İngilizce Öğretim Görevlilerinin 21. Yüzyıl Becerilerine, Bu Becerileri İngilizce Derslerine Entegre Etmelerine ve Değerlendirmelerine İlişkin Öz Yeterlilik İnançları
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 237 - 258, 30.10.2024
Huseyin Kafes
,
Sinem Bilben
Öz
Bu çalışma, Üniversite İngilizce Hazırlık Programı (İHOP) öğretim görevlilerinin 21. yüzyıl becerilerini öğretme, değerlendirme ve İngilizce derslerine entegre etme konusundaki öz yeterlik inançlarını incelemektedir. Çalışmanın verisi ilişkisel tarama araştırma deseni kullanılarak, yoğun İngilizce eğitimi veren üniversite hazırlık okullarında çalışan 98 İngilizce öğretim görevlisinden çevrimiçi bir anket aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. 21. yüzyıl becerilerinin sekiz boyutuna ilişkin 72 maddeden oluşan ankette 5'li Likert tipi bir ölçek kullanılmıştır. Öğretim görevlilerinin bu becerileri sınıflarında orta düzeyde uygulamakta oldukları belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak öğretim görevlilerinin 21. yüzyıl becerilerini entegre etme ve değerlendirme konusundaki yetkinlikleri, yükseköğretim kurumlarında beklenen standartların altında kaldığı gözlemlenmiştir. Çalışmanın bulguları, 21. yüzyıl becerilerinin uygulanması ve değerlendirilmesinin iyileştirilmesi için önemli çıkarımlar ve pratik öneriler sunmaktadır.
Kaynakça
- Abualrob, M. (2019). Determinants of building 21st century skills in Palestinian elementary schools. Higher Education Studies, 9, 108-116. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v9n2p108
- Altunkaya, H., & Çelik, M. E. (2021). Türkçeyi yabancı dil olarak öğretenlerin 21. yüzyıl becerileri yeterlikleri. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25 (3), 813-826.
- Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging Adulthood: A Theory of development from the late teens through the
twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480.
- Aydın, A., & Tan-Şişman, G. (2021). Hizmet öncesi İngilizce öğretmen eğitiminde 21. yüzyıl becerileri. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19 (2), 1223-1251. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.975533
- Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117-148. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3
- Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W. H. F.
- Bapna, A., Sharma, N., Kaushik, A., & Kumar, A. (2017). Handbook on measuring 21st century skills. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10020.99203
- Bartlett, M., S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various Chi Square approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 16 (Series B), 296-8.
- Bedir, H. (2019). Pre-service ELT teachers’ beliefs and perceptions on 21st century learning and innovation skills (4Cs). Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 15(1), 231-246.
- Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition. Cambridge University Press.
- Biesta, G. (2010). Good education in an age of measurement: On the need to reconnect with the question of purpose in education. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
- Binkley, M., Erstad, O., Herman, J., Raizen, S., Ripley, M., Miller-Ricci, M., & Rumble, M. (2012). Defining twenty-first century skills. In P. Griffin, E. Care, & B. McGaw (Eds.), Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills (pp. 17–66).
- Boe, C. S. (2013). Have 21st century skills made their way to the university classroom? A study to examine the extent to which 21st century skills are being incorporated into the academic programs at a small, private, church-related university (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Gardner-Webb University.
- European Ministers of Education. (1999). The Bologna Declaration of 19 June 1999: Joint Declaration of
the European Ministers of Education.
- Brennan, M. (2010). Improving communication skills in organizations: A research study.
Communication Studies, 61(5), 571-585.
- Brown, B. (2010). The gifts of imperfection: Let go of who you think you're supposed to be and embrace who you are. Center City, MN: Hazelden Publishing.
- Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Multilingual Matters.
- Cameron, A. F., & Webster, J. (2013). Unifying theories of communication: A research agenda. Journal of Management Studies, 50(8), 1304-1327.
- Çalık, T., & Sezgin, F. (2005). Küreselleşme, bilgi toplumu ve eğitim. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 13, 55-66.
Cambridge International Dictionary of English. (1995). Cambridge University Press.
- Charland, J. (2014). Teaching and learning 21st-century skills in Maine. Maine Education Policy Research Institute.
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, (5th Ed.). SAGE.
- Cummins, J. (1979). Cognitive / academic language proficiency, linguistic interdependence, the optimum
age question and some other matters. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 19, 121-129.
- Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teaching in the flat world: Learning from high-performing systems.
New York: Teachers College Press.
- Dede, C. (2010). Comparing frameworks for 21st-century Skills. In J. Bellanca and R. Brandt. (Eds.), 21st-Century skills rethinking how students learn (pp. 51-75). Solution Tree Press.
- Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Motivational strategies in the language classroom. Cambridge University Press.
- Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York: Ballantine Books.
- Eaton, S., E. (2010). Global trends in language learning in the twenty-first century. Computers and Education, 37(2), 163-178
- Edwards, A., L. (1967). Statistical methods (2nd Ed.). Holt.
- Fadel, C., & Trilling, B. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. Jossey-Bass.
- Friedman, T. L. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
- Gavora, P. (2010). Slovak pre-service teacher self-efficacy: Theoretical and research considerations. The New Educational Review, 21(2), 17-30.
- Germaine, R., Richards, J., Koeller, M., & Schubert-Irastorza, C. (2016). Purposeful use of 21st century skills in higher education. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching, 9(1), 19-29.
- Ghamrawi, N., Ghamrawi, N., & Shal, T. (2017). Lebanese public schools: 20th or 21st century schools? An investigation into teachers’ instructional practices. Open Journal of Leadership, 6, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojl.2017.61001
- Gokhale, A. A. (1995). Collaborative learning enhances critical thinking. Journal of Technology Education, 7(1), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.21061/jte.v7i1.a.2
- Gordon, S. P., & Maeroff, G. I. (2000). Globalization and education: The impact of the global economy on educational policy. Education and Urban Society, 32(2), 192-200.
- Griffin, P., Care, E., & Mcgaw, B. (2012). The changing role of education and schools. In P. Griffin et al. (Eds.), Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills (pp. 1-17).
- Griffin, P., Murray, L., Care, E., Thomas, A., & Perri, P. (2010). Developmental assessment: Lifting literacy through professional learning teams. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, 17 (4), 383–397.
- Grow, G. O. (1991). Teaching learners to be self-directed. Adult Education Quarterly, 41(3), 125–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001848191041003001
- Hager, P., & Holland, S. (2006). Graduate attributes, learning and employability. Melbourne:
Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER).
- Hattie, J. (2009). Visible Learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. New
York: Routledge.
- Hixson, N. K., Ravitz, J., & Whisman, A. (2012). Extended professional development in project-based learning: Impacts on 21st-century teaching and student achievement. West Virginia Department of Education. Division of Teaching and Learning, Office of Research.
- Karalı, Y., & Aydemir, H. (2020). Examining primary school teachers' 21st century teacher and learner skills. The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences, 17, 50-56.
- Kereluik, K., Mishra, P., Fahnoe, C., & Terry, L. (2013). What knowledge is of most worth. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 29(4), 127–140.
- Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language teaching. Oxford University Press.
- Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (2013). How languages are learned. Oxford University Press.
- McMahon, M., & Watson, D. (2016). Understanding communication skills and communication problems in health care. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 29(3), 292-306.
- Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Mitchell, M., & Jolley, J. (1988). Research design explained. Holt, Rinehart &. Winston.
- Moore, B. N., & Parker, R. (2009). Critical thinking (9th Ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- Mugot, D. C., & Sumbalan E. B., (2019). The 21st-Century learning skills and teaching practices of pre-service teachers: Implication to the new Philippine teacher education curriculum. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications, 2(1), 22-28.
- OECD (2019). OECD future of education and skills 2030: OECD learning compass 2030. https://www.oecd.org/education/2030-project/teaching-and-learning/learning/learning-compass-2030/OECD_Learning_Compass_2030_Concept_Note_Series.pdf
- Otlu, Ş. (2020). Exploring language teachers’ 21st century skills practices and perceptions. (MA thesis, Çağ University). Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
- Pelgrum, W. J., ten Brummelhuis, A. C. A., Collis, B. A., Plomp, T., & Janssen Reinen, I. A. M.
(1997). The application of multimedia technologies in schools: Technology assessment of multimedia systems for pre-primary and primary schools. European Parliament, Directorate General for Research.
- Roth, W.M., & Jornet, A. (2014). The Role of experience in creating new knowledge: From
concrete experience to abstract thinking. International Journal of Science Education, 36(10), 1649-1669.
- Saavedra, A. R., & Opfer, V. D. (2012). Teaching and learning 21st century skills: Lessons from the learning sciences. RAND.
- Schleicher, A. (2018). World class: How to build a 21st-century school system. OECD Publishing.
- Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2008). Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research,
and applications. New York: Routledge.
- Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your
potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press.
- Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New
York: Doubleday.
- Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, 3, 749–752.
- The Cambridge Life Competencies Framework. (2020). Cambridge University Press.
https://www.cambridge.org/gb/files/6615/9741/7863/CambridgeLifeCompetencies_Introduction_Booklet_digitalPDF_082020.pdf.
- Tican, C., & Deniz, S. (2019). Pre-service teachers’ opinions about the use of 21st century learner and 21st century teacher skills. European Journal of Educational Research, 8 (1), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.1.181
- Totten, S. (Ed.). (1991). Cooperative learning: A guide to research. State University of New York Press.
- Tschannen-Moran, M., Hoy, A. W., & Hoy, W. K. (1998). Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Review of Educational Research, 68(2), 202-248. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543068002202
- Vu, H., & Shah, M. (2016). Vietnamese students’ self-direction in learning English listening skills. Asian Englishes, 18(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2015.1136104
- Wilcox, D., Liu, J. C., Thall, J., & Howley, T. (2017). Integration of teaching practice for students’ 21st century skills: Faculty practice and perception. International Journal of Technology in Teaching and Learning, 13(2), 55-77.
- Wilcox, R. R. (2012). Modern statistics for the social and behavioural sciences: A practical introduction. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
- Yıldırım, R., & Ortak, Ş. (2021). Otantik öğrenme yaklaşımının sosyal bilgiler dersinde 21. yüzyıl öğrenme ve yenilenme becerilerinin gelişimine etkisi. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 15, 69-90.
- Zhang, H., Yuan, R., & He, X. (2020). Investigating university EFL teachers’ perceptions of critical thinking and its teaching: Voices from China. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 29, 483–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-020-00500-6
- Zhao, Y. (2012). World class learners: Educating creative and entrepreneurial students. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
English Instructors' Self-Efficacy Beliefs Regarding 21st-Century Skills and their Implementation and Assessment in the Classroom
Yıl 2024,
Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 237 - 258, 30.10.2024
Huseyin Kafes
,
Sinem Bilben
Öz
This study examines the self-efficacy beliefs of English Language Preparatory Program (EFL) instructors in teaching and assessing 21st-century skills and their integration into English classes. Utilizing a single and relational screening research design, data were collected via an online survey from 98 English language instructors employed at university preparatory schools providing intensive English instruction. The survey, including 72 items on eight dimensions of 21st century skills, employed a 5-point Likert-type scale. The results revealed discrepancies between instructors’ knowledge of these skills and their implementation of them in their classes. Instructors implemented these skills in their classes at a moderate level. Overall, instructors’ competency in integrating and assessing 21st-century skills fell below the standards expected in higher education institutions. These findings offer important implications and provide practical suggestions for improving the implementation and assessment of 21st-century skills.
Kaynakça
- Abualrob, M. (2019). Determinants of building 21st century skills in Palestinian elementary schools. Higher Education Studies, 9, 108-116. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v9n2p108
- Altunkaya, H., & Çelik, M. E. (2021). Türkçeyi yabancı dil olarak öğretenlerin 21. yüzyıl becerileri yeterlikleri. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 25 (3), 813-826.
- Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging Adulthood: A Theory of development from the late teens through the
twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469-480.
- Aydın, A., & Tan-Şişman, G. (2021). Hizmet öncesi İngilizce öğretmen eğitiminde 21. yüzyıl becerileri. Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 19 (2), 1223-1251. https://doi.org/10.37217/tebd.975533
- Bandura, A. (1993). Perceived self-efficacy in cognitive development and functioning. Educational Psychologist, 28(2), 117-148. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep2802_3
- Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W. H. F.
- Bapna, A., Sharma, N., Kaushik, A., & Kumar, A. (2017). Handbook on measuring 21st century skills. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10020.99203
- Bartlett, M., S. (1954). A note on the multiplying factors for various Chi Square approximations. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 16 (Series B), 296-8.
- Bedir, H. (2019). Pre-service ELT teachers’ beliefs and perceptions on 21st century learning and innovation skills (4Cs). Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 15(1), 231-246.
- Bialystok, E. (2001). Bilingualism in development: Language, literacy, and cognition. Cambridge University Press.
- Biesta, G. (2010). Good education in an age of measurement: On the need to reconnect with the question of purpose in education. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
- Binkley, M., Erstad, O., Herman, J., Raizen, S., Ripley, M., Miller-Ricci, M., & Rumble, M. (2012). Defining twenty-first century skills. In P. Griffin, E. Care, & B. McGaw (Eds.), Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills (pp. 17–66).
- Boe, C. S. (2013). Have 21st century skills made their way to the university classroom? A study to examine the extent to which 21st century skills are being incorporated into the academic programs at a small, private, church-related university (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Gardner-Webb University.
- European Ministers of Education. (1999). The Bologna Declaration of 19 June 1999: Joint Declaration of
the European Ministers of Education.
- Brennan, M. (2010). Improving communication skills in organizations: A research study.
Communication Studies, 61(5), 571-585.
- Brown, B. (2010). The gifts of imperfection: Let go of who you think you're supposed to be and embrace who you are. Center City, MN: Hazelden Publishing.
- Byram, M. (1997). Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence. Multilingual Matters.
- Cameron, A. F., & Webster, J. (2013). Unifying theories of communication: A research agenda. Journal of Management Studies, 50(8), 1304-1327.
- Çalık, T., & Sezgin, F. (2005). Küreselleşme, bilgi toplumu ve eğitim. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 13, 55-66.
Cambridge International Dictionary of English. (1995). Cambridge University Press.
- Charland, J. (2014). Teaching and learning 21st-century skills in Maine. Maine Education Policy Research Institute.
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, (5th Ed.). SAGE.
- Cummins, J. (1979). Cognitive / academic language proficiency, linguistic interdependence, the optimum
age question and some other matters. Working Papers on Bilingualism, 19, 121-129.
- Darling-Hammond, L. (2017). Teaching in the flat world: Learning from high-performing systems.
New York: Teachers College Press.
- Dede, C. (2010). Comparing frameworks for 21st-century Skills. In J. Bellanca and R. Brandt. (Eds.), 21st-Century skills rethinking how students learn (pp. 51-75). Solution Tree Press.
- Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Motivational strategies in the language classroom. Cambridge University Press.
- Dweck, C. S. (2006). Mindset: The new psychology of success. New York: Ballantine Books.
- Eaton, S., E. (2010). Global trends in language learning in the twenty-first century. Computers and Education, 37(2), 163-178
- Edwards, A., L. (1967). Statistical methods (2nd Ed.). Holt.
- Fadel, C., & Trilling, B. (2009). 21st century skills: Learning for life in our times. Jossey-Bass.
- Friedman, T. L. (2005). The world is flat: A brief history of the twenty-first century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
- Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. London: Edward Arnold.
- Gavora, P. (2010). Slovak pre-service teacher self-efficacy: Theoretical and research considerations. The New Educational Review, 21(2), 17-30.
- Germaine, R., Richards, J., Koeller, M., & Schubert-Irastorza, C. (2016). Purposeful use of 21st century skills in higher education. Journal of Research in Innovative Teaching, 9(1), 19-29.
- Ghamrawi, N., Ghamrawi, N., & Shal, T. (2017). Lebanese public schools: 20th or 21st century schools? An investigation into teachers’ instructional practices. Open Journal of Leadership, 6, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojl.2017.61001
- Gokhale, A. A. (1995). Collaborative learning enhances critical thinking. Journal of Technology Education, 7(1), 22-30. https://doi.org/10.21061/jte.v7i1.a.2
- Gordon, S. P., & Maeroff, G. I. (2000). Globalization and education: The impact of the global economy on educational policy. Education and Urban Society, 32(2), 192-200.
- Griffin, P., Care, E., & Mcgaw, B. (2012). The changing role of education and schools. In P. Griffin et al. (Eds.), Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills (pp. 1-17).
- Griffin, P., Murray, L., Care, E., Thomas, A., & Perri, P. (2010). Developmental assessment: Lifting literacy through professional learning teams. Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice, 17 (4), 383–397.
- Grow, G. O. (1991). Teaching learners to be self-directed. Adult Education Quarterly, 41(3), 125–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001848191041003001
- Hager, P., & Holland, S. (2006). Graduate attributes, learning and employability. Melbourne:
Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER).
- Hattie, J. (2009). Visible Learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement. New
York: Routledge.
- Hixson, N. K., Ravitz, J., & Whisman, A. (2012). Extended professional development in project-based learning: Impacts on 21st-century teaching and student achievement. West Virginia Department of Education. Division of Teaching and Learning, Office of Research.
- Karalı, Y., & Aydemir, H. (2020). Examining primary school teachers' 21st century teacher and learner skills. The Eurasia Proceedings of Educational and Social Sciences, 17, 50-56.
- Kereluik, K., Mishra, P., Fahnoe, C., & Terry, L. (2013). What knowledge is of most worth. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 29(4), 127–140.
- Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and culture in language teaching. Oxford University Press.
- Lightbown, P. M., & Spada, N. (2013). How languages are learned. Oxford University Press.
- McMahon, M., & Watson, D. (2016). Understanding communication skills and communication problems in health care. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 29(3), 292-306.
- Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
- Mitchell, M., & Jolley, J. (1988). Research design explained. Holt, Rinehart &. Winston.
- Moore, B. N., & Parker, R. (2009). Critical thinking (9th Ed.). McGraw-Hill.
- Mugot, D. C., & Sumbalan E. B., (2019). The 21st-Century learning skills and teaching practices of pre-service teachers: Implication to the new Philippine teacher education curriculum. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications, 2(1), 22-28.
- OECD (2019). OECD future of education and skills 2030: OECD learning compass 2030. https://www.oecd.org/education/2030-project/teaching-and-learning/learning/learning-compass-2030/OECD_Learning_Compass_2030_Concept_Note_Series.pdf
- Otlu, Ş. (2020). Exploring language teachers’ 21st century skills practices and perceptions. (MA thesis, Çağ University). Yüksek Öğretim Kurulu Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
- Pelgrum, W. J., ten Brummelhuis, A. C. A., Collis, B. A., Plomp, T., & Janssen Reinen, I. A. M.
(1997). The application of multimedia technologies in schools: Technology assessment of multimedia systems for pre-primary and primary schools. European Parliament, Directorate General for Research.
- Roth, W.M., & Jornet, A. (2014). The Role of experience in creating new knowledge: From
concrete experience to abstract thinking. International Journal of Science Education, 36(10), 1649-1669.
- Saavedra, A. R., & Opfer, V. D. (2012). Teaching and learning 21st century skills: Lessons from the learning sciences. RAND.
- Schleicher, A. (2018). World class: How to build a 21st-century school system. OECD Publishing.
- Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2008). Motivation and self-regulated learning: Theory, research,
and applications. New York: Routledge.
- Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your
potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press.
- Senge, P. M. (1990). The fifth discipline: The art and practice of the learning organization. New
York: Doubleday.
- Sharma, G. (2017). Pros and cons of different sampling techniques. International Journal of Applied Research, 3, 749–752.
- The Cambridge Life Competencies Framework. (2020). Cambridge University Press.
https://www.cambridge.org/gb/files/6615/9741/7863/CambridgeLifeCompetencies_Introduction_Booklet_digitalPDF_082020.pdf.
- Tican, C., & Deniz, S. (2019). Pre-service teachers’ opinions about the use of 21st century learner and 21st century teacher skills. European Journal of Educational Research, 8 (1), 181-197. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.1.181
- Totten, S. (Ed.). (1991). Cooperative learning: A guide to research. State University of New York Press.
- Tschannen-Moran, M., Hoy, A. W., & Hoy, W. K. (1998). Teacher efficacy: Its meaning and measure. Review of Educational Research, 68(2), 202-248. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543068002202
- Vu, H., & Shah, M. (2016). Vietnamese students’ self-direction in learning English listening skills. Asian Englishes, 18(1), 53–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2015.1136104
- Wilcox, D., Liu, J. C., Thall, J., & Howley, T. (2017). Integration of teaching practice for students’ 21st century skills: Faculty practice and perception. International Journal of Technology in Teaching and Learning, 13(2), 55-77.
- Wilcox, R. R. (2012). Modern statistics for the social and behavioural sciences: A practical introduction. Chapman & Hall/CRC Press.
- Yıldırım, R., & Ortak, Ş. (2021). Otantik öğrenme yaklaşımının sosyal bilgiler dersinde 21. yüzyıl öğrenme ve yenilenme becerilerinin gelişimine etkisi. Uluslararası Sosyal ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 15, 69-90.
- Zhang, H., Yuan, R., & He, X. (2020). Investigating university EFL teachers’ perceptions of critical thinking and its teaching: Voices from China. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 29, 483–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-020-00500-6
- Zhao, Y. (2012). World class learners: Educating creative and entrepreneurial students. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.