Araştırma Makalesi
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Türkiye’den OECD Ülkelerine Nitelikli İşgücü Göçü: Bir Panel Veri Analizi

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 1 - 16, 20.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.266025

Öz







































Türkiye, sahip olduğu iktisadi ve demografik
dinamikleri paralelinde uluslararası göç trendlerinin oldukça zengin bir
şekilde gözlemlenebileceği bir ülkedir. Yurtdışına göç eden insan sayısı
geçtiğimiz on yıllık dönemlerde sürekli artış eğiliminde olmuştur. Bu eğilim
kadın ve nitelikli gruplarda çok daha da belirgin olarak gözlenmiştir. Öte
yandan, mikro verilerin yetersizliği ülkenin göç dinamiklerinin detaylı bir
şekilde incelenmesine engel olmuştur. Bu çalışmanın amacı söz konusu boşluğu
doldurmak adına, Türkiye’den göç eden bireyler üzerinden göç ve insan sermayesi
arasındaki ilişkiyi irdelemektir. Bu doğrultuda, ilk olarak IAB’nin Brain Drain
Veritabanı kullanılarak, 1980-2010 yılları arasında Türkiye’den 20 OECD
ülkesine yönelik gerçekleşen göçün boyut ve niteliği, cinsiyet ve eğitim
seviyesi ayrımlarında analiz edilmektedir. Bu toplamcı analizi takiben,
gözlemlenen göç trendlerinin altında yatan dinamikler rassal etkili panel veri
modeli ile incelenmektedir. Tahmin sonuçları, cinsiyet, zaman ve eğitim
değişkenlerinin uluslararası işgücü hareketliliği ile yakından ilişkili
olduğuna, ve Türkiye çıkışlı göçmenlerin eğitim seviyesi dağılımındaki belirgin
sola çarpıklığın zaman içerisinde kaybolduğuna işaret etmektedir. 

Kaynakça

  • Bahar, D., & Rapoport, H. (2016). Migration, Knowledge Diffusion and the Comparative Advantage of Nations, IZA Discussion Papers 9788, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
  • Beine, M., Bourgeon, P., & Bricongne, J. C. (2013). Aggregate Fluctuations and International Migration. CESifo Working Paper No. 4379.
  • Beine M., Docquier F., & Oden-Defoort, C. (2011). A panel data analysis of the brain gain. World Development, 39(4), 523–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.03.009
  • Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Ozden, C. (2011). Diasporas. Journal of Development Economics, 95(3), 30-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.11.004
  • Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2008): Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries: Winners and losers. The Economic Journal, 118 (528), 631–652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02135.x
  • Beine M., Docquier F., & Rapoport H. (2001). Brain drain and economic growth: theory and evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 64(1), 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00133-4
  • Beine, M., & Parsons, C. (2012). Climatic Factors as Determinants of International Migration, CES-IFO Working paper no. 3747.
  • Bertoli, S., & Fernandez-Huerta Moraga, J. (2012). Visas Policies, Networks and the Cliff at the Border, IZA Discussion Paper No. 7094.
  • Bhagwati, J., & Hamada, K. (1974). The brain drain, international integration of markets for professionals and unemployment: a theoretical analysis, Journal of Development Economics, 1(1), 19-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(74)90020-0
  • Brücker H., Capuano, S., & Marfouk, A. (2013). Education, gender and international migration: insights from a panel-dataset 1980-2010. Norface Research Programme on Migration, mimeo, IAB, Nuremberg.
  • Chiquiar, D., & Hanson, G. (2005). International Migration, Self-Selection, and the Distribution of Wages: Evidence from Mexico and the United States. Journal of Political Economy, 113(2), 239-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/427464
  • Clark, X., Hatton, T., & Williamson, J. (2007). Explaining US immigration, 1971-1998. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(2), 359–373. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1162/rest.89.2.359
  • Defoort, C. (2008). Long-term trends in international migration: an analysis of the six main receiving countries. Population, 63(2), 317-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pope.802.0285
  • Docquier F., & Marfouk A. (2004). Measuring the international mobility of skilled workers (1900–2000) – Release 1.0, Policy Research Working Paper No. 3381, World Bank.
  • Docquier F., & Rapoport, H. (2009). Skilled migration: The perspective of developing countries. In Bhagwati J. and Hanson G. (eds), Skilled immigration: Problems, prospects and policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2012). Globalization, brain drain, and development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(3), 681–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.3.681
  • Grogger, J., & Hanson, G.H. (2011). Income Maximization and the selection and sorting of international Migrants. Journal of Development Economics, 95(1), 42-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.06.003
  • Hatton, T. J., & Williamson, J. G. (2002). What Fundamentals Drive World Migration?. NBER Working Paper Series, Vol. w9159, 2002.
  • Hausman, J.A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics, Econometrica, 46, 1251-1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1913827
  • Mahroum, S. (2001). Europe and the immigration of highly skilled labour. International Migration, 39 (5), 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00170
  • Mayda, A. M. (2010). International migration: A panel data analysis of the determinants of bilateral flows, Journal of Population Economics, 23(4), 1249-1274. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s00148-009-0251-x
  • McKenzie, D., & Rapoport, H. (2010). Self-selection patterns in Mexico-US migration: the role of migration networks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(4), 811-821. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1162/REST_a_00032
  • OECD (2013). International migration outlook 2013. OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787/migr_outlook-2013-en
  • Ramos, R., & Royuela, V. (2015). Graduate migration in Spain: the impact of the great recession on a low mobility country, mimeo. Available at: http://aeet-jel.es/sites/default/files/comunicaciones/ramos_royuela_2015.pdf
  • Rosenzweig, M. R. (2006), The Circulation Migration of the Skilled and Economic Development, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Proceedings, 147-170. Available at: http://dallasfed.org/assets/documents/research/pubs/migration/rosenzweig.pdf

An Outline of Skilled Emigration from Turkey to OECD Countries: A Panel Data Analysis

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 1 - 16, 20.04.2017
https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.266025

Öz




















Turkey
provides rich evidence for the current international migration trends given its
economic and demographic dynamics. The number of people moving overseas to
settle permanently has been following an increasing trend in the recent
decades, particularly remarkable for skilled and female groups. However, given
the micro-level data limitations the migration outlook of Turkey is still quite
bleak. The aim of this paper is to fill this gap and analyze the relationship
between migration and human capital in the context of Turkish immigrants.
First, aggregate trends of the Turkish emigrants in the 20 OECD destination
countries by gender and educational level over the 1980-2010 period are
examined using the IAB Brain Drain dataset. Next, a random effects panel
estimation is applied to scrutinize the underlying dynamics of observed
migration patterns adopting
economic size, unemployment, demographic profile, urbanization
and proximity as explanatory variables. The results reveal that gender, time
and education are found as significantly related to international mobility
trends, and the substantially left-skewedness of
the distribution of Turkish emigrants along educational level is gradually
fading away over time.

Kaynakça

  • Bahar, D., & Rapoport, H. (2016). Migration, Knowledge Diffusion and the Comparative Advantage of Nations, IZA Discussion Papers 9788, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
  • Beine, M., Bourgeon, P., & Bricongne, J. C. (2013). Aggregate Fluctuations and International Migration. CESifo Working Paper No. 4379.
  • Beine M., Docquier F., & Oden-Defoort, C. (2011). A panel data analysis of the brain gain. World Development, 39(4), 523–532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.03.009
  • Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Ozden, C. (2011). Diasporas. Journal of Development Economics, 95(3), 30-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2009.11.004
  • Beine, M., Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2008): Brain drain and human capital formation in developing countries: Winners and losers. The Economic Journal, 118 (528), 631–652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02135.x
  • Beine M., Docquier F., & Rapoport H. (2001). Brain drain and economic growth: theory and evidence. Journal of Development Economics, 64(1), 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00133-4
  • Beine, M., & Parsons, C. (2012). Climatic Factors as Determinants of International Migration, CES-IFO Working paper no. 3747.
  • Bertoli, S., & Fernandez-Huerta Moraga, J. (2012). Visas Policies, Networks and the Cliff at the Border, IZA Discussion Paper No. 7094.
  • Bhagwati, J., & Hamada, K. (1974). The brain drain, international integration of markets for professionals and unemployment: a theoretical analysis, Journal of Development Economics, 1(1), 19-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3878(74)90020-0
  • Brücker H., Capuano, S., & Marfouk, A. (2013). Education, gender and international migration: insights from a panel-dataset 1980-2010. Norface Research Programme on Migration, mimeo, IAB, Nuremberg.
  • Chiquiar, D., & Hanson, G. (2005). International Migration, Self-Selection, and the Distribution of Wages: Evidence from Mexico and the United States. Journal of Political Economy, 113(2), 239-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/427464
  • Clark, X., Hatton, T., & Williamson, J. (2007). Explaining US immigration, 1971-1998. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 89(2), 359–373. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1162/rest.89.2.359
  • Defoort, C. (2008). Long-term trends in international migration: an analysis of the six main receiving countries. Population, 63(2), 317-352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/pope.802.0285
  • Docquier F., & Marfouk A. (2004). Measuring the international mobility of skilled workers (1900–2000) – Release 1.0, Policy Research Working Paper No. 3381, World Bank.
  • Docquier F., & Rapoport, H. (2009). Skilled migration: The perspective of developing countries. In Bhagwati J. and Hanson G. (eds), Skilled immigration: Problems, prospects and policies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Docquier, F., & Rapoport, H. (2012). Globalization, brain drain, and development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(3), 681–730. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.50.3.681
  • Grogger, J., & Hanson, G.H. (2011). Income Maximization and the selection and sorting of international Migrants. Journal of Development Economics, 95(1), 42-54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2010.06.003
  • Hatton, T. J., & Williamson, J. G. (2002). What Fundamentals Drive World Migration?. NBER Working Paper Series, Vol. w9159, 2002.
  • Hausman, J.A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics, Econometrica, 46, 1251-1271. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1913827
  • Mahroum, S. (2001). Europe and the immigration of highly skilled labour. International Migration, 39 (5), 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00170
  • Mayda, A. M. (2010). International migration: A panel data analysis of the determinants of bilateral flows, Journal of Population Economics, 23(4), 1249-1274. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1007/s00148-009-0251-x
  • McKenzie, D., & Rapoport, H. (2010). Self-selection patterns in Mexico-US migration: the role of migration networks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(4), 811-821. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1162/REST_a_00032
  • OECD (2013). International migration outlook 2013. OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1787/migr_outlook-2013-en
  • Ramos, R., & Royuela, V. (2015). Graduate migration in Spain: the impact of the great recession on a low mobility country, mimeo. Available at: http://aeet-jel.es/sites/default/files/comunicaciones/ramos_royuela_2015.pdf
  • Rosenzweig, M. R. (2006), The Circulation Migration of the Skilled and Economic Development, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, Proceedings, 147-170. Available at: http://dallasfed.org/assets/documents/research/pubs/migration/rosenzweig.pdf
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Elif Öznur Acar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Nisan 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Ekim 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Acar, E. Ö. (2017). Türkiye’den OECD Ülkelerine Nitelikli İşgücü Göçü: Bir Panel Veri Analizi. Uluslararası Ekonomi Ve Yenilik Dergisi, 3(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.266025

Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Yenilik Dergisi

Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, İİBF, İktisat Bölümü, 61080, Trabzon/Türkiye

https://dergipark.org.tr/ueyd

28816

 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.