Popülizm Bağlamında Avusturya Özgürlük Partisi (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs – FPÖ) ve Yabancı Düşmanlığı

Öz

Son yıllarda Avrupa genelinde aşırı sağ hareketlerin, yabancı düşmanlığının, ırkçılığın ve dini ayrılıkçılığın arttığı görülmüştür. Özellikle mültecilerin Avrupa'ya gelmesiyle birlikte, Avrupa'daki yabancı düşmanlığı ve Müslüman aleyhtarı muhalefet daha da belirginleşmekte ve bu sorun gün geçtikçe daha ciddi bir hal almaktadır. Bu kapsamda Avusturya ise aşırı sağcı bir siyasi partinin iktidara gelmesine izin vermiştir. Özellikle son yıllarda yabancı düşmanı, göçmen karşıtı ve Müslüman karşıtı söylemler üzerinden güç kazanan Avusturya’daki bu popülist Avusturya Özgürlük Partisi dikkatleri üzerine çekmekte ve kışkırtıcı bir dil kullanmaktadır. FPÖ, milliyetçi ve popülist yönleriyle; göç, Müslüman karşıtı ve yabancı karşıtı unsurları içeren popülist bir söylemsel strateji izlemektedir. Homojen popülizmi savunan Avusturya Özgürlük Partisi, ayrıca Avrupa Birliği/düzen karşıtı söylem ve stratejilerle ivme kazanmıştır.

Söylemlere merkezi bir rol veren bu çalışmanın amacı Avusturya’daki popülist aşırı sağın yükselişinin mümkün olduğunca kapsamlı bir analizini yapmaktadır. Avusturya’nın seçilmesinin gerekçesi; bu ülkenin tarihinde aşırı sağın, aşırı sağın tarihinde de Avusturya’nın çok özel bir yeri bulunmasıdır.

Bu çalışmada, Avusturya Özgürlük Partisinin Avusturya siyaseti bağlamındaki söyleminin milliyetçi ve popülist unsurları Eleştirel Söylem Analizi (Critical Discourse Analysis) yoluyla irdelenecek, muhtelif yönleriyle mukayese edilecektir. Eleştirel Söylem Analizi yoluyla yapılacak irdeleme ve mukayese 2001-2019 yılları arası dönemi kapsayacaktır. Çalışma, alanında metodolojik özgünlüğü taşımakla birlikte Avusturya’daki bu popülist aşırı sağ partinin söylemlerini nasıl meşrulaştırdıklarını ortaya koyacak ve alana güncel bir katkı sağlayacaktır. Ampirik olarak incelenecek Avusturya Özgürlük Partisinin resmi web siteleri, parti programları, kamuya açık konuşmaları, sosyal medya söylemleri, konuyla ilgili makaleler ve gazete içerikleri de nazara alınacaktır. Analiz konusu bu parti için önde gelen ve etkili bir politikacı mercek altına alınacaktır. Ancak ana odağın bireysel politikacıların söylemi olduğu izlenimini önlemek için, bu partinin diğer üyelerinin bazı söylem parçalarının yanı sıra parti programları gibi daha genel söylemsel materyaller de analize tabi tutulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Popülizm
• FPÖ
• Avusturya
• Zenofobya

The Austrian Freedom Party (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs - FPÖ) and Xenophobia in the Context of Populism

Öz

It has been a period of radical right movements; xenophobia, racism and religious separatism have increased in Europe. Austria, as a country, has allowed the radical right party to come to political power. As the arrival of refugees in Europe continues apace, xenophobia and anti-Muslim sentiment has become more pronounced with the problem showing no signs of abating. In recent years, the populist Austrian Freedom party in Austria has sought to capitalize on such sentiments through the use of xenophobic, anti-immigrant and anti-Muslim rhetoric, an approach that has raised its profile and garnered attention among the electorate. In following a populist discursive strategy that embraces anti-immigration, anti-Muslim and anti-foreign elements, its advocacy of homogeneity and support for anti-European Union discourses and strategies continue to build political momentum.

The aim of this study is to examine Austria Freedom Party in the context of populism. Austria has chosen to examine as far as possible the rise of the populist far-right in Europe. The reason for choosing Austria; the far right has a very special place in the history of this country, and Austria has a very special place in the history of the far right.

In this study, the nationalist and populist elements of the Austria Freedom Party’s discourse within the context of Austrian politics will be analyzed through Critical Discourse Analysis. Through Critical Discourse Analysis, the period of 2001-2019 will be analyzed and compared. In addition to the methodological originality of the study, its current contribution is to reveal how this populist far-right party in Austria legitimizes their discourse. Newspaper contents, official websites, articles, party programs, public speeches, and social media discourses of the Freedom Party are examined empirically. In the study, a leading and influential politician is selected for this political party. In order to avoid the impression that the focus was the discourse of individual politicians, some pieces of discourse of other members of this party were analyzed, as well as the more general discursive material of the parties, such as party programs.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Populism
• FPÖ
• Austria
• Radicalism
• Xenophobia

Kaynakça

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