Atriplex canescens ve Kochia prostrata’nın Yaprak ve Dalındaki Kimyasal İçeriğinin Karşılaştırılması

Öz

Türkiye’nin birçok merası aşırı otlatma ve toprak erozyonu nedeniyle bitki örtüsü yok olmuştur veya zayıf bir vejetasyona sahiptir. Bunlara ek olarak, İç Anadolu Bölgesindeki meralarda birçok otsu bitki türü bulunmakta ve bu bitki türlerinin kaliteleri kuru yem periyodunda (diğer bir değişle, Haziran ile Ağustos arasında) azalmaktadır. Bu yüzden, bu yem bitkilerini ruminantlar otlayamamaktadır. Bu sebeple, küçükbaş ruminantlar yeteriz beslenme ve açlıktan sıkıntı çekmektedirler. Çalı yem bitkileri, kuru yem periyodunda küçükbaş hayvanlar için önemli bir yem kaynağıdır. Yem bitkilerinin besin elementi ve protein içeriğini anlamak, mera ıslahında ilerlemede ve genetik ıslahta potansiyel olarak yeni kapı açabilir. Bu sebeple, son derecede önemli çalı yem bitkileri olan Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt ve Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad [Syn. Bassia prostrata (L.) A.J. Scott]’nın kuru yem periyodunda yem bitkisi olarak kalitesini belirlemek amacıyla, yaprak ve dallarındaki kimyasal içeriği kıyaslamak bu çalışmanın hedefidir. Çalışmada A. canescens ve K. prostrata’nın yaprağındaki ham protein oranı sırasıyla %15.01 ve %12.93 olarak bulunurken dalındaki ham protein oranı ise % 5.14 ve % 7.16 olarak tayin edilmiştir. A. canescens ve K. prostrata’ nın yapraktaki Ca içeriği sırasıyla % 1.55 ve % 1.91; K içeriği ise sırasıyla % 1.45 ve % 1,61 olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda K. prostrata ve A. canescens’in protein oranı hariç dallarındaki besin elementleri içeriği yapraklardan daha fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmamıza konu olan iki çalı yem bitkisi kuru yem periyodunda sahip oldukları besin maddeleri ile ilgili Orta Anadolu meraları için önem arz ettiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt,Bassia prostrata (L) A.J. Scott,besin elementleri,bozkır otu,dört kanatlı tuz çalısı,protein oranı

The Comparison of Chemical Content in Leave and Stem of Atriplex canescens and Kochia prostrata

Öz

Overgrazing and soil erosion have left many of Turkey’s pastures bare or with minimal vegetation available. Furthermore, The Central Anatolian Region’s rangelands have got many herbaceous plants, and these species qualities decrease during the dry feed period (i.e., between June and August). For this reason, these forage plants aren’t grazed by ruminants. Thus, small ruminants suffer from hunger and malnutrition. Forage shrubs plants are critically forage source to small ruminants during the dry feed period. Understanding the nutrient and protein content of forage plants could potentially open the new door to genetic breeding and advancement in pasture restoration. Therefore, our research aimed to compare the chemical content in the leaves and branches of two critically important forage shrub plants, Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt and Kochia prostrata (L.) Schrad [Syn. Bassia prostrata (L.) A.J. Scott], in the dry feed period, in order to establish their level of quality as forage plants. In the study, while the percentage of crude protein in the leaves of A. canescens and K. prostrata were found to be 15.01% and 12.93%, respectively, the ratio in the branch, however, was determined to be 5.14% and 7.16%, respectively. The Ca content in the leaves of A. canescens, and K. prostrata were found to be 1.55% and 1.91%, respectively; however, the K content was found to be 1.45% and 1.61%, respectively. As a result of the research, with the exception of the protein content in K. prostrata and A. canescens, the nutrient content in the branches was determined to be higher than in the leaves. Overall, we are concluded that both forage shrubs are important for Central Anatolian pastures with regard to their nutrients during the dry feed period.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt,Bassia prostrata (L.) A.J. Scott,nutrient elements,forage kochia,four-wing saltbush,protein content

Kaynakça

1. [1] Papanastasis, V., 1999, Grasslands and woody plants in Europe with special reference to Greece, Grasslands and woody plants in Europe, 15-24.
2. [2] Altın, M., Gökkuş, A. ve Koç, A., 2011, Çayır ve mera yönetimi (2. cilt), Tarım ve Köyişleri Bakanlığı, Tarımsal Üretim ve Geliştirme Genel Müdürlüğü. Ankara.
3. [3] Acar, R., 2013, The Importance of Forage Kochia in KOP Rangeland and Advantages in Pastureland Improvement., In: Proceeding book of 1st KOP Regional Development Symposium, 14-16 November 2013., p: 200-203.
4. [4] Le Houérou, H. N., 2000, Use of fodder trees and shrubs (trubs) in the arid and semi-arid zones of West Asia and North Africa: history and perspectives, Fodder shrub development in arid and semi-arid zones, proceedings of the workshop on native and exotic fodder shrubs in arid and semi-arid zones, 9-53.
5. [5] Arif, A., Tiedeman, J., Chryiaa, A. and Derkaoui, M., 1994, Atriplex as forage for arid areas of Morocco: a review, Actes de la Conference sur les “Acquis et perspectives de la recherche agronomique dans les zones arides et semi-arides du Maroc, 24-27.
6. [6] Davenport, B. W., 2005, Cattle utilization of forage kochia (Kochia prostrata) and its relation to forage quality and plant morphological characteristics, Utah State University, All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, 6608, https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6608, Son Erişim Tarihi: 15 Nisan 2019.
7. [7] Paydaş, E., Demir, R. ve Şelli, M. Ş., 2018, Atriplex spp. Çalı bitkilerinin hayvan beslemede kullanım olanakları, Çukurova Tarım ve Gıda Bilimleri Dergisi, 33 (1), 19-28.
8. [8] Moore, R. T., Whiter, R. S. and Caldwell, M. M., 1972, Transpiration of Atriplex confertifolia and Eurotia lanata in relation to soil, plant, and atmospheric moisture stresses, Canadian Journal of Botany, 50 (12), 2411-2418.

9. [9] Khalil, J. K., Sawaya, W. N. and Hyder, S. Z., 1986, Nutrient composition of Atriplex leaves grown in Saudi Arabia, Journal of Range Management, 104-107.
10. [10] Karimi, G., Ghorbanli, M., Heidari, H., Nejad, R. K. and Assareh, M., 2005, The effects of NaCl on growth, water relations, osmolytes and ion content in Kochia prostrata, Biologia plantarum, 49 (2), 301-304.
11. [11] Riasi, A., Mesgaran, M. D., Stern, M. and Moreno, M. R., 2008, Chemical composition, in situ ruminal degradability and post-ruminal disappearance of dry matter and crude protein from the halophytic plants Kochia scoparia, Atriplex dimorphostegia, Suaeda arcuata and Gamanthus gamacarpus, Animal Feed Science and Technology, 141 (3-4), 209-219.
12. [12] Richards, L., 1954, Diagnosis and improving of saline and alkaline soils. US, Salinity Laboratory Staff, Agric. Handbook (60).
13. [13] Ülgen N. ve Yurtsever N., 1974. Türkiye gübre ve gübreleme rehberi. Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Teknik Yayınlar Serisi, 28, Kemal Matbaası, Ankara.
14. [14] FAO, 1990, Micronutrient, Assessment at the Country Level: An International Study. FAO Soil Bulletin. Rome, Italy.
15. [15] Follet, S., 1967, Quintus de Smyrne, La suite d'Homère, t. II, livres V-IX. Texte établi et traduit par Francis Vian (Collection des Universités de France, publiée sous le patronage de l'Association Guillaume Budé), 1966, Revue des Études Anciennes, 69 (3), 402-408.
16. [16] Lindsay, W. L. and Norvell, W. A., 1978, Development of a DTPA Soil Test for Zinc, Iron, Manganese, and Copper1, Soil Science Society of America Journal, 42 (3), 421-428.
17. [17] Wolf, B., 1971, The determination of boron in soil extracts, plant materials, composts, manures, water and nutrient solutions. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 2(5):363-374.
18. [18] USDA, N., 2004, Soil survey laboratory methods manual, Soil survey investigations report, 42.
19. [19] AACC, 2004, Approved methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists. (10th edn.), St. Paul, MN, USA: AACC.
20. [20] JMP, 2009, JMP User Guide 2nd Edt. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
21. [21] Walker, D. J., Lutts, S., Sánchez-García, M., and Correal, E., 2014, Atriplex halimus L.: Its biology and uses, Journal of Arid Environments, 100, 111-121.
22. [22] Kozlowski T, 1972, Physiology of water stress. In: Wildland Shrubs-Their Biology and Utilization. Eds: McKell C, Blaisdell J, Goodin J. Utah: USDA, p. 229-44.
23. [23] Sarı, M., Çerçi, İ., Deniz, S., Şahin, K., Seven, P., Şahin, N., Çiftçi, M., Bolat, D., Önal, A. ve Azman, A., 2008, Hayvan besleme ve beslenme hastalıkları, Medipres Matbaacılık Yayıncılık LTD. ŞTİ., 520 s, 28, 892-904.
24. [24] NRC, N. R. C., 2001, Classroom assessment and the national science education standards, National Academies Press.
25. [25] Stevens, R., Jorgensen, K. R., McArthur, E. D. and Davis, J. N., 1985, 'Immigrant' forage Kochi,. Rangelands Archives, 7(1), 22-23.
26. [26] Shenkoru, T., Facıola, A., Schultz, B. and Perryman, B., 2015. Frothy bloat (primary ruminal tympany) potential and nutrient content of forage kochia (Bassia prostrata L.), Journal of Arid Land Studies, 25(3), 177-180.
27. [27] Koç, N. ve Acar, R., 2019, The Importance Of Forage Kochıa (Kochia prostrata (L) Schrad) In Rangeland Improvement And The Researches Carrıed Out In Konya Condıtıons Related To Forage Kochıa, International Symposium for Environmental Science and Engineering Research (ISESER) Konya, Turkey, May 25-27, 2019. p:620-623.
28. [28] Sagers, J., 2016, Salt Tolerance of Forage Kochia, Gardner's Saltbush, and Halogeton: Studies in Hydroponic Culture.
29. [29] Petersen, J. L., Ueckert, D. N., Potter, R. L. and Huston, J. E., 1987, Ecotypic variation in selected fourwing saltbush populations in western Texas, Journal of Range Management, 361-366.
30. [30] Gezgin, S., Hamurcu, M., Dursun, N. ve Gökmen F., 2007, Değişik Bor Dozları ve Uygulama Şekillerinin Farklı Lokasyonlarda Yetiştirilen Şeker Pancarının Yaprak Bor İçeriği, Verim ve Kalite Üzerine Etkisi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 21 (42): 25-35
31. [31] Matoh, T., 1997, Boron In Soıls And Plants, Plant and Soil, Vol. 193, No. 1/2, Springer. pp. 59-70.
32. [32] Ali, H. A., Dembitsky, V. M. and Srebnik, M., 2005, Contemporary aspects of boron: Chemistry and biological applications. Elsevier.
33. [33] NRC, 1979, Nutrient requirements of domestic animals, Nutrient Requirements of Swine.
34. [34] NRC, 1981, Nutrient requirements of goats: Angora, dairy and meat goats in temperate and tropical countries., Nutrient requirements,, p. 2-9.
35. [35] Cerrillo-Soto, M., Nevarez-Carrasco, G., Ramírez-Lozano, R., Núñez-González, A., García-Díaz, G. and Juárez-Reyes, A., 2004, Mineral profile of diets consumed by range Spanish goats in a shrubland of North Mexico, South African Journal of Animal Science, 34.
36. [36] Ramırez-Orduna, R., Ramırez, R., González-Rodrıguez, H. and Haenlein, G., 2005, Mineral content of browse species from Baja California Sur, Mexico, Small Ruminant Research, 57 (1), 1-10.
37. [37] Beede, D., 1992, The DCAD concept: transition rations for dry pregnant cows, Feedstuffs (USA).
38. [38] NRC, 1975, Nutrient requirements of domestic animals, No. 5. Nutrient requirements of sheep, Fifth edition. Nat. Acad. Sci., Nat. Res. Count., Washington DC.
39. [39] Van Mosel, M., Van't Klooster, A. T., Van Mosel, F. and Van der Kuilen, J., 1993, Effects of reducing dietary [(Na++ K+)−(Cl−+ SO4=] on the rate of calcium mobilisation by dairy cows at parturition, Research in veterinary science, 54 (1), 1-9.
40. [40] Bergmann, W., 1992, Nutritional disorders of plants: visual and analytical diagnosis (English, French, Spanish).
41. [41] Wallace, A., Romney, E. and Mueller, R., 1982, Sodium relations in desert plants: 7. Effects of sodium chloride on Atriplex polycarpa and Atriplex canescens, Soil science, 134 (1), 65-68.
42. [42] El-Shatnawi, M. d. K. J. and Abdullah, A. Y., 2003, Composition changes of Atriplex nummularia L. under a Mediterranean arid environment, African Journal of Range and Forage Science, 20 (3), 253-257.
43. [43] Richardson, S. G., 1982, High and low sodium biotypes of fourwing saltbush: their responses to sodium and potassium in retorted oil shale, Journal of Range Management, 795-797.
44. [44] Ovington, J. D., 1956, The composition of tree leaves. Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research, 29(1), 22-28.
45. [45] Mengel, K. and Kirkby, E., 2001, Principles of Plant Nutrition. 635, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
46. [46] Abdülreşit, B. ve Karaman, M. R., 1998, Toprak Bitki Besleme Kitapları, Ankara.
47. [47] Harmer, P.M., Benne, E.J., Laughlin W.M. and Key, C., 1953, Factors affecting crop response to sodium applied salt on Michigan muck soil, Soil Sci, 76: 1-17.
48. [48] Kaçar, B. ve Katkat, V., 2007, Bitki Besleme, Ankara: Nobel Yayın.
49. [49] Kaçar, B., 1984, Bitki besleme uygulama kılavuzu, Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi.