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İbn Rüşd Öncesinde Latinlerin İslam Felsefesi ile İlk Temasları: Gundissalinus’un Prologus’unun Tercümesi ve Değerlendirmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 5 - 50, 30.06.2023

Öz

12. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında İspanya’nın Toledo şehrinde, araştırmacıların genelde ‘tercüme okulu’ veya ‘tercüme faaliyeti’ olarak ifade ettiği ilginç bir fenomenle karşılaşmaktayız. Dominicus Gundissalinus ve Gerardus Cremonensis gibi bilginlerin başını çektiği bu tercüme faaliyeti, Müslümanların felsefî eserlerinin Arapçadan Latinceye aktarılması gayesiyle ortaya çıkmıştır. Kuşkusuz Latinler daha önceki asırlarda da Müslümanların ortaya koyduğu bilimsel ürünlere ilgi duymuşlar ve başta tıp, astroloji, botanik, astronomi vb. alanlarda bazı tercümeler de yapmışlardır. Ancak Toledo’da ilk defa Latinlerin, teknoloji aktarımı sayılabilecek söz konusu alanların dışında Müslümanların ortaya koyduğu teorik ürünleri tercüme etmeye kalkıştıklarını görüyoruz. Müslümanların Batı felsefesine etkisi genelde İbn Rüşd’ün şerhlerinin tercümesiyle (1220’den itibaren) başlatmanın adet haline geldiğini düşünürsek, 1150’lerden itibaren başta Kindī, Fārābī, Gazzālī ve İbn Sīnā’nın bazı eserlerinin Toledo’da yoğun bir ilgiye mazhar olduğunu göstermek önemli olacaktır.
Bu çalışmanın ilk kısmı, Augustinus ve Boethius etkisiyle Batı felsefe tarihinde hâkim olan Platoncu/Yeni Platoncu felsefî anlayışının yanında Aristotelesçiliğin ilk izlerini tespit etmeye çalıştık. Öyle görünüyor ki 13. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Latin dünyasını domine eden Aristotelesçiliğin ilk adımlarını Toledo’da ve özellikle de Gundissalinus’un eserlerinde bulmaktayız. Bu anlamda onun De divisione philosophiae adlı eseri ve özellikle de bu eserin mukaddimesi (Prologus) Batı’da söz konusu ‘yeni felsefe’nin ilk tezahürüdür. Bu değişimin sembolik bir ifadesi olarak, Gundissalinus’ta teoloji artık sacra pagina olarak değil, Fārābī ve İbn Sīnā’daki gibi metafizik olarak sunulmaktadır. Bunun yanında çalışmanın bu bölümünde, Toledo’daki tercüme faaliyetini, en önemli aktörlerini, yapılan en önemli tercümeleri, De divisione philosophiae’nin önemini ve Prologus’un özel bağlamını tasvir etmeye çalıştık.
Çalışmanın ikinci kısmında Gundissalinus’un, Fārābī’nin İhsā’u’l-`Ulūm eserini model alarak kaleme aldığı De divisione philosophiae kitabının mukaddimesini Latinceden tercüme ettik ve söz konusu dönemde İslam felsefesinden yapılan tercümeler ışığında bu kısmı tahlil etmeye çalıştık. Tercümenin sonnotlarında da göstermeye çalıştığımız gibi, Gundissalinus’un eseri orijinal olmaktan ziyade, büyük ölçüde Fārābī, İbn Sīnā ve Gazzālī’nin eserlerinden yapılan bir derlemeyi andırmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Altmann, Alexander ve STERN, Samuel M. Isaac Israeli A Neoplatonic Philosopher of the Early Tenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
  • Aristotle. Metaphysics. İng. çev. W.D. Ross, ed. J. Barnes, The Complete Works of Aristotle (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995) içinde, ss. 3343-3716.
  • Az, Mehmet Ata. “Fârâbî’nin Eserlerinin Latinceye Tercüme Süreci ve Latin Düşüncesine Etkisi,” Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 19/2 (Aralık-2020). ss. 548-581.
  • Baur, Ludwig (ed.). Dominicus Gundissalinus De divisione philosophiae. (Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters. Texte und Untersuchungen). Münster: Aschendorff, 1903.
  • Boethius. De trinitate. İng. çev. H.F. Stewart ve E.K. Rand, Boethius Theological Tractates. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968. ss. 1-31.
  • Boethius. The Consolation of Philosophy. İng. çev. H.F. Stewart, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968.
  • Bsoul, Labeeb Ahmed. Translation Movement and Acculturation in the Medieval Islamic World. Palgrave Macmillan, 2019 (e-book).
  • Burnett, Charles. “The Coherence of the Latin-Arabic Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century,” Science in Context 14 (1-2/2001). ss. 249-288.
  • Burnett, Charles. “A Group of Arabic-Latin Translators Working in Northern Spain in Mid-12th Century,” The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1 (1997). ss. 62-108.
  • Burnett, Charles. “The Translating Activity in Medieval Spain,” S. K. Jayyusi (ed.), The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Leiden: Brill, 1992. ss. 1036-1058.
  • Burnett, Charles. “The Blend of Latin and Arabic Sources in the Metaphysics of Adelard of Bath, Hermann of Carinthia, and Gundisalvus,” M. Lutz-Bachmann, A. Fidora ve A. Niederberger (ed.), Metaphysics in the Twelfth Centu ry: On the Relationship among Philosophy, Science and Theology. Turnhout: Brepols, 2004 içinde. ss. 41-65. Copeland, Rita ve Sluiter, Ineke (ed.). Medieval Grammar and Rhetoric: Language Arts and Literary Theory, AD 300-1475. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Chroust, Anton-Hermann. “The Definitions of Philosophy in the De Divisione Philosophiae of Dominicus Gundissalinus,” The New Scholasticism 25 (1951), ss. 253-281.
  • de Epalza, Mikel. “The New Mozarabs: An Emblematic Christian Minority in Islamic al-Andalus,” ed. S. K. Jayyusi. The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Leiden: Brill, 1992. ss. 149-170.
  • Fārābī. İlimlerin Sayımı İhsā’u’l-‛Ulūm. çev. Mevlüt Uyanık ve Aygün Akyol. Ankara: Elis Yayınları, 2017.
  • Fidora, Alexander. “Dominicus Gundissalinus and the Introduction of Metaphysics into the Latin West,” The Review of Metaphysics 66 (2015). ss. 691-712.
  • Fidora, Alexander ve WERNER, Dorothée (ed.). De divisione philosophiae – Über die Einteilung der Philosophie, Herders Bibliothek der Philosophie des Mittelalters, c. 11. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 2007.
  • Fidora, Alexander ve POLLONI, Nicola. “Ordering the Sciences: Al-Fārābī and the Latinate Tradition,” Ishraq Islamic Philosophy Yearbook 10 (2022), ss. 110-130.
  • Fidora, Alexander. “Religious Diversity and the Philosophical Translations of Twelfth-Century Toledo,” C. J. Mews ve J. N. Crossley (ed.), Communities of Learning: Networks and the Shaping of Intellectual Identity in Europe, 1100-1500. Turnhout: Brepols, 2011. ss. 19-36.
  • Freudenthal, Gad. “Abraham Ibn Daud, Avendauth, Dominicus Gundissalinus and Practical Mathematics in Mid-Twelfth Century Toledo,” Aleph 16/1 (2016). ss. 61-106.
  • Gazzālī. Felsefenin Temel İlkeleri Makāsıdu’l-Felāsife. çev. C. Erdemci. Ankara: Vadi Yayınları, 2002.
  • el-Ghazi, Omar ve BNINI, Chakib. “Arabic Translation from Bait al-Hikma to Toledo School of Translators: Key Players, Theorization and Major Strategies,” International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3/9 (2020). ss. 66-80.
  • Haring, M. Nikolaus. “Thierry of Chartres and Dominicus Gundissalinus,” Mediaeval Studies 26 (1964). ss. 271-286.
  • Haskins, Charles Homer. The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927. Hasse, Dag Nikolaus. “Three Double Translations from Arabic into Latin by Gerard of Cremona and Dominicus Gundisalvi,” ed. Dragos Calma, Reading Proclus and the Book of Causes Volume 2. Leiden: Brill, 2020. ss. 247-274.
  • Hasse, Nikolaus Dag. “The Social Conditions of the Arabic-(Hebrew-)Latin Translation Movements in Medieval Spain and in the Renaissance,” A. Speer ve L. Wegener (ed.), Wissen über Grenzen: Arabisches Wissen und lateinisches Mittelalter. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2006. Ss. 68-88.
  • İBN RÜŞD, Tefsîr mâ ba‛de’t-Tabî‛a, thk. M. Bouyges. Beyrut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1938-52.
  • İbn Sīnā. Kitābu’ş-Şifā Mantığa Giriş. çev. Ö. Türker. İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık, 2006.
  • Jolivet, Jean. “The Arabic Inheritance,” ed. P. Dronke. A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. ss. 113-150.
  • Kren, Claudia. “Gundissalinus, Dominicus,” ed. Charles C. Gillispie. Dictionary of Scientific Biography Volume e5. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972. ss. 591-593.
  • Laumakis, John A. Dominicus Gundissalinus The Procession of the World (De processione mundi). Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2002.
  • Marmura, Michael E. “Avicenna on the Division of the Sciences in the ‘Isagoge’ of His ‘Shifa’,” Journal for the History of Arabic Science 4/2 (1980). ss. 239-251.
  • Minnema, Anthony H. The Latin Readers of Algazel 1150-1600. University of Tennessee, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, 2013.
  • Muckle, Joseph T. (ed.), Algazel’s Metaphysics A Medieval Translation. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1967.
  • Nájera, Rafael. “Scientia in the Twelfth Century,” ed. H. Lagerlund, Knowledge in Medieval Philosophy. Oxford: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. ss. 35-58.
  • Platon. Theaitetos, çev. F. Akderin. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2014.
  • Polloni, Nicola. “Gundissalinus and Avicenna: Some Remarks on an Intricate Philosophical Connection,” Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale 28 (2017). ss. 515-552.
  • Polloni, Nicola. “The Toledan Translation Movement and Dominicus Gundissalinus: Some Remarks on His Activity and Presence in Castille,” Y. Beale-Rivaya ve J. Busic (ed.) A Companion to Medieval Toledo: Reconsidering the Canons. Leiden: Brill, 2018. ss. 263-280.
  • Strobino, Riccardo. “Avicenna’s Kitāb al-burhān, II.7 and its Latin Translation by Gundissalinus: Content and Text,” Documenti e Studi sulla Tradizione Filosofica Medievale 28 (2017), ss. 105-147.
  • Şahin, Eyüp. “Fârâbî’nin İlimler Tasnifinin Latin Dünyasına Geçişi ve Kabulü,” Diyanet İlmî Dergi 52/1 (2016). ss. 151-166.
  • Yücel, Hüseyin. “İbn Sînâ ve Dominicus Gundissalinus’un Zorunlu ve Mümkün Varlık Mukayeseleri,” Felsefe Dünyası Dergisi 73 (2021). ss. 321-355.
  • Weisheipl, James A. “Classification of the Sciences in Medieval Thought,” Mediaeval Studies 27 (1965). ss. 54-90.
  • Zonta, Mauro. “al-Fārābī, Latin Translations of,” H. Lagerlund (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Medieval Philosophy. Dordrecht: Springer, 2020. ss. 559-561.

Latins' First Contacts with Islamic Philosophy Before Ibn Rushd: Translation and Evaluation of Gundissalinus' Prologus

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1, 5 - 50, 30.06.2023

Öz

In the second half of the 12th century, we encounter an interesting phenomenon in the Spanish city of Toledo, generally termed by the scholars as ‘school of translation’ or ‘translation activity’. This translation activity, led by scholars such as Dominicus Gundissalinus and Gerardus Cremonensis, emerged with the goal of translating philosophical works of Muslims from Arabic into Latin. Considering that the historical account of the Muslim influence on Western philosophy generally begins with the translation of Ibn Rushd's commentaries (from 1220 onwards), it is important to note that the works of Kindī, Fārābī, Gazzālī, and Ibn Sīnā received significant attention in Toledo from the 1150s onwards.
In the first part of this study, we attempted to show very shortly the first traces of Aristotelianism, which dominated the Latin world from the second half of the 13th century onwards, in Toledo, particularly in Gundissalinus's works. In this sense, his work De divisione philosophiae and especially its introduction (Prologus) is the first manifestation of the so-called "new philosophy" in the West. As a symbolic expression of this change, in Gundissalinus, theology is presented as metaphysics, like in the works of Fārābī and Ibn Sīnā, rather than sacra pagina. In addition, in this part of the study, we attempted to describe the translation activity in Toledo, its most important actors, the most important translations, the importance of De divisione philosophiae, and the special context of the Prologus.
In the second part of the study, we translated the prologue of De divisione philosophiae, a book written by Gundissalinus modeled on al-Farabi's İhsā’u’l-`Ulūm, and analyzed this section in the light of translations from Islamic philosophy during that period. As we tried to show in the footnotes of the translation, Gundissalinus's work is not original but rather resembles a compilation from the works of al-Farabi, Ibn Sina, and al-Ghazali.

Kaynakça

  • Altmann, Alexander ve STERN, Samuel M. Isaac Israeli A Neoplatonic Philosopher of the Early Tenth Century. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009.
  • Aristotle. Metaphysics. İng. çev. W.D. Ross, ed. J. Barnes, The Complete Works of Aristotle (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1995) içinde, ss. 3343-3716.
  • Az, Mehmet Ata. “Fârâbî’nin Eserlerinin Latinceye Tercüme Süreci ve Latin Düşüncesine Etkisi,” Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 19/2 (Aralık-2020). ss. 548-581.
  • Baur, Ludwig (ed.). Dominicus Gundissalinus De divisione philosophiae. (Beiträge zur Geschichte der Philosophie des Mittelalters. Texte und Untersuchungen). Münster: Aschendorff, 1903.
  • Boethius. De trinitate. İng. çev. H.F. Stewart ve E.K. Rand, Boethius Theological Tractates. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968. ss. 1-31.
  • Boethius. The Consolation of Philosophy. İng. çev. H.F. Stewart, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968.
  • Bsoul, Labeeb Ahmed. Translation Movement and Acculturation in the Medieval Islamic World. Palgrave Macmillan, 2019 (e-book).
  • Burnett, Charles. “The Coherence of the Latin-Arabic Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century,” Science in Context 14 (1-2/2001). ss. 249-288.
  • Burnett, Charles. “A Group of Arabic-Latin Translators Working in Northern Spain in Mid-12th Century,” The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1 (1997). ss. 62-108.
  • Burnett, Charles. “The Translating Activity in Medieval Spain,” S. K. Jayyusi (ed.), The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Leiden: Brill, 1992. ss. 1036-1058.
  • Burnett, Charles. “The Blend of Latin and Arabic Sources in the Metaphysics of Adelard of Bath, Hermann of Carinthia, and Gundisalvus,” M. Lutz-Bachmann, A. Fidora ve A. Niederberger (ed.), Metaphysics in the Twelfth Centu ry: On the Relationship among Philosophy, Science and Theology. Turnhout: Brepols, 2004 içinde. ss. 41-65. Copeland, Rita ve Sluiter, Ineke (ed.). Medieval Grammar and Rhetoric: Language Arts and Literary Theory, AD 300-1475. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Chroust, Anton-Hermann. “The Definitions of Philosophy in the De Divisione Philosophiae of Dominicus Gundissalinus,” The New Scholasticism 25 (1951), ss. 253-281.
  • de Epalza, Mikel. “The New Mozarabs: An Emblematic Christian Minority in Islamic al-Andalus,” ed. S. K. Jayyusi. The Legacy of Muslim Spain. Leiden: Brill, 1992. ss. 149-170.
  • Fārābī. İlimlerin Sayımı İhsā’u’l-‛Ulūm. çev. Mevlüt Uyanık ve Aygün Akyol. Ankara: Elis Yayınları, 2017.
  • Fidora, Alexander. “Dominicus Gundissalinus and the Introduction of Metaphysics into the Latin West,” The Review of Metaphysics 66 (2015). ss. 691-712.
  • Fidora, Alexander ve WERNER, Dorothée (ed.). De divisione philosophiae – Über die Einteilung der Philosophie, Herders Bibliothek der Philosophie des Mittelalters, c. 11. Freiburg im Breisgau: Herder, 2007.
  • Fidora, Alexander ve POLLONI, Nicola. “Ordering the Sciences: Al-Fārābī and the Latinate Tradition,” Ishraq Islamic Philosophy Yearbook 10 (2022), ss. 110-130.
  • Fidora, Alexander. “Religious Diversity and the Philosophical Translations of Twelfth-Century Toledo,” C. J. Mews ve J. N. Crossley (ed.), Communities of Learning: Networks and the Shaping of Intellectual Identity in Europe, 1100-1500. Turnhout: Brepols, 2011. ss. 19-36.
  • Freudenthal, Gad. “Abraham Ibn Daud, Avendauth, Dominicus Gundissalinus and Practical Mathematics in Mid-Twelfth Century Toledo,” Aleph 16/1 (2016). ss. 61-106.
  • Gazzālī. Felsefenin Temel İlkeleri Makāsıdu’l-Felāsife. çev. C. Erdemci. Ankara: Vadi Yayınları, 2002.
  • el-Ghazi, Omar ve BNINI, Chakib. “Arabic Translation from Bait al-Hikma to Toledo School of Translators: Key Players, Theorization and Major Strategies,” International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Translation 3/9 (2020). ss. 66-80.
  • Haring, M. Nikolaus. “Thierry of Chartres and Dominicus Gundissalinus,” Mediaeval Studies 26 (1964). ss. 271-286.
  • Haskins, Charles Homer. The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927. Hasse, Dag Nikolaus. “Three Double Translations from Arabic into Latin by Gerard of Cremona and Dominicus Gundisalvi,” ed. Dragos Calma, Reading Proclus and the Book of Causes Volume 2. Leiden: Brill, 2020. ss. 247-274.
  • Hasse, Nikolaus Dag. “The Social Conditions of the Arabic-(Hebrew-)Latin Translation Movements in Medieval Spain and in the Renaissance,” A. Speer ve L. Wegener (ed.), Wissen über Grenzen: Arabisches Wissen und lateinisches Mittelalter. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2006. Ss. 68-88.
  • İBN RÜŞD, Tefsîr mâ ba‛de’t-Tabî‛a, thk. M. Bouyges. Beyrut: Imprimerie Catholique, 1938-52.
  • İbn Sīnā. Kitābu’ş-Şifā Mantığa Giriş. çev. Ö. Türker. İstanbul: Litera Yayıncılık, 2006.
  • Jolivet, Jean. “The Arabic Inheritance,” ed. P. Dronke. A History of Twelfth-Century Western Philosophy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988. ss. 113-150.
  • Kren, Claudia. “Gundissalinus, Dominicus,” ed. Charles C. Gillispie. Dictionary of Scientific Biography Volume e5. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1972. ss. 591-593.
  • Laumakis, John A. Dominicus Gundissalinus The Procession of the World (De processione mundi). Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 2002.
  • Marmura, Michael E. “Avicenna on the Division of the Sciences in the ‘Isagoge’ of His ‘Shifa’,” Journal for the History of Arabic Science 4/2 (1980). ss. 239-251.
  • Minnema, Anthony H. The Latin Readers of Algazel 1150-1600. University of Tennessee, Basılmamış Doktora Tezi, 2013.
  • Muckle, Joseph T. (ed.), Algazel’s Metaphysics A Medieval Translation. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Medieval Studies, 1967.
  • Nájera, Rafael. “Scientia in the Twelfth Century,” ed. H. Lagerlund, Knowledge in Medieval Philosophy. Oxford: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. ss. 35-58.
  • Platon. Theaitetos, çev. F. Akderin. İstanbul: Say Yayınları, 2014.
  • Polloni, Nicola. “Gundissalinus and Avicenna: Some Remarks on an Intricate Philosophical Connection,” Documenti e studi sulla tradizione filosofica medievale 28 (2017). ss. 515-552.
  • Polloni, Nicola. “The Toledan Translation Movement and Dominicus Gundissalinus: Some Remarks on His Activity and Presence in Castille,” Y. Beale-Rivaya ve J. Busic (ed.) A Companion to Medieval Toledo: Reconsidering the Canons. Leiden: Brill, 2018. ss. 263-280.
  • Strobino, Riccardo. “Avicenna’s Kitāb al-burhān, II.7 and its Latin Translation by Gundissalinus: Content and Text,” Documenti e Studi sulla Tradizione Filosofica Medievale 28 (2017), ss. 105-147.
  • Şahin, Eyüp. “Fârâbî’nin İlimler Tasnifinin Latin Dünyasına Geçişi ve Kabulü,” Diyanet İlmî Dergi 52/1 (2016). ss. 151-166.
  • Yücel, Hüseyin. “İbn Sînâ ve Dominicus Gundissalinus’un Zorunlu ve Mümkün Varlık Mukayeseleri,” Felsefe Dünyası Dergisi 73 (2021). ss. 321-355.
  • Weisheipl, James A. “Classification of the Sciences in Medieval Thought,” Mediaeval Studies 27 (1965). ss. 54-90.
  • Zonta, Mauro. “al-Fārābī, Latin Translations of,” H. Lagerlund (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Medieval Philosophy. Dordrecht: Springer, 2020. ss. 559-561.
Toplam 41 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Felsefe, Din Araştırmaları
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Haris Macic 0000-0002-1969-3789

Tuğçe Şensöz 0000-0001-8287-8367

Alaaddin Koç 0009-0000-3067-109X

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Macic, Haris vd. “İbn Rüşd Öncesinde Latinlerin İslam Felsefesi Ile İlk Temasları: Gundissalinus’un Prologus’unun Tercümesi Ve Değerlendirmesi”. Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları 6/1 (Haziran 2023), 5-50.
Din ve Felsefe Araştırmaları Creative Commons Alıntı-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır. Creative Commons Lisansı