Psikolojik İhtiyaçlar ve Kariyer Uyum Yetenekleri Bağlamında Proaktif Kariyer Davranışları: Yapısal Bir Eşitlik Modeli

Öz

Proaktif kariyer davranışları, öğrenci rolünden çalışma rolüne başarılı geçişin önemli öncüllerinden biri olarak öne çıkmaktadır. Bu bağlamda proaktif kariyer davranışları üzerinde etkili olabilecek değişkenlerin belirlenmesine yönelik çalışmalara ihtiyaç bulunmaktadır. Bu ihtiyacı karşılamak amacıyla gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma, üniversite öğrencilerinin proaktif kariyer davranışları ile psikolojik ihtiyaçları arasındaki ilişkide kariyer uyum yeteneklerinin aracılık rolünü araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmaya 242'si kadın (%63,2) ve 141'i erkek (%36,8) olmak üzere toplam 383 öğrenci katılmıştır. Veri toplama araçları olarak Psikolojik İhtiyaç Doyumunda Denge Ölçeği, Kariyer Uyum Yetenekleri Ölçeği-Kısa Form ve Kariyer Adanmışlık Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Değişkeler arasındaki ilişkiler Pearson korelasyon analizi ile incelenmiştir. Psikolojik ihtiyaçlar ile proaktif kariyer davranışları arasındaki ilişkide kariyer uyum yeteneklerinin aracılık rolünün olup olmadığı yapısal eşitlik modelleme yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları proaktif kariyer davranışlarının kariyer uyum yetenekleri ve tüm psikolojik ihtiyaçlarla (özerklik ihtiyacı, ilişkili olma ihtiyacı, yeterlilik ihtiyacı) ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Ayrıca proaktif kariyer davranışları ile psikolojik ihtiyaçlar arasındaki ilişkide kariyer uyum yeteneklerinin tam aracılık rolüne sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu çalışma, proaktif davranışlar literatürünü geliştirerek, üniversite öğrencilerinin başarılı bir şekilde iş hayatına geçiş ve kariyer gelişim süreçlerine olumlu etki yaratabilecek teorik ve pratik uygulamalara yönelik yol gösterici sonuçlar sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Proaktif kariyer davranışları
• Psikolojik ihtiyaçlar
• Kariyer uyum yetenekleri

Proactive Career Behaviors in the Context of Psychological Needs and Career Adapt-Abilities: A Structural Equation Model

Öz

Proactive career behaviors are recognized as key antecedents in the successful transition from the student role to the workforce. In this context, there is a growing need for studies to identify variables that influence the development of proactive career behaviors. This study aims to investigate the mediating role of career adaptability in the relationship between university students' proactive career behaviors and psychological needs. A total of 383 students, including 242 females (63.2%) and 141 males (36.8%), participated in the research. Data were collected using the Balanced Measure of Psychological Needs Scale, the Career Adapt-abilities Scale-Short Form, and the Career Engagement Scale. Structural equation modeling was employed to test whether career adaptability mediates the relationship between psychological needs and proactive career behaviors. The results indicated that proactive career behaviors were significantly related to career adapt-abilities and all three psychological needs: autonomy need, relatedness need, competence. Moreover, career adapt-abilities was found to fully mediate the relationship between proactive career behaviors and psychological needs. By contributing to the literature on proactive career behaviors, this study offers theoretical insights and practical implications that could have positive effects on university students’ successful transition to work life and their career development processes.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Proactive career behaviors
• Psychological needs
• Career adapt-abilities

Kaynakça

1. Akkermans, J., & Tims, M. (2017). Crafting your career: How career competencies relate to career success via job crafting. Applied Psychology, 66(1), 168-195. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12082
2. Akkermans, J., Seibert, S. E., & Mol, S. T. (2018). Tales of the unexpected: Integrating career shocks in the contemporary careers literature. SA Journal of Industrial Psychology, 44(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajip.v44i0.1503
3. Bilal, M., Chaudhry, S., Amber, H., Shahid, M., Aslam, S., & Shahzad, K. (2021). Entrepreneurial leadership and employees’ proactive behavior: Fortifying self determination theory. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(3), 176-191. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7030176
4. Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming (3rd ed.). Routledge.
5. Campbell, J. P. 1990. Modeling the performance prediction problem in industrial organizational psychology. In M. D. Dunnette & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Consulting Psychologists Press.
6. Chacón-Cuberos, R., Lara-Sánchez, A. J., & Castro-Sánchez, M. (2021). Basic psychological needs and their association with academic factors in the Spanish university context. Sustainability, 13(5), 2449. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052449
7. Chen, H., Fang, T., Liu, F., Pang, L., Wen, Y., Chen, S., & Gu, X. (2020). Career adaptability research: A literature review with scientific knowledge mapping in web of science. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(16), 5986. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17165986
8. Chen, H., Liang, Q., Feng, C., & Zhang, Y. (2021). Why and when do employees become more proactive under humble leaders? The roles of psychological need satisfaction and Chinese traditionality. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 34(5), 1076-1095. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-12-2020-0366

9. Crant, J. M. (2000). Proactive behavior in organizations. Journal of Management, 26(3), 435-462. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600304
10. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). The general causality orientations scale: Self-determination in personality. Journal of Research in Personality, 19(2), 109-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(85)90023-6
11. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2000). The" what" and" why" of goal pursuits: Human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry, 11(4), 227-268. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327965PLI1104_01
12. Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182-185. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0012801
13. Deci, E. L., & Vansteenkiste, M. (2004). Self-determination theory and basic need satisfaction: understanding human development in positive psychology. Richerche di Psicologia, 27, 17–34.
14. Dike, S. C. (2015). Sustainable environment, economic growth and poverty eradication measures: The African context: Why there is no meeting point?. European Journal of Sustainable Development, 4(2), 439-450. https://doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2015.v4n2p439
15. Doğanülkü, H. A. (2024). Life goals and proactive career behaviors: The mediating role of visions about the future and the moderating role of intolerance of uncertainty. Current Psychology, 43(1), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03236-2
16. Fan, C., Tang, S., Chen, L., & Sun, T. (2022). Perceived organizational support and proactive innovation behavior: The mediating role of basic psychological needs. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 804363. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.804363
17. Gerçek, M. (2024). Serial multiple mediation of career adaptability and self-perceived employability in the relationship between career competencies and job search self-efficacy. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 14(2), 461-478. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-02-2023-0036
18. Green, Z. A., Noor, U., & Hashemi, M. N. (2020). Furthering proactivity and career adaptability among university students: Test of intervention. Journal of Career Assessment, 28(3), 402-424. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072719870739
19. Greguras, G. J., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2009). Different fits satisfy different needs: linking person-environment fit to employee commitment and performance using self-determination theory. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), 465-477. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0014068
20. Greguras, G. J., & Diefendorff, J. M. (2010). Why does proactive personality predict employee life satisfaction and work behaviors? A field investigation of the mediating role of the self‐concordance model. Personnel Psychology, 63(3), 539-560. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.2010.01180.x
21. Guan, Y., Wang, F., Liu, H., Ji, Y., Jia, X., Fang, Z., ... Li, C. (2015). Career-specific parental behaviors, career exploration and career adaptability: A three-wave investigation among Chinese undergraduates. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 86, 95–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.10.007
22. Guan, Y., Zhuang, M., Cai, Z., Ding, Y., Wang, Y., Huang, Z., & Lai, X. (2017). Modeling dynamics in career construction: Reciprocal relationship between future work self and career exploration. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 101, 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.04.003
23. Hall, D. T., Yip, J., & Doiron, K. (2018). Protean careers at work: Self-direction and values orientation in psychological success. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 129-156. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104631
24. Healy, M., Hammer, S., & McIlveen, P. (2022). Mapping graduate employability and career development in higher education research: A citation network analysis. Studies in Higher Education, 47(4), 799-811. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2020.1804851
25. Helyer, R., & Lee, D. (2014). The role of work experience in the future employability of higher education graduates. Higher Education Quarterly, 68(3), 348-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/hequ.12055
26. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
27. Hirschi, A. (2014). Hope as a resource for self-directed career management: Investigating mediating effects on proactive career behaviors and life and job satisfaction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 15, 1495-1512. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-013-9488-x
28. Hirschi, A., Freund, P. A., & Herrmann, A. (2014). The career engagement scale: Development and validation of a measure of proactive career behaviors. Journal of Career Assessment, 22(4), 575-594. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072713514813
29. Hirschi, A., Herrmann, A., & Keller, A. C. (2015). Career adaptivity, adaptability, and adapting: A conceptual and empirical investigation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 87, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.11.008
30. Işık, E., Yeğin, F., Koyuncu, S., Eser, A., Çömlekciler, F., & Yıldırım, K. (2018). Validation of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale–Short Form across different age groups in the Turkish context. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 18(3), 297-314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10775-018-9362-9
31. Jackson, D., & Tomlinson, M. (2019). Career values and proactive career behavior among contemporary higher education students. Journal of Education and Work, 32(5), 449-464. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080.2019.1679730
32. Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel Yayınevi.
33. Kardaş, F., & Yalcin, I. (2018). An Adaptation Study of the Balanced Measure of Psychological Needs (BMPN) Scale to Turkish Culture. Çukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 47(2), 357-383. http://dergipark.gov.tr/cuefd
34. Klehe, U. C., Fasbender, U., & van der Horst, A. (2021). Going full circle: Integrating research on career adaptation and proactivity. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 126, 103526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103526
35. Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
36. Korkmaz, O., Kırdök, O., Alkal, A., & Akça, M. Ş. (2020). Kariyer adanmışlık ölçeği: Proaktif kariyer davranışlarının ölçümünün geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. International Social Sciences Studies Journal, 72(6), 4668-4677. https://doi.org/10.26449/sssj.2570
37. Kuzgun, Y. (2014). Meslek gelişimi ve danışmanlığı. Nobel Yayınevi.
38. Lin, S. H., Wu, C. H., & Chen, L. H. (2015). Unpacking the role of self-esteem in career uncertainty: A self-determination perspective. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(3), 231-239. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2014.950178
39. Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002). Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist, 57(9), 705-717. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0003-066X.57.9.705
40. Maggiori, C., Rossier, J., & Savickas, M. L. (2017). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale-Short Form (CAASSF): Construction and validation. Journal of Career Assessment, 25, 312–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072714565856.
41. Mardia, K. V. (1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519–530. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2334770
42. Meyers, M. C. (2020). The neglected role of talent proactivity: Integrating proactive behavior into talent-management theorizing. Human Resource Management Review, 30(2), 100703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2019.100703
43. Nilforooshan, P., & Salimi, S. (2016). Career adaptability as a mediator between personality and career engagement. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 94, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.02.010
44. Olafsen, A. H., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Self-determination theory and its relation to organizations, in Oxford research encyclopedia of psychology, ed. O. Braddick (Oxford University Press). https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.112
45. Park, Y., Lee, J. G., Jeong, H. J., Lim, M. S., & Oh, M. R. (2022). How does the protean career attitude influence external employability? The roles of career resilience and proactive career behavior. Industrial and Commercial Training, 54(2), 317-332. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICT-06-2021-0045
46. Parker, S. K., & Liao, J. (2016). Wise proactivity: How to be proactive and wise in building your career. Organizational Dynamics, 45(3), 217-227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2016.07.007
47. Parker, S. K., Bindl, U. K., & Strauss, K. (2010). Making things happen: A model of proactive motivation. Journal of Management, 36(4), 827-856. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310363732
48. Peng, P., Song, Y., & Yu, G. (2021). Cultivating proactive career behavior: The role of career adaptability and job embeddedness. Hypothesis and Theory, 12, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.603890
49. Pesch, K. M., Larson, L. M., & Seipel, M. T. (2018). Career decision-making within the college social microcosm: Social value determinants and psychological needs. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(2), 291-307. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072717692767
50. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Assessing mediation in communication research (pp. 13–54). The Sage sourcebook of advanced data analysis methods for communication research.
51. Rudolph, C. W., Lavigne, K. N., & Zacher, H. (2017). Career adaptability: A meta-analysis of relationships with measures of adaptivity, adapting responses, and adaptation results. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 98, 17–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2016.09.002
52. Ryan R. M., & Deci E. L. (2002). Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic-dialectical perspective. In Deci E. L., Ryan R. M. (Eds.), Handbook of self-determination research (pp. 3–33). University of Rochester Press.
53. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2003). On assimilating identities to the self: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization and integrity within cultures. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity. (pp. 253–272). The Guilford Press.
54. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications. https://doi.org/10.1521/978.14625/28806
55. Şahin, E. E., & Gülşen, F. U. (2022). The mediating role of self‑leadership in the relationship between basic psychological needs satisfaction, academic self-efficacy and career adaptability of Turkish undergraduates when life satisfaction is controlled. Personality and Individual Differences, 195, 111709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111709
56. Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. In S. D. Brown, & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: putting theory and research to work (pp. 42-70). Wiley.
57. Savickas, M. L., & Porfeli, E. J. (2012). Career Adapt-Abilities Scale: Construction, reliability, and measurement equivalence across 13 countries. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 80, 661–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2012.01.011.
58. Shahbaz M. M. (2016). Academia-industry linkages gap analysis survey. Career Advisory and Assessment Services.
59. Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: the self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(3), 482-497. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.76.3.482
60. Sheldon, K. M., & Hilpert, J. C. (2012). The balanced measure of psychological needs (BMPN) scale: An alternative domain general measure of need satisfaction. Motivation and Emotion, 36(4), 439-451.
61. Smale, A., Bagdadli, S., Cotton, R., Dello Russo, S., Dickmann, M., Dysvik, A., ... & Unite, J. (2019). Proactive career behaviors and subjective career success: The moderating role of national culture. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 40(1), 105-122. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2316
62. Spurk, D., Volmer, J., Orth, M., & Göritz, A. S. (2020). How do career adaptability and proactive career behaviors interrelate over time? An inter‐and intraindividual investigation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(1), 158-186. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12288
63. Strauss, K., & Parker, S. K. (2014). Effective and sustained proactivity in the workplace: A self-determination theory perspective. In M. Gagné (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of work engagement, motivation, and selfdetermination theory (pp. 50–71). Oxford University Press.
64. Strauss, K., Griffin, M. A., & Parker, S. K. (2012). Future work selves: How salient hoped-for identities motivate proactive career behaviors. Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(3), 580–598. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026423
65. Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics(7th. Ed.). Pearson.
66. Taber, B. J., & Blankemeyer, M. (2015). Future work self and career adaptability in the prediction of proactive career behaviors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 86, 20-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2014.10.005
67. Tang, M. (2003). Career counseling in the future: Constructing, collaborating, advocating. The Career Development Quarterly, 52(1), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-0045.2003.tb00628.x
68. Urbanaviciute, I., Pociute, B., Kairys, A., & Liniauskaite, A. (2016). Perceived career barriers and vocational outcomes among university undergraduates: Exploring mediation and moderation effects. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 92, 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2015.11.001
69. Valls, V., González-Romá, V., Hernandez, A., & Rocabert, E. (2020). Proactive personality and early employment outcomes: The mediating role of career planning and the moderator role of core self-evaluations. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 119, 103424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103424
70. Wong, S. C., Mohd Rasdi, R., Abu Samah, B., & Abdul Wahat, N. W. (2017). Promoting protean career through employability culture and mentoring: Career strategies as moderator. European Journal of Training and Development, 41(3), 277-302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-08-2016-0060
71. Yu, K. Y. T., & Davis, H. M. (2016). Autonomy’s impact on newcomer proactive behavior and socialization: A needs–Supplies fit perspective. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 89(1), 172–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12116
72. Zhao, B., and Han, P. (2016). Research on dual-pathway generating mechanism of employees’ proactive innovation behavior based on grounded theory. Chinese Journal Management, 13, 1003–1011. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-884x.2016.07.007