjective well-being: Pro-environmental values as a social norm. Ecological hypothesis Economics, 149, 105-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.03.002
• Xiao, C., & McCright, A. M. (2015). Gender differences in environmental concern: Revisiting the institutional trust in the USA. Environment and Behavior, 47(1), 17-37. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916513491571 Johnson-Zawadzki, S., Steg, L., & Bouman, T. (2020). Meta-analytic evidence for a robust and positive association between individuals' pro-environmental behaviors and their subjective wellbeing. Environmental Research Letters, 15(12), 123007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/abc4ae
• Zhao, Y., Liu, X., & Han, X. (2024). Enhancing pro-environmental behavior through nature-contact environmental education: an empirical analysis based on randomized controlled experiment design. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 12, 1491780. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2024.1491780