Determination of the Effects of Trichlorfon on Enzymatic Antioxidants in Gammarus pulex
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 49 - 54, 16.07.2024
Şule Tatar Yolcular
Osman Serdar
Dilan Tulpar
Öz
Organophosphate (OP) compounds are the most commonly used chemical substances to eliminate pests and insects. Trichlorfon is an OP pesticide used in agriculture against vegetable and fruit pests. In this study, it was aimed to investigate antioxidant responses of Gammarus pulex exposed to trichlorfon. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) enzyme activities were measured in a microplate reader using the ELISA method.
When we compared AChE enzyme activity with control, it increased in all groups after 24 hours (p>0.05) and decreased in 96 hours (p<0.05). When the exposure times were statistically compared, the decrease in the A and B groups was found to be significant only at the end of the 96-hour period (p<0.05). CYP1A1 enzyme activity decreased in all groups compared to control group (p>0.05). GST enzyme activity was increased in both groups after 24 and 96 hours of application compared to control (p<0.05).
When we look at the changes in AChE, CYP1A1 and GST enzyme activities in G. pulex against trichlorfon, it was concluded that these enzymes can be used as useful biomarkers. G. pulex has proven to be an effective bioindicator that shows trichlorfon pollution in water.
Proje Numarası
YLMUB021-19
Kaynakça
- Woo SJ, Kim NY, Kim SH, Ahn SJ, Seo JS, Jung SH, Cho MY, Chung JK (2018) Toxicological effects of trichlorfon on hematological and biochemical parameters in Cyprinus carpio L. following thermal stress. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 209:18-27.
- Treves-Brown KM (2000) Applied fish pharmacology. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht/ Boston/ London 309p.
- Chang CC, Lee PP, Liu CH, Cheng W (2006) Trichlorfon, an organophosphorus insecticide, depresses the immune responses and resistance to Lactococcus garvieae of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Fish Shellfish Immun 20:574–585.
- Guimaraes ATB, Silva De Assis HC, Boeger W (2007) The effect of trichlorfon on acetylcholinesterase activityand histopathology of cultivated fish Oreochromis niloticus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 68:57–62.
- Kwong TC (2002) Organophosphate pesticides: Biochemistry and clinical toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 24:144–149.
- Fulton MH, Key PB (2001) Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in estuarine fish and invertebrates as an indicator of organophosphorus insecticide exposure and effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:37–45.
- Valvanidis A, Vlachogianni T (2010) Integrated biomarkers in aquatic organisms as a tool for biomonitoring environmental pollution and improved ecological risk assessment. Science Advances on Environmental Chemistry Toxicology and Ecotoxicology issues, www.chemtox-ecotox.org
- Amitai G, Moorad D, Adani A, Doctor BP (1998) Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by chlorpyrifos-oxon. Biochem Pharmacol 56:293–299.
- Slaninova A, Smutna M, Modra H, Svobodova Z (2009) A review: Oxidative stress in fish induced by pesticides. Neuroendocrinol Lett 30(1).
- Oinonen T, Saarikoski S, Husgafvel-Pursianinen K, Hirvonen A, Lindros KO (1994) Pretranslational induction of cytochrome P4501A enzymes by β-naphthoflavone and 3-methylcholanthrene occurs in different liver zones. Biochem Pharmacol 48:2189–2197.
- Shimada T, Sugie A, Shindo M, Nakajima T, Azuma E, Hashimoto M, Inoue K (2003) Tissue-specific induction of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1 by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in engineered C57BL/6J mice of arylhydrocarbon receptor gene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 187:1–10.
- Stegeman JJ, Woodin BR, Singh H, Oleksiak MF, Celander M (1997) Cytochromes P450 (CYP) in tropical fishes: catalytic activities, expression of multiple CYP proteins and high levels of microsomal P450 in liver of fishes from Bermuda. Comp Biochem Physiol C: Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 116:61–75.
- Woo SJ, Kim NY, Kim SH, Ahn SJ, Seo JS, Jung SH, Cho MY, Chung JK (2018) Toxicological effects of trichlorfon on hematological and biochemical parameters in Cyprinus carpio L. following thermal stres. Comp Biochem Phys C: 209:18-27.
- Moon YS, Jeon HJ, Nam TH, Choi SD, Park BJ, Ok YS, Lee SE (2016) Acute toxicity and gene responses induced by endosulfan in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Chem Spec Bioavailab 28:103–109.
- Hayes JD, Flanagan JU, Jowsey IR (2005) Glutathione transferases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45:51–88.
- Tatar S, Cikcikoglu Yildirim N, Serdar O, Yildirim N, Ogedey A (2018) The using of Gammarus pulex as a biomonitor in ecological risk assessment of secondary effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plant in Tunceli, Turkey. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 24(3):819–829.
- Yildirim NC, Yaman M (2019) The usability of oxidative stress and detoxification biomarkers in Gammarus pulex for ecological risk assessment of textile dye methyl orange. Chem Ecol 35(4):319–329.
- Serdar O (2019) The effect of dimethoate pesticide on some biochemical biomarkers in Gammarus pulex. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(21): 21905-21914.
- De Lange HJ, Noordoven W, Murk AJ, Lürling M, Peeters ETHM (2006) Behavioural responses of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) to low concentrations of pharmaceuticals. Aquat Toxicol 78(3):209–216.
- Serdar O, Yildirim NC, Tatar S, Yildirim N, Ogedey A (2018) Antioxidant biomarkers in Gammarus pulex to evaluate the efficiency of electrocoagulation process in landfill leachate treatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25: 12538-12544.
- Ödün NA, Serdar O (2022) Zebra Midye (Dreissena polymorpha)'de Malathionun Akut Toksisitesi (LC50)’nin Belirlenmesi. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 7(3): 269-273.
- Kalaycı Ş (2010) SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Asil Publications Ankara/Turkey.
- Serdar O, Aydin R, Çalta M (2019) The Evaluation in Different Temperature of Acute Toxic Effect of Cadmium on Gammarus pulex (Freshwater Amphipoda). Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 4(3): 366-370.
- Serdar O (2021) Determination of the effect of cyfluthrin pesticide on zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) by Some Antioxidant Enzyme Activities. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(1): 77-83.
- Saygı Ş (2003) Deneysel toksikolojide toksisite testleri ve test sonuçlarinin önemi. Gülhane tip dergisi (GTD) Gülhane Medical Journal (GMJ), 291.
- Xuereb B, Noury P, Felten V, Garric J, Geffard O (2007) Cholinesterase activity in G. pulex (Crustacea Amphipoda): Characterization and effects of chlorpyrifos. Toxicology 236:178–189.
- Chandrasekara HU, Pathiratne A (2005) Influence of low concentrations of trichlorfon on hematological parameters and brain acetylcholinesterase activity in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquac Res 36:144–149.
- Demirci Ö (2013) Çeşitli pestisitlerin Gammarus kischineffensis’in antioksidan enzim sistemi ve bazı biyobelirteçler üzerine etkisi. Dicle University Master Thesis 152p.
- Pala A (2013) Triklorfon uygulanan pullu sazan (Cyprinus Carpio)’da asetilkolinesteraz (AChE) enzim aktivitesi ve bazı kan parametrelerinin araştırılması. Fırat University Master Thesis 60p.
- Bainy ACD, Woodin BR, Stegeman JJ (1999) Elevated levels of multiple Cytochrome P450 forms in tilapia from Billings Reservoir-Sao Paulo, Brazil. Aquat Toxicol 44(4):289–305.
- Delescluse C, Ledirac N, Li R, Piechocki MP, Hines RN, Gidrol X, Rahmani R (2001) Induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 gene expression, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity by carbaryl and thiabendazole in transfected human HepG2 and lymphoblastoid cells. Biochemical Pharmacology, 61(4): 399-407.
- Tatar S, Yildirim NC, Serdar O, Erguven GO (2020) Can Toxicities Induced by Insecticide Methomyl be Remediated Via Soil Bacteria Ochrobactrum thiophenivorans and Sphingomonas melonis?. Current Microbiolog 77:1301-1307.
- Wirgin II, Theodorakis CV (2002) Molecular biomarkers in aquatic organisms. In: Adams sm (ed) Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystem stress. Bethesda AFS 73–82.
- Karaca M (2010) Sucul sistem canlılarında organoklorlu pestisitlerin analizi ve antioksidan enzim aktivitelerinin biyogösterge amaçlı uygulanması. Ege University Master Thesis 163p.
- Ozmen M, Güngördü A, Kuçukbay FZ, Guler RE (2006) Monitoring the effects of water pollution on Cyprinus carpio in Karakaya Dam Lake, Turkey. Ecotoxicology 15:157–169.
- Ozmen M, Ayas Z, Güngördü A, Ekmekci, GF, Yerli, S (2008) Ecotoxicological assessment of water pollution in Sariyar Dam Lake, Turkey. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 70:163–173.
Triklorfonun Gammarus pulex’te Bazı Enzimatik Antioksidanlara Etkisinin Değerlendirilmesi
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 49 - 54, 16.07.2024
Şule Tatar Yolcular
Osman Serdar
Dilan Tulpar
Öz
Organofosfat (OP) bileşikleri zararlıları ve böcekleri yok etmek için en yaygın kullanılan kimyasal maddelerdir. Triklorfon tarımda sebze ve meyve zararlılarına karşı kullanılan bir OP pestisittir. Bu çalışmada triklorfona maruz bırakılan Gammarus pulex'in antioksidan tepkilerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Asetilkolinesteraz (AChE), sitokrom P450 (CYP1A1) ve glutatyon S-transferaz (GST) enzim aktiviteleri, ELISA yöntemi kullanılarak mikroplaka okuyucuda ölçülmüştür.
AChE enzim aktivitesini kontrol ile karşılaştırdığımızda tüm gruplarda (LC50 değerinin 1/8, 1/16 ve 1/32'sini içeren A, B ve C konsantrasyon grupları) 24 saat sonra istatistiksel açıdan anlamsız (p>0,05) artmış, 96 saatte ise istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı (p<0,05) azalmıştır. Maruziyet süreleri istatistiksel olarak karşılaştırıldığında A ve B gruplarındaki azalmanın ancak 96 saatlik süre sonunda anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür (p<0,05). CYP1A1 enzim aktivitesi kontrol grubuna göre tüm gruplarda istatistiksel açıdan anlamsız azalmıştır (p>0,05). GST enzim aktivitesi her iki grupta da uygulamadan 24 ve 96 saat sonra kontrole göre istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı (p<0,05) artmıştır.
G. pulex'te triklorfon'a karşı AChE, CYP1A1 ve GST enzim aktivitelerindeki değişimlere bakıldığında bu enzimlerin yararlı biyobelirteçler olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Destekleyen Kurum
Bu çalışma Munzur Üniversitesi Bilimsel Projeler Koordinatörlüğü tarafından desteklenmiştir.
Proje Numarası
YLMUB021-19
Teşekkür
Çalışmayı maddi olarak destekleyen Munzur Üniversitesi Bilimsel Projeler Koordinatörlüğüne teşekkür ederiz.
Kaynakça
- Woo SJ, Kim NY, Kim SH, Ahn SJ, Seo JS, Jung SH, Cho MY, Chung JK (2018) Toxicological effects of trichlorfon on hematological and biochemical parameters in Cyprinus carpio L. following thermal stress. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology 209:18-27.
- Treves-Brown KM (2000) Applied fish pharmacology. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht/ Boston/ London 309p.
- Chang CC, Lee PP, Liu CH, Cheng W (2006) Trichlorfon, an organophosphorus insecticide, depresses the immune responses and resistance to Lactococcus garvieae of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Fish Shellfish Immun 20:574–585.
- Guimaraes ATB, Silva De Assis HC, Boeger W (2007) The effect of trichlorfon on acetylcholinesterase activityand histopathology of cultivated fish Oreochromis niloticus. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 68:57–62.
- Kwong TC (2002) Organophosphate pesticides: Biochemistry and clinical toxicology. Ther Drug Monit 24:144–149.
- Fulton MH, Key PB (2001) Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in estuarine fish and invertebrates as an indicator of organophosphorus insecticide exposure and effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:37–45.
- Valvanidis A, Vlachogianni T (2010) Integrated biomarkers in aquatic organisms as a tool for biomonitoring environmental pollution and improved ecological risk assessment. Science Advances on Environmental Chemistry Toxicology and Ecotoxicology issues, www.chemtox-ecotox.org
- Amitai G, Moorad D, Adani A, Doctor BP (1998) Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase by chlorpyrifos-oxon. Biochem Pharmacol 56:293–299.
- Slaninova A, Smutna M, Modra H, Svobodova Z (2009) A review: Oxidative stress in fish induced by pesticides. Neuroendocrinol Lett 30(1).
- Oinonen T, Saarikoski S, Husgafvel-Pursianinen K, Hirvonen A, Lindros KO (1994) Pretranslational induction of cytochrome P4501A enzymes by β-naphthoflavone and 3-methylcholanthrene occurs in different liver zones. Biochem Pharmacol 48:2189–2197.
- Shimada T, Sugie A, Shindo M, Nakajima T, Azuma E, Hashimoto M, Inoue K (2003) Tissue-specific induction of cytochromes P450 1A1 and 1B1 by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in engineered C57BL/6J mice of arylhydrocarbon receptor gene. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 187:1–10.
- Stegeman JJ, Woodin BR, Singh H, Oleksiak MF, Celander M (1997) Cytochromes P450 (CYP) in tropical fishes: catalytic activities, expression of multiple CYP proteins and high levels of microsomal P450 in liver of fishes from Bermuda. Comp Biochem Physiol C: Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol 116:61–75.
- Woo SJ, Kim NY, Kim SH, Ahn SJ, Seo JS, Jung SH, Cho MY, Chung JK (2018) Toxicological effects of trichlorfon on hematological and biochemical parameters in Cyprinus carpio L. following thermal stres. Comp Biochem Phys C: 209:18-27.
- Moon YS, Jeon HJ, Nam TH, Choi SD, Park BJ, Ok YS, Lee SE (2016) Acute toxicity and gene responses induced by endosulfan in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Chem Spec Bioavailab 28:103–109.
- Hayes JD, Flanagan JU, Jowsey IR (2005) Glutathione transferases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 45:51–88.
- Tatar S, Cikcikoglu Yildirim N, Serdar O, Yildirim N, Ogedey A (2018) The using of Gammarus pulex as a biomonitor in ecological risk assessment of secondary effluent from municipal wastewater treatment plant in Tunceli, Turkey. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 24(3):819–829.
- Yildirim NC, Yaman M (2019) The usability of oxidative stress and detoxification biomarkers in Gammarus pulex for ecological risk assessment of textile dye methyl orange. Chem Ecol 35(4):319–329.
- Serdar O (2019) The effect of dimethoate pesticide on some biochemical biomarkers in Gammarus pulex. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(21): 21905-21914.
- De Lange HJ, Noordoven W, Murk AJ, Lürling M, Peeters ETHM (2006) Behavioural responses of Gammarus pulex (Crustacea, Amphipoda) to low concentrations of pharmaceuticals. Aquat Toxicol 78(3):209–216.
- Serdar O, Yildirim NC, Tatar S, Yildirim N, Ogedey A (2018) Antioxidant biomarkers in Gammarus pulex to evaluate the efficiency of electrocoagulation process in landfill leachate treatment. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25: 12538-12544.
- Ödün NA, Serdar O (2022) Zebra Midye (Dreissena polymorpha)'de Malathionun Akut Toksisitesi (LC50)’nin Belirlenmesi. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 7(3): 269-273.
- Kalaycı Ş (2010) SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Asil Publications Ankara/Turkey.
- Serdar O, Aydin R, Çalta M (2019) The Evaluation in Different Temperature of Acute Toxic Effect of Cadmium on Gammarus pulex (Freshwater Amphipoda). Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 4(3): 366-370.
- Serdar O (2021) Determination of the effect of cyfluthrin pesticide on zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) by Some Antioxidant Enzyme Activities. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 6(1): 77-83.
- Saygı Ş (2003) Deneysel toksikolojide toksisite testleri ve test sonuçlarinin önemi. Gülhane tip dergisi (GTD) Gülhane Medical Journal (GMJ), 291.
- Xuereb B, Noury P, Felten V, Garric J, Geffard O (2007) Cholinesterase activity in G. pulex (Crustacea Amphipoda): Characterization and effects of chlorpyrifos. Toxicology 236:178–189.
- Chandrasekara HU, Pathiratne A (2005) Influence of low concentrations of trichlorfon on hematological parameters and brain acetylcholinesterase activity in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquac Res 36:144–149.
- Demirci Ö (2013) Çeşitli pestisitlerin Gammarus kischineffensis’in antioksidan enzim sistemi ve bazı biyobelirteçler üzerine etkisi. Dicle University Master Thesis 152p.
- Pala A (2013) Triklorfon uygulanan pullu sazan (Cyprinus Carpio)’da asetilkolinesteraz (AChE) enzim aktivitesi ve bazı kan parametrelerinin araştırılması. Fırat University Master Thesis 60p.
- Bainy ACD, Woodin BR, Stegeman JJ (1999) Elevated levels of multiple Cytochrome P450 forms in tilapia from Billings Reservoir-Sao Paulo, Brazil. Aquat Toxicol 44(4):289–305.
- Delescluse C, Ledirac N, Li R, Piechocki MP, Hines RN, Gidrol X, Rahmani R (2001) Induction of cytochrome P450 1A1 gene expression, oxidative stress, and genotoxicity by carbaryl and thiabendazole in transfected human HepG2 and lymphoblastoid cells. Biochemical Pharmacology, 61(4): 399-407.
- Tatar S, Yildirim NC, Serdar O, Erguven GO (2020) Can Toxicities Induced by Insecticide Methomyl be Remediated Via Soil Bacteria Ochrobactrum thiophenivorans and Sphingomonas melonis?. Current Microbiolog 77:1301-1307.
- Wirgin II, Theodorakis CV (2002) Molecular biomarkers in aquatic organisms. In: Adams sm (ed) Biological indicators of aquatic ecosystem stress. Bethesda AFS 73–82.
- Karaca M (2010) Sucul sistem canlılarında organoklorlu pestisitlerin analizi ve antioksidan enzim aktivitelerinin biyogösterge amaçlı uygulanması. Ege University Master Thesis 163p.
- Ozmen M, Güngördü A, Kuçukbay FZ, Guler RE (2006) Monitoring the effects of water pollution on Cyprinus carpio in Karakaya Dam Lake, Turkey. Ecotoxicology 15:157–169.
- Ozmen M, Ayas Z, Güngördü A, Ekmekci, GF, Yerli, S (2008) Ecotoxicological assessment of water pollution in Sariyar Dam Lake, Turkey. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 70:163–173.