Examining the Factors Influencing the Stress Levels in Families of Children with Autism

Kübra Arslan; Tarık Tuncay

doi:10.35235/uicd.1318620

Araştırma Makalesi

Examining the Factors Influencing the Stress Levels in Families of Children with Autism

Yıl 2023, , 229 - 253, 31.12.2023

Kübra Arslan , Tarık Tuncay

https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1318620

Cited By: 1

Öz

This study examines the influence of coping strategies, social support systems and family resilience levels on the perceived stress levels of Turkish families of children with autism. The sample of this cross-sectional study consists of 213 mothers and 87 fathers of children diagnosed with autism. Perceived Stress Scale, Coping Styles Scale Short Form, Revised Parent Social Support Scale and Family Resilience Scale Turkish Forms were used. In the analysis of the data, the normal distribution was examined and used in multiple regression analysis techniques for predicting the dependent variable based on the independent variables to understand the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Regression analysis revealed that the number of children and diagnosis age of the child with autism positively affect the family stress level. All of these variables explained 14% of the total variance. One of the most important findings of this study is that the stress levels of mothers were found to be higher than fathers. Parents' age, education, income level, number in the birth order of child with autism, time of autism noticed, active and passive coping methods and family resiliency negatively affected family stress level. In addition, further study is needed to investigate psychosocial interventions that decrease stress levels and facilitate active coping strategies among families who have children with autism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Autism, Families of children with autism, Stress levels, Coping styles, Social support

Kaynakça

Altiere, M. J., & Von Kluge S. (2009). Searching for acceptance: Challenges encountered while raising a child with autism. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 34(2), 142–152.
American Psychiatric Association, (2013). (http://www.autismspeaks.org/whatautism/diagnosis/dsm-5-diagnostic-criteria).
Ang, K. Q. P., & Loh, P. R. (2019). Mental health and coping in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Singapore: An examination of gender role in caring. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 2129-2145. doi: 10.1007/s10803-019-03900-w.
Arslan, K. (2020). Otizmli çocuğu olan ailelerin dayanıklılık düzeyine etki eden faktörlerin incelenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Aslan, Ç.Ç., (2010). Zihinsel engelli çocuğu olan anne ve babaların psikolojik belirtileri, sosyal destek algıları ve stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının karşılaştırılması. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Maltepe Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Bacanlı, H., Sürücü, M., & İlhan, T. (2007). Başa çıkma stilleri ölçeği kısa formunun (BÇSÖ-KF) psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(1), 81-96.
Bekhet, A. K., Johnson, N. L., & Zauszniewski, J. A. (2012). Resilience in family members of persons with autism spectrum disorder: A review of the literature. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(10), 650-656. http://dx.doi:10.3109/01612840.2012.671441
Beşikçi, H. (2000). Otistik olan ve olmayan normal çocuklara sahip anne –babaların kaygı düzeyleri ve aile yapıları. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Boyd, B. A. (2002). Examining the relationship between stress and lack of social support in mothers of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. 17(4).
Bromley, J., Hare, D., Davison, K., & Emerson, E. (2004). Mothers supporting children with autistic spectrum disorders. Sage Publications and The National Autistic Society, 8(4), 409-423.
Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocols too long: Consider the brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4 (1), 92-100.
CDC (2018). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/addm-community-report/documents/addm-community-report-2018-h.pdf
Cohen, O., Slonim, I., Finzi, R., & Leichtentritt, R. D. (2002). Family resilience: Israeli mothers' perspectives. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30, 173-187.
Cridland, K.E., Jones, C.S., Magee, A.C., & Caputi, P. (2014). Family-focused autism spectrum disorder research: A review of the utility of family systems approaches. Autism, 18(3), 213 –222.
Dabrowska A., & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(3), 266-280.
Dale, E., Jahoda, A., & Knott, F. (2006). Mothers' attributions following their child's diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder. Autism, 10, 463-479.
Davis N.O., & Carter, A.S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1278-1291.
Dolbier, C., & Steinhardt, M. (2008). Evaluation of a resilience ıntervention to enhance coping strategies and protective factors and decrease symptomatology. Journal of American College Health, 56 (4).
Duarte, C. S., Bordin, I. A., Yazigi, L., & Mooney, J. (2005). Factors associated with stress in mothers of children with autism. Autism, 9(4), 416–427.
Dunn, M. E., Burbine, T., Bowers, C. A. & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2001). Moderators of stress in parents of children with autism. Community Mental Health Journal, 37, 39-52.
Ekas, Lickenbrock, & Whitman (2010). Optimism, social support, and well-being in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(10), 1274-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0986-y.
Eskin, M., Harlak, H., Demirkıran, F., & Dereboy, Ç. (2013). Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. New Symposium Journal, 51(3), 132-140.
Estes, A., Munson, D., Dawson, G., Koehler, E., Zhou, X., & Abbot, R. (2009). Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay. Autism, 13(4), 375–387.
García-López C., Sarriá, E., & Pozo, P. (2016). A multilevel approach to gender differences in adaptation in father-mother dyads parenting individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 28, 7-16.
Glidden, L.M., Billings, F.J. & Jobe, B.M. (2006). Personality, coping style and well-being of parents rearing children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(12), 949- 962.
Görgü, E. (2006). 3-7 yaş arası otistik çocuğa sahip olan ailelerin algıladıkları sosyal destek düzeyi ile depresyon düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Gray, D. (2006). Coping over time: The parents of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(12), 970-976.
Hartman, A. (2012). Autism and its impact on families. Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers. Paper 35. http://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/35
Hastings, R. P. & Johnson, E. (2001). Stress in UK families conducting intensive homebased behavioral intervention for their young child with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(3), 327-336.
Herken, H., Turan, M., Şenol, S., & Karaca, S. (2000). Down sendromlu çocuğu olan anne babaların depresyon düzeyleri ve depresyonla başa çıkma becerileri. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 7, 143-52.
Ilias, K., Cornish, K., Kummar, A. S., Park, M. S. A., & Golden, K. J. (2018). Parenting stress and resilience in parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Southeast Asia: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 280.
Jones, L., Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., & Petalas, M. A. (2013). Gender differences when parenting children with autism spectrum disorders: A multilevel modeling approach. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(9), 2090-2098. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1756-9
Kaner, S. & Bayraklı, H. (2010). Aile yılmazlık ölçeği: Geliştirilmesi, geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 11(2), 47-62.
Kaner, S. (2010). Yenilenmiş ana-baba sosyal destek ölçeği’nin psikometrik özellikleri. Education and Science, 35(157).
Kavak, S. (2007). Algılanan aile yakınları destek ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve 0–8 yaş arası engelli çocuğu olan annelerin yakınlarından aldığı desteği algılamaları (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Kaytez, N., Durualp, E., & Kadan, G. (2015). Engelli çocuğu olan ailelerin gereksinimlerinin ve stres düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(19), 197-214.
Kenny, D.T. (2000). Psychological foundations of stress and coping: A developmental perspective. In Kenny, D. T., Carlson, J. G., McGuigan, F. J., & Sheppard, J. L. (Eds.), Stress and health: research and clinical applications (73-104), Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Gordon Breach/Harwood Academic Publishers.
Koegel, R. L., Schreibman, L., Loos, L. M., Dirlich-Wilhelm, H., Dunlap, G., Robbins F. R., & Plienis, A. J. (1992). Consistent stress profiles in mothers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22(2), 205-216.
Kuhn, J. C., & Carter, A. S. (2006). Maternal self-efficacy and associated parenting cognitions among mothers of children with autism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 564–575.
Lecavalier L., Leone S., & Wiltz J. (2006) The impact of behaviour problems on caregiver stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(3), 172–18.
Lee, E.-K. O., Shen, C., & Tran, T. V. (2009). Coping with Hurricane Katrina: Psychological distress and resilience among African American evacuees. Journal of Black Psychology, 35(1), 5-23.
Lindholm, M. M. (2007). Stress, coping and quality of life in families raising children with autism. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). California School of Professional Psychology Alliant International Univesity. UMI Microform 3299505.
Lindsey, R.A, & Barry TD. (2018). Protective factors against distress for caregivers of a child with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1092-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3372-1.
Luther E.H., Canham D.L. & Cureton V.Y. (2005) Coping and social support for parents of children with autism. The Journal of School Nursing, 21(1), 40–47.
Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. 1994. Hardiness and mental health. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 265–274.
Marcus, L. M., Kunce, L.J., & Schopler, E. (2005). Working with families. F.R. Volkmar,
McCubbin, H.I., McCubbin, M.A., Thompson, A.I., Young Han, S., & Allen, C.T. (1997). Families under stress: What makes them resilient. AAFCS Commemorative Lecture, Washington, DC.
McStay, R. L., Dissanayake, C., Scheeren, A., Koot, H. M., & Begeer, S. (2014). Parenting stress and autism: The role of age, autism severity, quality of life and problem behaviour of children and adolescents with autism. Autism, 18(5), 502-510. doi: 10.1177/136236131348516.
Meadon H., & Stoner J.B. (2010). Review of literature related to social, emotional and behavioural adjustment of siblings with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 22, 83–100.
Meirsschaut, M., Roeyers, H., & Warreyn, P. (2010). Parenting in families with autism spectrum disorder and a typically developing child: Mothers' experiences and cognitions. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4, 661-669. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.01.002.
Morya, M., Agrawal A., Upadhyaya, S.K. & Sharma, D.K. (2015). Stres & Coping strategies in families of mentally retarded. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Adental Sciences, 4(52), 8977-8985.
Orsmond, G.I., & Seltzer, M.M. (2007). Siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders across the life course. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13, 313–320.
Öztürk, S. (2017). Zihin engelli ve yaygın gelişimsel bozukluk tanılı ergenlerin ebeveynlerinde stresle başa çıkma tutumları ve evlilik uyumuna etkisi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Üsküdar Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Peer J, & Hillman S. (2014). Stress and resilience for parents of children with ıntellectual and developmental disabilities: A review of key factors and recommendations for practitioners. J Policy Practice Intellectual Disabilities. 11(2), 92–98.
Phelps K.W., Hodgson J.L., & McCammon S.L. (2009). Caring for an individual with autism disorder: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability. 34(1), 27–35.
Phetrasuwan, S., & Shandor Miles, M. (2009). Parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 14(3), 157-165. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2009.00188.x
Pisula, E., & Pore˛bowicz-D¨orsmann, A. (2017). Family functioning, parenting stress and quality of life in mothers and fathers of polish children with high functioning autism or asperger syndrome. Plos One, 12(10), e0186536. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186536
Rapin, I. (1997). Autism. New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 97–104.
Rivers, J. W., & Stoneman, Z. (2003). Sibling relationships when a child has autism: Marital stress and support coping. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 383–394.
Sabih, F., & Sajid, W. (2008) There is significant among parents having children with autism. Rawal Medical Journal, 33(2), 214-216.
Sanders, J. L., & Morgan, S. B. (1997). Family stress and adjustment as perceived by parents of children with autism or down syndrome: Implications for intervention. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 19(4), 15-32.
Sarı, T. (2015). Aile danışmanlığının engelli çocuk annelerindeki anksiyete, depresyon ve stres düzeylerine etkisi. Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum.
Seligman, M., & Darling, R.B. (2007). Ordinary families, special children: A systems approach to childhood disability. New York: Guilford Press.
Sencar, B. (2007) Otistik çocuğa sahip ailelerin algıladıkları sosyal destek ve stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
Smith, L. E., Hong, J., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Almeida, D. M., & Bishop, S. L. (2010). Daily experiences among mothers of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(2), 167-178.
Sounders, M.C., DePaul, D., Freeman, K.G., & Levy, S.E. (2002). Caring for children and adolescents with autism who require challenging procedures. Pediatric Nursing, 28, 555–564.
Stanojević, N., Nenadović, V., Fatić, S., & Stokić, M. (2017). Exploring factors of stress level in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Specijalna Edukacija I Rehabilitacija (Beograd), 16(4), 445-463.
Tehee, E., Honan, R., & Hevey, D. (2009). Factors contributing to stress in parents of individuals with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 22(1), 34-42. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00437.x
Tobing, L. E., & Glenwick, D. S. (2006). Predictors and moderators of psychological distress in mothers of children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Family Social Work, 10 (4), 1-22.
Tunali, B., & Power, T. G. (2002). Coping by redeﬁnition: Cognitive appraisals in mothers of children with autism and children without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 25–34.
Türkan, M. M. (2017). İşitme engelli çocukların annelerinin stres düzeyini ve evlilik doyumlarını yordayan değişkenlerin incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Okan Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Weiss M.J. (2002). Harrdiness and social support as predictors of stress in mothers of typical children, children with autism, and children with mental retardation. Autism, 6(1), 115-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361302006001009.
Wing, L. (2012). Otizm el rehberi (3. Baskı) (S. Kunt, Çev.). İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
Yurdakul, A., Girli, A., Özekeş, M., & Sarısoy, M. (2002). Otistik ve zihinsel engelli çocuğu olan ailelerin streslebaşetme yolları anne-baba farklılıkları. Saray Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 7, 6-17.

Oti̇zmli̇ Çocukları Olan Ai̇leleri̇n Stres Düzeyleri̇ni̇ Etki̇leyen Faktörleri̇n İncelenmesi̇

Yıl 2023, , 229 - 253, 31.12.2023

Kübra Arslan , Tarık Tuncay

https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1318620

Cited By: 1

Öz

Bu çalışma, baş etme stratejilerinin, sosyal destek sistemlerinin ve aile dayanıklılık düzeylerinin Türk otizmli çocuk ailelerinin algılanan stres düzeyleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kesitsel araştırmanın örneklemini otizm tanısı almış çocuğu olan 213 anne ve 87 baba oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada Algılanan Stres Ölçeği, Başa Çıkma Tarzları Ölçeği Kısa Formu, Gözden Geçirilmiş Ebeveyn Sosyal Destek Ölçeği ve Aile Yılmazlık Ölçeği Türkçe Formları kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde normal dağılım incelenmiş ve bağımlı ve bağımsız değişkenler arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamak için bağımsız değişkenlere dayalı olarak bağımlı değişkeni tahmin etmek için çoklu regresyon analizi tekniklerinde kullanılmıştır. Regresyon analizi, çocuk sayısı ve otizmli çocuğun tanı yaşının aile stres düzeyini pozitif yönde etkilediğini ortaya koymuştur. Tüm bu değişkenler toplam varyansın %14'ünü açıklamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın en önemli bulgularından biri, annelerin stres düzeylerinin babalardan daha yüksek bulunmasıdır. Ebeveynlerin yaşı, eğitimi, gelir düzeyi, otizmli çocuğun doğum sırasındaki sayısı, otizmin fark edilme zamanı, aktif ve pasif baş etme yöntemleri ve aile dayanıklılığı aile stres düzeyini olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Ayrıca, otizmli çocuğa sahip ailelerin stres düzeylerini azaltan ve aktif başa çıkma stratejilerini kolaylaştıran psikososyal çalışmalara gereksinim vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Otizm, Otizmli çocuğu olan aileler, Stress düzeyleri, Baş etme biçimleri, Sosyal destek

Kaynakça

Altiere, M. J., & Von Kluge S. (2009). Searching for acceptance: Challenges encountered while raising a child with autism. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 34(2), 142–152.
American Psychiatric Association, (2013). (http://www.autismspeaks.org/whatautism/diagnosis/dsm-5-diagnostic-criteria).
Ang, K. Q. P., & Loh, P. R. (2019). Mental health and coping in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Singapore: An examination of gender role in caring. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49(5), 2129-2145. doi: 10.1007/s10803-019-03900-w.
Arslan, K. (2020). Otizmli çocuğu olan ailelerin dayanıklılık düzeyine etki eden faktörlerin incelenmesi. Doktora Tezi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Aslan, Ç.Ç., (2010). Zihinsel engelli çocuğu olan anne ve babaların psikolojik belirtileri, sosyal destek algıları ve stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının karşılaştırılması. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Maltepe Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Bacanlı, H., Sürücü, M., & İlhan, T. (2007). Başa çıkma stilleri ölçeği kısa formunun (BÇSÖ-KF) psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(1), 81-96.
Bekhet, A. K., Johnson, N. L., & Zauszniewski, J. A. (2012). Resilience in family members of persons with autism spectrum disorder: A review of the literature. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(10), 650-656. http://dx.doi:10.3109/01612840.2012.671441
Beşikçi, H. (2000). Otistik olan ve olmayan normal çocuklara sahip anne –babaların kaygı düzeyleri ve aile yapıları. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Boyd, B. A. (2002). Examining the relationship between stress and lack of social support in mothers of children with autism. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities. 17(4).
Bromley, J., Hare, D., Davison, K., & Emerson, E. (2004). Mothers supporting children with autistic spectrum disorders. Sage Publications and The National Autistic Society, 8(4), 409-423.
Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocols too long: Consider the brief COPE. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4 (1), 92-100.
CDC (2018). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/addm-community-report/documents/addm-community-report-2018-h.pdf
Cohen, O., Slonim, I., Finzi, R., & Leichtentritt, R. D. (2002). Family resilience: Israeli mothers' perspectives. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 30, 173-187.
Cridland, K.E., Jones, C.S., Magee, A.C., & Caputi, P. (2014). Family-focused autism spectrum disorder research: A review of the utility of family systems approaches. Autism, 18(3), 213 –222.
Dabrowska A., & Pisula, E. (2010). Parenting stress and coping styles in mothers and fathers of pre-school children with autism and down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 54(3), 266-280.
Dale, E., Jahoda, A., & Knott, F. (2006). Mothers' attributions following their child's diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorder. Autism, 10, 463-479.
Davis N.O., & Carter, A.S. (2008). Parenting stress in mothers and fathers of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders: Associations with child characteristics. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(7), 1278-1291.
Dolbier, C., & Steinhardt, M. (2008). Evaluation of a resilience ıntervention to enhance coping strategies and protective factors and decrease symptomatology. Journal of American College Health, 56 (4).
Duarte, C. S., Bordin, I. A., Yazigi, L., & Mooney, J. (2005). Factors associated with stress in mothers of children with autism. Autism, 9(4), 416–427.
Dunn, M. E., Burbine, T., Bowers, C. A. & Tantleff-Dunn, S. (2001). Moderators of stress in parents of children with autism. Community Mental Health Journal, 37, 39-52.
Ekas, Lickenbrock, & Whitman (2010). Optimism, social support, and well-being in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(10), 1274-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-010-0986-y.
Eskin, M., Harlak, H., Demirkıran, F., & Dereboy, Ç. (2013). Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. New Symposium Journal, 51(3), 132-140.
Estes, A., Munson, D., Dawson, G., Koehler, E., Zhou, X., & Abbot, R. (2009). Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay. Autism, 13(4), 375–387.
García-López C., Sarriá, E., & Pozo, P. (2016). A multilevel approach to gender differences in adaptation in father-mother dyads parenting individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 28, 7-16.
Glidden, L.M., Billings, F.J. & Jobe, B.M. (2006). Personality, coping style and well-being of parents rearing children with developmental disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(12), 949- 962.
Görgü, E. (2006). 3-7 yaş arası otistik çocuğa sahip olan ailelerin algıladıkları sosyal destek düzeyi ile depresyon düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Gray, D. (2006). Coping over time: The parents of children with autism. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(12), 970-976.
Hartman, A. (2012). Autism and its impact on families. Master of Social Work Clinical Research Papers. Paper 35. http://sophia.stkate.edu/msw_papers/35
Hastings, R. P. & Johnson, E. (2001). Stress in UK families conducting intensive homebased behavioral intervention for their young child with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 31(3), 327-336.
Herken, H., Turan, M., Şenol, S., & Karaca, S. (2000). Down sendromlu çocuğu olan anne babaların depresyon düzeyleri ve depresyonla başa çıkma becerileri. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 7, 143-52.
Ilias, K., Cornish, K., Kummar, A. S., Park, M. S. A., & Golden, K. J. (2018). Parenting stress and resilience in parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in Southeast Asia: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 280.
Jones, L., Totsika, V., Hastings, R. P., & Petalas, M. A. (2013). Gender differences when parenting children with autism spectrum disorders: A multilevel modeling approach. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(9), 2090-2098. doi:10.1007/s10803-012-1756-9
Kaner, S. & Bayraklı, H. (2010). Aile yılmazlık ölçeği: Geliştirilmesi, geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 11(2), 47-62.
Kaner, S. (2010). Yenilenmiş ana-baba sosyal destek ölçeği’nin psikometrik özellikleri. Education and Science, 35(157).
Kavak, S. (2007). Algılanan aile yakınları destek ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi ve 0–8 yaş arası engelli çocuğu olan annelerin yakınlarından aldığı desteği algılamaları (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Marmara Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Kaytez, N., Durualp, E., & Kadan, G. (2015). Engelli çocuğu olan ailelerin gereksinimlerinin ve stres düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Öğretim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(19), 197-214.
Kenny, D.T. (2000). Psychological foundations of stress and coping: A developmental perspective. In Kenny, D. T., Carlson, J. G., McGuigan, F. J., & Sheppard, J. L. (Eds.), Stress and health: research and clinical applications (73-104), Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Gordon Breach/Harwood Academic Publishers.
Koegel, R. L., Schreibman, L., Loos, L. M., Dirlich-Wilhelm, H., Dunlap, G., Robbins F. R., & Plienis, A. J. (1992). Consistent stress profiles in mothers of children with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22(2), 205-216.
Kuhn, J. C., & Carter, A. S. (2006). Maternal self-efficacy and associated parenting cognitions among mothers of children with autism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 564–575.
Lecavalier L., Leone S., & Wiltz J. (2006) The impact of behaviour problems on caregiver stress in young people with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 50(3), 172–18.
Lee, E.-K. O., Shen, C., & Tran, T. V. (2009). Coping with Hurricane Katrina: Psychological distress and resilience among African American evacuees. Journal of Black Psychology, 35(1), 5-23.
Lindholm, M. M. (2007). Stress, coping and quality of life in families raising children with autism. (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). California School of Professional Psychology Alliant International Univesity. UMI Microform 3299505.
Lindsey, R.A, & Barry TD. (2018). Protective factors against distress for caregivers of a child with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(4), 1092-107. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3372-1.
Luther E.H., Canham D.L. & Cureton V.Y. (2005) Coping and social support for parents of children with autism. The Journal of School Nursing, 21(1), 40–47.
Maddi, S. R., & Khoshaba, D. M. 1994. Hardiness and mental health. Journal of Personality Assessment, 63, 265–274.
Marcus, L. M., Kunce, L.J., & Schopler, E. (2005). Working with families. F.R. Volkmar,
McCubbin, H.I., McCubbin, M.A., Thompson, A.I., Young Han, S., & Allen, C.T. (1997). Families under stress: What makes them resilient. AAFCS Commemorative Lecture, Washington, DC.
McStay, R. L., Dissanayake, C., Scheeren, A., Koot, H. M., & Begeer, S. (2014). Parenting stress and autism: The role of age, autism severity, quality of life and problem behaviour of children and adolescents with autism. Autism, 18(5), 502-510. doi: 10.1177/136236131348516.
Meadon H., & Stoner J.B. (2010). Review of literature related to social, emotional and behavioural adjustment of siblings with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities, 22, 83–100.
Meirsschaut, M., Roeyers, H., & Warreyn, P. (2010). Parenting in families with autism spectrum disorder and a typically developing child: Mothers' experiences and cognitions. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 4, 661-669. doi: 10.1016/j.rasd.2010.01.002.
Morya, M., Agrawal A., Upadhyaya, S.K. & Sharma, D.K. (2015). Stres & Coping strategies in families of mentally retarded. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Adental Sciences, 4(52), 8977-8985.
Orsmond, G.I., & Seltzer, M.M. (2007). Siblings of individuals with autism spectrum disorders across the life course. Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews, 13, 313–320.
Öztürk, S. (2017). Zihin engelli ve yaygın gelişimsel bozukluk tanılı ergenlerin ebeveynlerinde stresle başa çıkma tutumları ve evlilik uyumuna etkisi. (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Üsküdar Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Peer J, & Hillman S. (2014). Stress and resilience for parents of children with ıntellectual and developmental disabilities: A review of key factors and recommendations for practitioners. J Policy Practice Intellectual Disabilities. 11(2), 92–98.
Phelps K.W., Hodgson J.L., & McCammon S.L. (2009). Caring for an individual with autism disorder: A qualitative analysis. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability. 34(1), 27–35.
Phetrasuwan, S., & Shandor Miles, M. (2009). Parenting stress in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 14(3), 157-165. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6155.2009.00188.x
Pisula, E., & Pore˛bowicz-D¨orsmann, A. (2017). Family functioning, parenting stress and quality of life in mothers and fathers of polish children with high functioning autism or asperger syndrome. Plos One, 12(10), e0186536. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0186536
Rapin, I. (1997). Autism. New England Journal of Medicine, 337, 97–104.
Rivers, J. W., & Stoneman, Z. (2003). Sibling relationships when a child has autism: Marital stress and support coping. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 33, 383–394.
Sabih, F., & Sajid, W. (2008) There is significant among parents having children with autism. Rawal Medical Journal, 33(2), 214-216.
Sanders, J. L., & Morgan, S. B. (1997). Family stress and adjustment as perceived by parents of children with autism or down syndrome: Implications for intervention. Child and Family Behavior Therapy, 19(4), 15-32.
Sarı, T. (2015). Aile danışmanlığının engelli çocuk annelerindeki anksiyete, depresyon ve stres düzeylerine etkisi. Tıpta Uzmanlık Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Erzurum.
Seligman, M., & Darling, R.B. (2007). Ordinary families, special children: A systems approach to childhood disability. New York: Guilford Press.
Sencar, B. (2007) Otistik çocuğa sahip ailelerin algıladıkları sosyal destek ve stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.
Smith, L. E., Hong, J., Seltzer, M. M., Greenberg, J. S., Almeida, D. M., & Bishop, S. L. (2010). Daily experiences among mothers of adolescents and adults with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40(2), 167-178.
Sounders, M.C., DePaul, D., Freeman, K.G., & Levy, S.E. (2002). Caring for children and adolescents with autism who require challenging procedures. Pediatric Nursing, 28, 555–564.
Stanojević, N., Nenadović, V., Fatić, S., & Stokić, M. (2017). Exploring factors of stress level in parents of children with autism spectrum disorder. Specijalna Edukacija I Rehabilitacija (Beograd), 16(4), 445-463.
Tehee, E., Honan, R., & Hevey, D. (2009). Factors contributing to stress in parents of individuals with autistic spectrum disorders. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 22(1), 34-42. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3148.2008.00437.x
Tobing, L. E., & Glenwick, D. S. (2006). Predictors and moderators of psychological distress in mothers of children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Family Social Work, 10 (4), 1-22.
Tunali, B., & Power, T. G. (2002). Coping by redeﬁnition: Cognitive appraisals in mothers of children with autism and children without autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32, 25–34.
Türkan, M. M. (2017). İşitme engelli çocukların annelerinin stres düzeyini ve evlilik doyumlarını yordayan değişkenlerin incelenmesi. (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Okan Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
Weiss M.J. (2002). Harrdiness and social support as predictors of stress in mothers of typical children, children with autism, and children with mental retardation. Autism, 6(1), 115-30. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361302006001009.
Wing, L. (2012). Otizm el rehberi (3. Baskı) (S. Kunt, Çev.). İstanbul: Sistem Yayıncılık.
Yurdakul, A., Girli, A., Özekeş, M., & Sarısoy, M. (2002). Otistik ve zihinsel engelli çocuğu olan ailelerin streslebaşetme yolları anne-baba farklılıkları. Saray Rehabilitasyon Dergisi, 7, 6-17.

Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Aile Sosyolojisi, Aile ve İlişkiler Sosyolojisi
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Kübra Arslan 0000-0003-4916-8317 Tarık Tuncay 0000-0002-9447-6717
Erken Görünüm Tarihi	31 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi	31 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi	23 Haziran 2023
Kabul Tarihi	8 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA	Arslan, K., & Tuncay, T. (2023). Examining the Factors Influencing the Stress Levels in Families of Children with Autism. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi, 6(12), 229-253. https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1318620
AMA	Arslan K, Tuncay T. Examining the Factors Influencing the Stress Levels in Families of Children with Autism. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi. Aralık 2023;6(12):229-253. doi:10.35235/uicd.1318620
Chicago	Arslan, Kübra, ve Tarık Tuncay. “Examining the Factors Influencing the Stress Levels in Families of Children With Autism”. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi 6, sy. 12 (Aralık 2023): 229-53. https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1318620.
EndNote	Arslan K, Tuncay T (01 Aralık 2023) Examining the Factors Influencing the Stress Levels in Families of Children with Autism. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi 6 12 229–253.
IEEE	K. Arslan ve T. Tuncay, “Examining the Factors Influencing the Stress Levels in Families of Children with Autism”, Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 12, ss. 229–253, 2023, doi: 10.35235/uicd.1318620.
ISNAD	Arslan, Kübra - Tuncay, Tarık. “Examining the Factors Influencing the Stress Levels in Families of Children With Autism”. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi 6/12 (Aralık 2023), 229-253. https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1318620.
JAMA	Arslan K, Tuncay T. Examining the Factors Influencing the Stress Levels in Families of Children with Autism. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2023;6:229–253.
MLA	Arslan, Kübra ve Tarık Tuncay. “Examining the Factors Influencing the Stress Levels in Families of Children With Autism”. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 6, sy. 12, 2023, ss. 229-53, doi:10.35235/uicd.1318620.
Vancouver	Arslan K, Tuncay T. Examining the Factors Influencing the Stress Levels in Families of Children with Autism. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2023;6(12):229-53.