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The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types

Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1 25 Eylül 2026
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The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types

Öz

The philosophical dispute between humans and animals in Epistle 22 of the Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ has usually been studied for its content, that is, for its animal ethics, its theology, and its literary artistry. Its argumentative form, the logical structure, validity, and adjudication of the proofs exchanged before the King of the Jinn, has not been examined systematically. This article addresses that gap. Drawing on the epistemological theory of argumentation, it identifies five types of argumentation in the trial. These are (1) Qurʾān-based interpretive argumentation, (2) deductive argumentation based on physical form, (3) ethical argumentation grounded in moral responsibility and the concept of khilāfa, (4) argumentation from human sciences, arts, and civilization, and (5) argumentation from prophets, saints, and spiritual excellence. For each type, the arguments advanced by both parties are formally reconstructed in premise-conclusion form and evaluated. The classification criteria and the internal consistency of the typology are made explicit, and the epistle’s modes of proof are compared with the methodology of classical kalām, including the naqlī/ʿaqlī division of evidence, the disputational figures of ilzām and muʿāraḍa, and the Muʿtazilī debate on animal suffering and divine compensation, together with the Ashʿarī counter-position on divine obligation. The epistle is not a Kalām text in the traditional sense, yet it can be analyzed from a Kalām perspective on account of its argumentative practice. The animals prevail in four of the five exchanges. The single human argument that gains acknowledgment abandons the claim of universal human superiority in favour of an existential claim about a uniquely human capacity for spiritual perfection realized by prophets and saints. Since no relation of mastery follows from this capacity claim, the verdict that closes the trial exceeds what the arguments establish. Thereby, the determination of an 'unhappy ending' in the literature is brought to a precise logical diagnosis, and the position of the epistle within the Kalām tradition is made distinct at the argumentative level.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Etik Beyan

This article does not require ethics committee approval as it is a theoretical and textual analysis that does not involve human subjects, animals, or experimental research.

Teşekkür

The author would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions.

Kaynakça

  1. Callataÿ, Godefroid de. Ikhwan al-Safa’: A Brotherhood of Idealists on the Fringe of Orthodox Islam. Oxford: Oneworld, 2005.
  2. Callataÿ, Godefroid de. “Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ).” In Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three, edited by K. Fleet et al., 84–90. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2013.
  3. El-Bizri, Nader, ed. Epistles of the Brethren of Purity: The Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ and Their Rasāʾil: An Introduction. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
  4. Giese, Alma, trans. and ed. Mensch und Tier vor dem König der Dschinnen. Aus den Schriften der Lauteren Brüder von Basra. Philosophische Bibliothek 433. Hamburg: Felix Meiner, 1990.
  5. Heemskerk, Margaretha T. Suffering in the Muʿtazilite Theology: ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Teaching on Pain and Divine Justice. Leiden, Boston, and Cologne: Brill, 2000.
  6. Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ. The Case of the Animals versus Man Before the King of the Jinn: A Translation from the Epistles of the Brethren of Purity. Translated by Lenn E. Goodman and Richard McGregor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  7. Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ. Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ. 4 vols. Beirut: Dār Ṣādir, 1957.
  8. López-Farjeat, Luis Xavier. “If Animals Feel Pain… Some Considerations in Classical Islamic Kalām and Falsafa.” Philosmus: Journal of Philosophy and Sciences in Muslim Contexts 3–4 (2023): 153–182.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Sistematik Felsefe (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

25 Eylül 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

29 Aralık 2025

Kabul Tarihi

14 Eylül 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
İnce, S. (2026). The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types. Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları, 9(1), 26-55. https://izlik.org/JA69MM75RF
AMA
1.İnce S. The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types. Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları. 2026;9(1):26-55. https://izlik.org/JA69MM75RF
Chicago
İnce, Serkan. 2026. “The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types”. Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları 9 (1): 26-55. https://izlik.org/JA69MM75RF.
EndNote
İnce S (01 Eylül 2026) The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types. Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları 9 1 26–55.
IEEE
[1]S. İnce, “The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types”, Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları, c. 9, sy 1, ss. 26–55, Eyl. 2026, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA69MM75RF
ISNAD
İnce, Serkan. “The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types”. Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları 9/1 (01 Eylül 2026): 26-55. https://izlik.org/JA69MM75RF.
JAMA
1.İnce S. The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types. Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları. 2026;9:26–55.
MLA
İnce, Serkan. “The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types”. Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları, c. 9, sy 1, Eylül 2026, ss. 26-55, https://izlik.org/JA69MM75RF.
Vancouver
1.Serkan İnce. The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types. Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları [Internet]. 01 Eylül 2026;9(1):26-55. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA69MM75RF
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