The Argumentativity of the Philosophical-Theological Dispute between Humans and Animals in the Epistles of the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ: A Systematic Analysis of Five Argumentation Types
Öz
The philosophical dispute between humans and animals in Epistle 22 of the Rasāʾil Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ has usually been studied for its content, that is, for its animal ethics, its theology, and its literary artistry. Its argumentative form, the logical structure, validity, and adjudication of the proofs exchanged before the King of the Jinn, has not been examined systematically. This article addresses that gap. Drawing on the epistemological theory of argumentation, it identifies five types of argumentation in the trial. These are (1) Qurʾān-based interpretive argumentation, (2) deductive argumentation based on physical form, (3) ethical argumentation grounded in moral responsibility and the concept of khilāfa, (4) argumentation from human sciences, arts, and civilization, and (5) argumentation from prophets, saints, and spiritual excellence. For each type, the arguments advanced by both parties are formally reconstructed in premise-conclusion form and evaluated. The classification criteria and the internal consistency of the typology are made explicit, and the epistle’s modes of proof are compared with the methodology of classical kalām, including the naqlī/ʿaqlī division of evidence, the disputational figures of ilzām and muʿāraḍa, and the Muʿtazilī debate on animal suffering and divine compensation, together with the Ashʿarī counter-position on divine obligation. The epistle is not a Kalām text in the traditional sense, yet it can be analyzed from a Kalām perspective on account of its argumentative practice. The animals prevail in four of the five exchanges. The single human argument that gains acknowledgment abandons the claim of universal human superiority in favour of an existential claim about a uniquely human capacity for spiritual perfection realized by prophets and saints. Since no relation of mastery follows from this capacity claim, the verdict that closes the trial exceeds what the arguments establish. Thereby, the determination of an 'unhappy ending' in the literature is brought to a precise logical diagnosis, and the position of the epistle within the Kalām tradition is made distinct at the argumentative level.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
Etik Beyan
Teşekkür
Kaynakça
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- Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ. The Case of the Animals versus Man Before the King of the Jinn: A Translation from the Epistles of the Brethren of Purity. Translated by Lenn E. Goodman and Richard McGregor. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
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- López-Farjeat, Luis Xavier. “If Animals Feel Pain… Some Considerations in Classical Islamic Kalām and Falsafa.” Philosmus: Journal of Philosophy and Sciences in Muslim Contexts 3–4 (2023): 153–182.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Sistematik Felsefe (Diğer)
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar
Serkan İnce
*
0000-0002-8839-0394
Germany
Yayımlanma Tarihi
25 Eylül 2026
Gönderilme Tarihi
29 Aralık 2025
Kabul Tarihi
14 Eylül 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2026 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1
