Kamakura Period (1185-1333) Buddhist Schools and Monasticism

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 6, 209 - 231, 31.12.2020

Merve Susuz Aygül

Öz

Buddhism, came to Japan via Korea in the sixth century, has undergone various transformations and changes in this island country and has been shaped many times by the new circumstances it has come across. One of these important transformations which Buddhism went through in Japanese history took place during the Kamakura Period. Buddhist monks like Eisai, Dōgen, and Hōnen who complaining that the Buddhist schools of the previous periods were degenerated, developed new understandings and established the Kamakura Buddhist schools. The purpose of this article is to examine these new Buddhist schools in terms of their understandings of the monastic life. In Buddhism, because it is undeniable the centrality of monastery, it is necessary to discuss the Kamakura schools’ approaches toward the monastic life to comprehend the Japanese Buddhism. In this context, firstly the conditions that affecting the development of the Kamakura Buddhist schools are analyzed. Secondly, it is discussed Pure Land, Nichiren, and Zen schools’ understanding of monastic life. Six Nara schools and Tendai and Shingon schools that emerged in the previous periods but continued to exist during the Kamakura period as well are beyond the scope of this article.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kamakura Buddhist Schools, Zen Buddhism, Monastic Life, Eisai, Dōgen

Japonya’da Kamakura Dönemi (1185-1333) Budist Okulları Ve Manastır Kurumu

Öz

Altıncı yüzyılda Çin’den Kore aracılığıyla Japonya’ya gelen Budizm, bu ada ülkesinde çeşitli yenilik ve dönüşümlere maruz kalmış, karşılaştığı yeni koşullar çerçevesinde kendisini defalarca şekillendirmiştir. Budizmin Japon tarihinde yaşadığı bu dönüşümlerden biri de Kamakura döneminde vuku bulmuştur. Önceki dönemin Budist okullarının yozlaştığından şikâyet eden Budist rahipler çözümü yeni anlayışlar geliştirmekte görmüş ve bu bağlamda Kamakura dönemi Budist okullarını kurmuşlardır. Bu makalenin amacı söz konusu Budist okullarını manastır hayatı noktasında benimsedikleri farklılıklar açısından değerlendirmektir. Budizm söz konusu olduğunda manastır kurumunun merkezi konumu yadsınamaz, bu nedenle günümüz Japon Budizminin de çoğunluğunu oluşturan Kamakura dönemi Budist okullarının manastır hayatı noktasında benimsedikleri anlayışları ele almak Japon Budizmini anlamak için gereklidir. Bu bağlamda makalede öncelikle Kamakura dönemi Budizminin gelişimini etkileyen unsurlara değinilecek sonrasında bu dönemde gelişen Arı Ülke, Nichiren ve Zen okulunun manastır hayatına bakışı ele alınacaktır. Önceki dönemlerde ortaya çıkmış fakat Kamakura döneminde de varlığını devam ettiren altı Nara okulu ile Tendai ve Shingon okulları bu makalenin kapsamı dışında kalmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kamakura Budist okulları, Zen Budizmi, Manastır Hayatı, Eisai, Dōgen

Kaynakça

• Aishin, Imaeda. “Dōgen.” Shapers of Japanese Buddhism, editor Yusen Kashiwahara, Koyu Sonoda, 97-122. Tokyo: Kōsei Publishing, 1994.
• Aishin, Imaeda. “Eisai.” Shapers of Japanese Buddhism, editor Yusen Kashiwahara, Koyu Sonoda, 76-86. Tokyo: Kōsei Publishing, 1994.
• Andrews, Allan A. “Lay and Monastic Forms of Pure Land Devotionalism: Typology and History.” Numen 40, sayı 1 (1993): 16-37.
• Andrews, Allan A. “The "Senchakushū" in Japanese Religious History: The Founding of a Pure Land School.” Journal of the American Academy of Religion LV, sayı 3 (1987): 473-502.
• Colcutt, Martin. Five Mountains; The Rinzai Zen Monastic Institution in Medieval Japan. USA: Harvard University Press Council of East Asian Studies, 1981.
• Dijital Dictionary of Buddhism, http://www.buddhism-dict.net/cgi-bin/xpr- ddb.pl?q=%E6%88%92%E5%A3%87 (03.12.2020).
• Dobbins, James C. “Genshin’s Deathbed Nenbutsu Ritual in Pure Land Buddhism.” Religions of Japan in Practice, editor George Tanabe. 166-175. Princeton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1999.
• Dobbins, James C. “Precepts in Japanese Pure Land Buddhism.” Going Forth; Visions of Buddhist Vinaya, editör William M. Bodiford, 236-254. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2005.
• Dōgen. “Fukanzazengi.” Dōgen’s Extensive Records, A Translation of the Eihei Kōroku, çeviren Taigen Dan Leighton, Shohaku Okumura. Boston: Wisdom Publications, 2010.
• Dogen, Shobogenzo: The True Dharma-Eye Treasury II, çeviren Gudo Wafu Nishijima, Chodo Cross. BDK America, 2007.
• Dōgen, Dōgen’s Pure Standarts for the Zen Community A Translation of the Eihei Shingi. Çeviren Taigen Daniel Leighton, Shohaku Okumura. New York: State University of New York Press, 1996.
• Dumoulin, Heinrich. A History of Zen Buddhism. Çeviren Paul Peachey. New York: Pantheon Books, 1963. Dumoulin, Heinrich. Zen Buddhism, A History, Japan. Çeviren James W. Heisig, Paul Knitter. Indiana: World Wisdom, 2005.
• Eisai. “A Treatise Letting Zen Flourish.” Çeviren Gishin Tokiwa. Zen Texts, BDK English Tripitaka Series. USA: Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, 2005.
• Farris, William Wayne. Japan’s Medieval Population; Famine, Fertility, and Warfare in a Transformative Age. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2006.
• Foulk, T. Griffith, Dale S. Wright. ““Rules of Purity” in Japanese Zen’.” Zen Classics: Formative Texts in the History of Zen Buddhism, 137-170. UK: Oxford University Press, 2006.
• Furuta, Takehiko. “Shinran.” Shapers of Japanese Buddhism, editör Yusen Kashiwahara, Koyu Sonoda. 87-96. Tokyo: Kōsei Publishing, 1994.
• Getz, Daniel A. “Pure Land Buddhism.” Encyclopedia of Buddhism, editör Robert E. Busswell. 698-703.USA 2004.
• Güvenç, Bozkurt. Japon Kültürü. 2. bs. İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2002.
• Habito, Ruben L.F., Jacqueline I. Stone. “Revisiting Nichiren.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 26, sayı 3\4 (1999): 223-236.
• Heine, Steven. From Chinese Chan to Japanese Zen: A Remarkable Century of Transmission and Transformation. UK: Oxford University Press, 2017.
• Henshall, Kenneth. Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. UK: The Scarecrow Press, 2014.
• Hiroo, Satō, Ruben Habito. “Nichiren’s View of Nation and Religion.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 26, sayı. 3/4 (Fall, 1999): 307-323. Itō, Yuishin. “Hõnen.” Shapers of Japanese Buddhism, editör Yusen Kashiwahara, Koyu Sonoda, 63-75.Tokyo: Kōsei Publishing, 1994.
• Jōkin, Keizan. Zen Master Keizan’s Monastic Regulations. Çeviren Ichimura Shohei, U.S.A.: North American Institute of Zen and Buddhist Studies, 1994. Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Erken Dönem Japon Budizmi.” Fırat Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi XVIII, sayı 2 (2013): 53-67.
• Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Nichiren Budizmi.” Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2012.
• Kazuo, Ōsumi. “Buddhism in the Kamakura Period.” The Cambridge History of Japan III, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
• Kitagawa, Joseph M. “The Buddhist Transformation in Japan.” History of Religions, The University of Chicago Press 4, sayı 2 (Winter, 1965): 319-336. Küçükyalçın, Erdal. Dönüm Noktalarıyla Japon Tarihi: Samuraylar Çağı. İstanbul: İnkılap Kitabevi, 2013.
• Malkoç, Abdulhak. “T’ang Dönemi Çin Kültürünün Japon Kültürüne Etkileri (619–907).” Doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2008. Matsuo, Kenji. A History of Japanese Buddhism. UK: Global Oriental, 2007. Morse, Samuel C. “The Buddhist Transformation of Japan in the Ninth Century, The Case of Eleven-Headed Kannon.” Heian Japan Center and Peripheries, ed. Mikael Adolphson and Edward Kamens, Stacie Matsumoto. 153-176. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2007.
• Nichiren. “On Attainin Buddhahood in This Lifetime.” The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin I, 3-5. Editör ve çeviren The Gosho Translation Committee, Tokyo: Soka Gakkai, 1999.
• Nichiren. “On Establishing the Correct Teaching fort he Peace of the Land.” The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin I, 6-30. Editör ve çeviren The Gosho Translation Committee, Tokyo: Soka Gakkai, 1999.
• Nichiren. “On Offerings for Deceased Ancestors.” The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin I, 817-822. Editör ve çeviren The Gosho Translation Committee, Tokyo: Soka Gakkai, 1999.
• Nichiren. “The Selection of the Time.” The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin I, 538-594. Editör ve çeviren The Gosho Translation Committee, Tokyo: Soka Gakkai, 1999.
• Nichiren. “The Unity of Husband and Wife.” The Writings of Nichiren Daishonin, c. I, 463-465. Editör ve çeviren The Gosho Translation Committee, Tokyo: Soka Gakkai, 1999.
• Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. Çeviren W.G. Aston, London: The Japan Society, 1896.
• Rhodes, Robert F. “Beginning of Pure Land Buddhism in Japan: From Its Introduction through the Nara Period.” Japanese Religions 31, sayı 1 (January 2006): 1–22.
• Rhodes, Robert F. “Ōjōyōshū, Nihon Ōjō Gokuraku-ki, and the Construction of Pure Land Discourse in Heian Japan.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 34, sayı 2 (2007): 249–270.
• Ruppert, Brian, William E. Deal. A Cultural History of Japan. UK: Wiley Blackwell, 2015.
• Stevenson, Daniel B. “Death-Bed Testimonials of the Pure Land Faithful.” Buddhism in Practice, editör Donald S. Lopez. 447-458. USA: Princeton Readings in Religions, 2007.
• Stone, Jacqueline I. “Nichiren School.” Encyclopedia of Buddhism, editör Robert E. Busswell. 595-599. USA 2004. Stone, Jacqueline I. “The Atsuhara Affair; The Lotus Sutra, Persecution, and Religious Identity in the Early Nichiren Tradition.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 41, sayı 1 (2014): 153-189.
• Stone, Jacqueline I. “With the Help of ‘Good Friends’; Deathbed Ritual Practices in Early Medieval Japan.” Death and the Afterlife in Japanese Buddhism, 61-102. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009.
• Şahin, Hayrettin. “Japon Budizmi.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erciyes Üniversitesi, 1990.
• Şenavcu, Halil İbrahim. “Dünden Bugüne Japon Budizmi: İnanç ve Uygulamaları.” Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, 2015.
• Şenavcu, Halil İbrahim. “Tarihsel Süreç İçerisinde Japon Budizmi: Genel Bir Bakış.” Türkiye Din Eğitimi Araştırmaları Dergisi, sayı 1 (Haziran 2016): 42-64.
• Toshio, Kuroda. “The Development of the Kenmitsu System.” Çeviren James C. Dobbins, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 23, sayı 3-4 (1996): 233-269.
• Turan, Emine Zehra. “Budizm’de Manastır Hayatı.” Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2004.
• William M. Bodiford. Soto Zen in Medieval Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1993.
• Yifa, The Origins of Buddhist Monastic Codes in China. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2002.
• Zenchō, Kitagawa. “The Words of the Lotus Sutra in Nichiren’s Thought.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 41, sayı 1 (2014): 25-43.