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The Progressive Potential of Technology and the Transformation of Work

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 10, 394 - 417, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1169952

Öz

The advent of full automation is now anticipated due to acceleration in technological discoveries. As a consequence of this, it is concerned that full automation would lead to a big global structural unemployment, and new debates on the transformation processes of work emerged. This study discusses the possibility and consequences of full automation, as well as its progressive potential with a labour-based approach. For this purpose, in the first section late inventions in robotics and AI are described and relevant social and philosophical problems are addressed. The second and third sections discuss technological unemployment, labour alienation, and new environmental problems. It would be inconclusive to insist on utopic expectations without analysing the relationship between technology and capitalism, which leads to structural problems and new labour discipline mechanisms. Nevertheless, a call for being realistic does not necessarily mean refusing the transformative potential of technology. In the last section of this paper, negative and positive aspects of technology are addressed, current proposals to deal with technological unemployment are discussed, and solutions such as UBI are criticized. As an alternative to these criticized approaches, it is argued that demanding shorter working hours is both realistic and progressive as a long-term solution. This is because such a demand would not only support labour rights, but also deepen the rift between traditional forms of capitalism and a desirable future which machines could provide, keeping a post-capitalist alternative on the agenda.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D. ve Restrepo, P. (2018). Artificial intelligence, automation and work. A. Agrawal, J. Gans ve A. Goldfarb (Ed.), The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda içinde (s. 197-236). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Aristoteles. (2010). Politika. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Autor, D. H. (2015). Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(3), 3-30.
  • Bastani, A. (2019). Fully Automated Luxury Communism. London: Verso.
  • Bellamy, C. (2022). How 3D printing can be the solution to the nation’s affordable housing crisis. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/3d-printing-can-solution-nations-affordable-housing-crisis-rcna10725
  • Bellemare, M. C. (2020). Techno-capitalist-feudalism. Blacksatin Publications Ltd.
  • Brynjolfsson, E. ve McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. New York: WW Norton & Company.
  • Bulao, J. (2021, 30 Kasım). 27+ astonishing robotics industry statistics you should know in 2021. Techjury. https://techjury.net/blog/robotics-industry-statistics/#gref
  • Cohen, A. (2021, 11 Ocak). A Bill Gates venture aims to spray dust into the atmosphere to block the sun. What could go wrong? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/01/11/bill-gates-backed-climate-solution-gains-traction-but-concerns-linger/?sh=33bf0630793b
  • Cornwall, W. (2021, 1 Temmuz). The plastic eaters. Science. https://www.science.org/content/article/could-plastic-eating-microbes-take-bite-out-recycling-problem
  • Danaher, J. (2019). Automation and Utopia: Human Flourishing in a World without Work. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Day, M. (2018, 21 Ocak). Amazon Go cashierless convenience store opens to the public in Seattle. The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-go-cashierless-convenience-store-opening-to-the-public/
  • Estlund, C. (2018). What should we do after work: automation and employment. The Yale Law Journal, 128(2), 254-326.
  • Ford, M. (2015). Rise of the Robots. New York: Basic Books.
  • Frey, C. B. ve Osborne, M. A. (2013). The future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254-280.
  • Hardt, M. ve Negri, A. (2020). Çokluk. (B. Yıldırım, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 2005)
  • Hermann, C. (2014). Capitalism and the Political Economy of Work Time. London: Routledge.
  • Herrendorf, B, Rogerson, R. ve Valentinyi, A. (2014). Growth and structural transformation. P. Aghion ve S. N. Durlauf (Ed.), Handbook of Economic Growth içinde (s. 855-941). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Hickel, J. (2019). Degrowth: a theory of radical abundance. Real-World Economics Review, 87(19), 54-68.
  • İnan, K. (2012). Bilgi Toplumuna Geçerken Teknolojik İşlevsizlik. İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık. IFR (International Federation of Robotics). (2020). World Robotics Report. https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/record-2.7-million-robots-work-in-factories-around-the-globe
  • Johannessen, J. A. (2019). Automation, Capitalism and the End of the Middle Class. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Kaplan, J. (2015). Humans Need not Apply. London: Yale University Press.
  • Keynes, J. M. (1931). Essays in Persuasion. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Koh, D. H., Jang, W. S., Park, J. W., Ham, W. S., Han, W. K., Rha, K. H. ve Choi, Y. D. (2018). Efficacy and Safety of Robotic Procedures Performed Using the da Vinci Robotic Surgical System at a Single Institute in Korea: Experience with 10000 Cases. Yonsei Medical Journal, 59(8), 975–981.
  • Kuznetsova, A. (2020). Rational pricing of fruit-harvesting robots. 13th International Conference on Management of Large-scale System Development. 28-30 Eylül 2020, Moskova. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9247787
  • Marx, K. (1999). Grundrisse: Ekonomi politiğin eleştirisinin temelleri. (A. Gelen, Çev.). Ankara: Sol Yayınları (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 1939).
  • Marx, K. (2000). Kapital. (A. Bilgi, Çev.). Ankara: Sol Yayınları (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 1867).
  • Moody, K. (2018). High tech, low growth: robots and the future of work. Historical Materialism, 26(4), 3-34.
  • Moore, P. V, M. Upchurch ve Whittaker, X. (2018). Humans and machines at work: monitoring, surveillance and automation in contemporary capitalism. P. V. Moore, M. Upchurch ve X. Whittaker (Ed.), Humans and Machines at Work içinde (s. 1-16). Cham: Springer.
  • Morris-Suzuki, T. (1984). Robots and capitalism. New Left Review, 147(1), 109-21.
  • Moseley, F. (2011). The US economic crisis: fundamental causes and possible solutions. International Journal of Political Economy, 40(3), 59-71.
  • Osborn, S.G., Vengosh A., Warner, N.R. ve Jackson, R. B. (2011). Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(20), 8172-8176.
  • Ross, J. (2021, 10 Haziran). The biggest companies in the world in 2021. Visual Capitalist. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-biggest-companies-in-the-world-in-2021/
  • Spencer, D. A. (2018). Fear and hope in an age of mass automation: debating the future of work. New Technology, Work and Employment, 33(1), 1-12.
  • Steinhoff, J. (2021). Automation and Autonomy: Labour, Capital and Machines in the Artificial Intelligence Industry. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Terranova, Tiziana. 2000. Free labor: Producing culture for the digital economy. Social Text, 63(18), 2.
  • Tollefson, J. (2018). First sun-dimming experiment will test a way to cool Earth. Nature, 563, 613-615.
  • van Onzen, F. (2021). Service Workers in the Era of Monopoly Capital: A Marxist Analysis of Service and Retail Labour. Leiden: Brill.
  • Varoufakis, Y. (2021, 28 Haziran). Techno-feudalism is taking over. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/techno-feudalism-replacing-market-capitalism-by-yanis-varoufakis-2021-06
  • Weinberg, L. (2018, 25 Temmuz). Burberry Receives Backlash for Burning $38 Million of Unsold Products. The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/burberry-receives-backlash-burning-38-million-unsold-products-1129922/

Teknolojinin İlerici Potansiyeli ve Emeğin Dönüşümü

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 10, 394 - 417, 31.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1169952

Öz

Teknolojik keşiflerdeki ivmeyle birlikte tam otomasyonun gerçekleşme olasılığı artık beklenir hale gelmiştir. Bu durumla birlikte, tam otomasyonun geniş çaplı ve küresel ölçekte bir yapısal işsizliğe yol açacağı kaygısı doğmuş ve emeğin nasıl bir dönüşümden geçeceği sorgulanır hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, tam otomasyonun gerçekleşme olasılığı ve sonuçlarının yanı sıra ilerici potansiyeli emek eksenli bir yaklaşımla tartışmaya açılmıştır. Bu amaçla, makalenin ilk bölümünde yakın dönemde robotik ve yapay zeka alanında gerçekleşen gelişmeler betimlenmiş ve ilgili toplumsal problemler insan-makine ilişkisinin felsefî boyutu açısından ele alınmıştır. Makalenin ikinci ve üçüncü bölümünde ise teknolojinin yol açtığı işsizlik, emeğin yabancılaşması ve yeni çevre problemleri ele alınmaktadır. Teknoloji-kapitalizm ilişkisindeki yapısal krizler ve sermayenin emeği kontrol altında tutmasına yarayan olanaklar çözümlenmeden, otomasyonla ilgili ütopik beklentiler temelsiz kalacaktır. Bununla birlikte, mevcut ekonomik koşullar açısından gerçekçi olmaya çağrı, teknolojinin yarattığı muazzam dönüştürücü potansiyeli reddetmeyi de gerektirmez. Teknoloji bir yandan işsizlik ve sosyal eşitsizlik yaratırken, diğer yandan da yüksek emek verimliliği aracılığıyla bolluk getirmektedir. Makalenin son bölümünde teknolojinin olumlu ve olumsuz yanları ele alınmakta, işsizlik konusundaki güncel çözüm önerileri tartışılmakta ve bu ETG gibi mevcut bazı yaklaşımlar eleştiriye tabi tutulmaktadır. Eleştirilen bu önerilere alternatif olarak, çalışma saatlerinin düşmesi talebinin hem gerçekçi hem de uzun vadeli bir çözüm olarak ilerici bir seçenek olduğu öne sürülmektedir. Bunun neden söz konusu talebin emeğin lehine bir durum yaratmanın yanı sıra, kapitalizmin geleneksel üretim biçimiyle makinelerin sunabileceği arzu edilir bir gelecek arasındaki çelişkiyi derinleştirecek ve post-kapitalist bir perspektifi gündemde tutacaktır.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoglu, D. ve Restrepo, P. (2018). Artificial intelligence, automation and work. A. Agrawal, J. Gans ve A. Goldfarb (Ed.), The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda içinde (s. 197-236). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Aristoteles. (2010). Politika. İstanbul: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Autor, D. H. (2015). Why are there still so many jobs? The history and future of workplace automation. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 29(3), 3-30.
  • Bastani, A. (2019). Fully Automated Luxury Communism. London: Verso.
  • Bellamy, C. (2022). How 3D printing can be the solution to the nation’s affordable housing crisis. NBC News. https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/3d-printing-can-solution-nations-affordable-housing-crisis-rcna10725
  • Bellemare, M. C. (2020). Techno-capitalist-feudalism. Blacksatin Publications Ltd.
  • Brynjolfsson, E. ve McAfee, A. (2014). The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies. New York: WW Norton & Company.
  • Bulao, J. (2021, 30 Kasım). 27+ astonishing robotics industry statistics you should know in 2021. Techjury. https://techjury.net/blog/robotics-industry-statistics/#gref
  • Cohen, A. (2021, 11 Ocak). A Bill Gates venture aims to spray dust into the atmosphere to block the sun. What could go wrong? Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/arielcohen/2021/01/11/bill-gates-backed-climate-solution-gains-traction-but-concerns-linger/?sh=33bf0630793b
  • Cornwall, W. (2021, 1 Temmuz). The plastic eaters. Science. https://www.science.org/content/article/could-plastic-eating-microbes-take-bite-out-recycling-problem
  • Danaher, J. (2019). Automation and Utopia: Human Flourishing in a World without Work. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Day, M. (2018, 21 Ocak). Amazon Go cashierless convenience store opens to the public in Seattle. The Seattle Times. https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-go-cashierless-convenience-store-opening-to-the-public/
  • Estlund, C. (2018). What should we do after work: automation and employment. The Yale Law Journal, 128(2), 254-326.
  • Ford, M. (2015). Rise of the Robots. New York: Basic Books.
  • Frey, C. B. ve Osborne, M. A. (2013). The future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerisation? Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 114, 254-280.
  • Hardt, M. ve Negri, A. (2020). Çokluk. (B. Yıldırım, Çev.). İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları. (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 2005)
  • Hermann, C. (2014). Capitalism and the Political Economy of Work Time. London: Routledge.
  • Herrendorf, B, Rogerson, R. ve Valentinyi, A. (2014). Growth and structural transformation. P. Aghion ve S. N. Durlauf (Ed.), Handbook of Economic Growth içinde (s. 855-941). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  • Hickel, J. (2019). Degrowth: a theory of radical abundance. Real-World Economics Review, 87(19), 54-68.
  • İnan, K. (2012). Bilgi Toplumuna Geçerken Teknolojik İşlevsizlik. İstanbul: İletişim Yayıncılık. IFR (International Federation of Robotics). (2020). World Robotics Report. https://ifr.org/ifr-press-releases/news/record-2.7-million-robots-work-in-factories-around-the-globe
  • Johannessen, J. A. (2019). Automation, Capitalism and the End of the Middle Class. London: Taylor & Francis.
  • Kaplan, J. (2015). Humans Need not Apply. London: Yale University Press.
  • Keynes, J. M. (1931). Essays in Persuasion. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Koh, D. H., Jang, W. S., Park, J. W., Ham, W. S., Han, W. K., Rha, K. H. ve Choi, Y. D. (2018). Efficacy and Safety of Robotic Procedures Performed Using the da Vinci Robotic Surgical System at a Single Institute in Korea: Experience with 10000 Cases. Yonsei Medical Journal, 59(8), 975–981.
  • Kuznetsova, A. (2020). Rational pricing of fruit-harvesting robots. 13th International Conference on Management of Large-scale System Development. 28-30 Eylül 2020, Moskova. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/9247787
  • Marx, K. (1999). Grundrisse: Ekonomi politiğin eleştirisinin temelleri. (A. Gelen, Çev.). Ankara: Sol Yayınları (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 1939).
  • Marx, K. (2000). Kapital. (A. Bilgi, Çev.). Ankara: Sol Yayınları (Orijinal çalışma basım tarihi 1867).
  • Moody, K. (2018). High tech, low growth: robots and the future of work. Historical Materialism, 26(4), 3-34.
  • Moore, P. V, M. Upchurch ve Whittaker, X. (2018). Humans and machines at work: monitoring, surveillance and automation in contemporary capitalism. P. V. Moore, M. Upchurch ve X. Whittaker (Ed.), Humans and Machines at Work içinde (s. 1-16). Cham: Springer.
  • Morris-Suzuki, T. (1984). Robots and capitalism. New Left Review, 147(1), 109-21.
  • Moseley, F. (2011). The US economic crisis: fundamental causes and possible solutions. International Journal of Political Economy, 40(3), 59-71.
  • Osborn, S.G., Vengosh A., Warner, N.R. ve Jackson, R. B. (2011). Methane contamination of drinking water accompanying gas-well drilling and hydraulic fracturing. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(20), 8172-8176.
  • Ross, J. (2021, 10 Haziran). The biggest companies in the world in 2021. Visual Capitalist. https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-biggest-companies-in-the-world-in-2021/
  • Spencer, D. A. (2018). Fear and hope in an age of mass automation: debating the future of work. New Technology, Work and Employment, 33(1), 1-12.
  • Steinhoff, J. (2021). Automation and Autonomy: Labour, Capital and Machines in the Artificial Intelligence Industry. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Terranova, Tiziana. 2000. Free labor: Producing culture for the digital economy. Social Text, 63(18), 2.
  • Tollefson, J. (2018). First sun-dimming experiment will test a way to cool Earth. Nature, 563, 613-615.
  • van Onzen, F. (2021). Service Workers in the Era of Monopoly Capital: A Marxist Analysis of Service and Retail Labour. Leiden: Brill.
  • Varoufakis, Y. (2021, 28 Haziran). Techno-feudalism is taking over. Project Syndicate. https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/techno-feudalism-replacing-market-capitalism-by-yanis-varoufakis-2021-06
  • Weinberg, L. (2018, 25 Temmuz). Burberry Receives Backlash for Burning $38 Million of Unsold Products. The Hollywood Reporter. https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/style/burberry-receives-backlash-burning-38-million-unsold-products-1129922/
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Felsefe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Çağlar Karaca 0000-0002-4059-6916

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Eylül 2022
Kabul Tarihi 23 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 10

Kaynak Göster

APA Karaca, Ç. (2022). Teknolojinin İlerici Potansiyeli ve Emeğin Dönüşümü. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi, 5(10), 394-417. https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1169952
AMA Karaca Ç. Teknolojinin İlerici Potansiyeli ve Emeğin Dönüşümü. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi. Aralık 2022;5(10):394-417. doi:10.35235/uicd.1169952
Chicago Karaca, Çağlar. “Teknolojinin İlerici Potansiyeli Ve Emeğin Dönüşümü”. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi 5, sy. 10 (Aralık 2022): 394-417. https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1169952.
EndNote Karaca Ç (01 Aralık 2022) Teknolojinin İlerici Potansiyeli ve Emeğin Dönüşümü. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi 5 10 394–417.
IEEE Ç. Karaca, “Teknolojinin İlerici Potansiyeli ve Emeğin Dönüşümü”, Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 10, ss. 394–417, 2022, doi: 10.35235/uicd.1169952.
ISNAD Karaca, Çağlar. “Teknolojinin İlerici Potansiyeli Ve Emeğin Dönüşümü”. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi 5/10 (Aralık 2022), 394-417. https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1169952.
JAMA Karaca Ç. Teknolojinin İlerici Potansiyeli ve Emeğin Dönüşümü. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2022;5:394–417.
MLA Karaca, Çağlar. “Teknolojinin İlerici Potansiyeli Ve Emeğin Dönüşümü”. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 10, 2022, ss. 394-17, doi:10.35235/uicd.1169952.
Vancouver Karaca Ç. Teknolojinin İlerici Potansiyeli ve Emeğin Dönüşümü. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2022;5(10):394-417.

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