A Comparative Historical Analysis in Determining Immigration Policies: Policy Recommendations for Türkiye Based on the U.S. Migration Experience (1882-1921)

Mehmet Çetin

doi:10.35235/uicd.1507660

Araştırma Makalesi

A Comparative Historical Analysis in Determining Immigration Policies: Policy Recommendations for Türkiye Based on the U.S. Migration Experience (1882-1921)

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 14, 153 - 183, 31.12.2024

Mehmet Çetin

https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1507660

Öz

The world is experiencing a new wave of mass migration, with Türkiye assuming a prominent role as both a transit and destination country. Türkiye bears a significant financial burden compared to others, impacting various dimensions of the social sphere. Policies must be grounded in a pragmatic economic approach to address challenges arising from mass migration. This matter is also addressed in the 11th and 12th Development Plans, emphasizing the necessity of an effective migration and immigration policy. In historical analysis, several nations have emerged as exemplars that could guide Türkiye. Analyzing the migration policies of the USA during the peak period of mass migration (1882-1921), this study adopts an institutional and interdisciplinary perspective, drawing from the U.S. Congressional Records that provides comprehensive and reliable documentation of the period's policies and their effects. This study aims to formulate policy recommendations for Türkiye's future immigration policies based on its findings. The findings of the study suggest that irregular mass migration, despite temporal and geographical variations, engenders analogous economic, political, and social challenges. The feasibility of the proposed policies may serve as a source of inspiration for subsequent studies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mass migration, Migration policy, USA, U.S. Congressional Records, Türkiye

Kaynakça

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Anderson, K. L. (2021). Immigration in American history. London and New York: Routledge.
Bankston, C. L. & D. A. Hidalgo (2006). Immigration in U.S. history. California: Salem Press, Inc.
Benton-Cohen, K. (2018). Inventing the immigration problem: The Dillingham Commission and its legacy. Cambridge: Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Bodvarsson, Ö. B. & van den Berg, H. V. (2009). The Economics of immigration, theory and policy. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer.
Borjas, G. J. (1994). "The economics of immigration". Journal of Economic Literature, XXXII, 1667-1717.
Caro, L. P. (2020). "Syrian refugees in the Turkish labor market". Sosyoekonomi, 28(46), pp. 51-74.
Dinnerstein, L. & D. Reimers (2008). Ethnic Americans, A history of immigration. New York: Columbia University Press.
Ellerman, A. (2021). The Comparative politics of immigration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gerber, D. A. (2011). American immigration, a very short introduction. USA: Oxford University Press, USA.
Hammar, T. (1985). European immigration policy, A comparative study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hatton, T. J. & J. G. Williamson (2003). "What fundamentals drive world migration?", WIDER Discussion Paper, No. 2003/23. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/53066/1/369095073.pdf (18.12.2023).
Hayduk, R. & R. O. Garza (2012). “Immigrant Voting”. In J. Gans, E. M. Replogle & D. J. Tichenor (Eds). Debates on U.S. immigration. USA: SAGE Publications.
Hillstrom, K. (2009). The dream of America: Immigration 1870-1920. Detroit: Omnigraphics Inc.
Ingram, W. S. (2004). Greek immigrants (Immigration to the United States). New York: Facts on File.
International Organization for Migration (2020). World Migration Report 2020. IOM Publications. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2020.pdf (22.11.2023).
Karaca, R. K. (2023, 25 Aralık). Geçici koruma statüsündeki Suriyeliler gerçeği. Dünya Gazetesi. Erişim Adresi: https://www.dunya.com/kose-yazisi/gecici-koruma-statusundeki-suriyeliler-gercegi/695145.
Kaya, Y. (2019). Ayyıldız ve Küre: küreselleşme, toplumsal eşitsizlik ve kimlik. Ankara, Nobel Yayıncılık.
Kıvrak, E. F. (2019). Ekonomik büyüme ve göç: AB ve Türkiye arasındaki göç sorunu kapsamında göçün Türkiye'nin ekonomisine etkileri. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Araştırmaları Enstitüsü. İstanbul.
Köşgeroğlu, B. Ş. (2017). "İstisnai yoldan vatandaşlığın kazanılmasına ilişkin genel esaslar ve son değişiklikler çerçevesinde Türk vatandaşlığının istisnai yoldan kazanılması". Hacettepe HFD, 7(1), pp. 169-198.
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Göç Politikalarının Belirlenmesinde Karşılaştırmalı Tarihsel Bir Analiz: ABD Göç Tecrübesinden (1882-1921) Hareketle Türkiye İçin Politika Önerileri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 14, 153 - 183, 31.12.2024

Mehmet Çetin

https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1507660

Öz

Dünya, Türkiye’nin hem transit hem de hedef ülke olma anlamında belirgin bir rol oynadığı yeni bir kitlesel göç dalgası ile karşı karşıyadır. Diğer ülkelerle karşılaştırıldığında, ağır bir maddi yük ile karşı karşıya kalmakta ve bu durum toplumsal alanın diğer boyutlarını da etkisi altına almaktadır. Kitlesel göç hareketlerinin neden olduğu sorunların aşılabilmesi için takip edilecek politikaların gerçekçi bir ekonomik temele oturtulması gerekmektedir. Bu durum 11. ve 12. Kalkınma Planlarında da ele alınmış ve etkin bir göç ve göçmen politikasına ilişkin gereksinim açıkça belirtilmiştir. Bu konuda Türkiye için örnek teşkil edebilecek ülke örneklerini tarihsel süreç içerisinde bulmak mümkündür. Bu çalışmada kitlesel göç hareketlerinin en yoğun yaşandığı 1882-1921 döneminde ABD’de devletin başta iktisadi olmak üzere kendi öncelikleri çerçevesinde hangi göç politikalarını uyguladığı Amerikan Kongre Kayıtlarından hareketle ve kurumsal bir bakış açısıyla ve disiplinler arası bir perspektifle analiz edilmektedir. Çalışmanın amacı elde edilen bulgulardan hareketle Türkiye için gelecekte uygulanabilecek göç politikalarına yönelik politika önerileri geliştirmektir. Çalışmanın bulguları, zamansal ve coğrafi farklılıklara rağmen düzensiz kitlesel göçün benzer ekonomik, politik ve sosyal zorluklara yol açtığını göstermektedir. Önerilen politikaların uygulanabilirliği müteakip çalışmalar için bir esin kaynağı oluşturabilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kitlesel Göç, Göç Politikası, ABD, ABD Kongre Kayıtları, Türkiye

Kaynakça

Abbott, E. (1924). Immigration, selected documents and case records. Chicago – Illinois: The University of Chicago Press.
Aksu, E., R. Erzan & M. G. Kırdar (2018). "The impact of mass migration of Syrians on the Turkish labor market". IZA Institute of Labor Economics, No. 12050, pp. 1-98.
Anderson, K. L. (2021). Immigration in American history. London and New York: Routledge.
Bankston, C. L. & D. A. Hidalgo (2006). Immigration in U.S. history. California: Salem Press, Inc.
Benton-Cohen, K. (2018). Inventing the immigration problem: The Dillingham Commission and its legacy. Cambridge: Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Bodvarsson, Ö. B. & van den Berg, H. V. (2009). The Economics of immigration, theory and policy. Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer.
Borjas, G. J. (1994). "The economics of immigration". Journal of Economic Literature, XXXII, 1667-1717.
Caro, L. P. (2020). "Syrian refugees in the Turkish labor market". Sosyoekonomi, 28(46), pp. 51-74.
Dinnerstein, L. & D. Reimers (2008). Ethnic Americans, A history of immigration. New York: Columbia University Press.
Ellerman, A. (2021). The Comparative politics of immigration. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gerber, D. A. (2011). American immigration, a very short introduction. USA: Oxford University Press, USA.
Hammar, T. (1985). European immigration policy, A comparative study. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hatton, T. J. & J. G. Williamson (2003). "What fundamentals drive world migration?", WIDER Discussion Paper, No. 2003/23. https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/53066/1/369095073.pdf (18.12.2023).
Hayduk, R. & R. O. Garza (2012). “Immigrant Voting”. In J. Gans, E. M. Replogle & D. J. Tichenor (Eds). Debates on U.S. immigration. USA: SAGE Publications.
Hillstrom, K. (2009). The dream of America: Immigration 1870-1920. Detroit: Omnigraphics Inc.
Ingram, W. S. (2004). Greek immigrants (Immigration to the United States). New York: Facts on File.
International Organization for Migration (2020). World Migration Report 2020. IOM Publications. https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/wmr_2020.pdf (22.11.2023).
Karaca, R. K. (2023, 25 Aralık). Geçici koruma statüsündeki Suriyeliler gerçeği. Dünya Gazetesi. Erişim Adresi: https://www.dunya.com/kose-yazisi/gecici-koruma-statusundeki-suriyeliler-gercegi/695145.
Kaya, Y. (2019). Ayyıldız ve Küre: küreselleşme, toplumsal eşitsizlik ve kimlik. Ankara, Nobel Yayıncılık.
Kıvrak, E. F. (2019). Ekonomik büyüme ve göç: AB ve Türkiye arasındaki göç sorunu kapsamında göçün Türkiye'nin ekonomisine etkileri. (Unpublished Master’s Thesis). Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Araştırmaları Enstitüsü. İstanbul.
Köşgeroğlu, B. Ş. (2017). "İstisnai yoldan vatandaşlığın kazanılmasına ilişkin genel esaslar ve son değişiklikler çerçevesinde Türk vatandaşlığının istisnai yoldan kazanılması". Hacettepe HFD, 7(1), pp. 169-198.
Le May, M. C. (1987). From open door to dutch door: An analysis of U.S. immigration policy since 1820. New York: Praeger.
Lee, E. (2002). "The Chinese exclusion example: race, immigration, and American gatekeeping, 1882-1924". Journal of American Ethnic History, 21(3), pp. 36-62.
Lerner, K. L., B. W. Lerner, A. W. Lerner (2006). Immigration and multiculturalism: Essential primary sources. Michigan: Thomson Gale.
Lynch, J. P. & R. J. Simon (2003). Immigration the World over statutes, policies, and practices. USA: Royman & Littlefield Publishers.
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Toplam 93 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil	İngilizce
Konular	Sosyal Demografi
Bölüm	Makaleler
Yazarlar	Mehmet Çetin 0000-0002-6954-0908
Yayımlanma Tarihi	31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi	30 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi	2 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı	Yıl 2024 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 14

Kaynak Göster

APA	Çetin, M. (2024). A Comparative Historical Analysis in Determining Immigration Policies: Policy Recommendations for Türkiye Based on the U.S. Migration Experience (1882-1921). Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi, 7(14), 153-183. https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1507660
AMA	Çetin M. A Comparative Historical Analysis in Determining Immigration Policies: Policy Recommendations for Türkiye Based on the U.S. Migration Experience (1882-1921). Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi. Aralık 2024;7(14):153-183. doi:10.35235/uicd.1507660
Chicago	Çetin, Mehmet. “A Comparative Historical Analysis in Determining Immigration Policies: Policy Recommendations for Türkiye Based on the U.S. Migration Experience (1882-1921)”. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi 7, sy. 14 (Aralık 2024): 153-83. https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1507660.
EndNote	Çetin M (01 Aralık 2024) A Comparative Historical Analysis in Determining Immigration Policies: Policy Recommendations for Türkiye Based on the U.S. Migration Experience (1882-1921). Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi 7 14 153–183.
IEEE	M. Çetin, “A Comparative Historical Analysis in Determining Immigration Policies: Policy Recommendations for Türkiye Based on the U.S. Migration Experience (1882-1921)”, Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 14, ss. 153–183, 2024, doi: 10.35235/uicd.1507660.
ISNAD	Çetin, Mehmet. “A Comparative Historical Analysis in Determining Immigration Policies: Policy Recommendations for Türkiye Based on the U.S. Migration Experience (1882-1921)”. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi 7/14 (Aralık 2024), 153-183. https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1507660.
JAMA	Çetin M. A Comparative Historical Analysis in Determining Immigration Policies: Policy Recommendations for Türkiye Based on the U.S. Migration Experience (1882-1921). Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2024;7:153–183.
MLA	Çetin, Mehmet. “A Comparative Historical Analysis in Determining Immigration Policies: Policy Recommendations for Türkiye Based on the U.S. Migration Experience (1882-1921)”. Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 14, 2024, ss. 153-8, doi:10.35235/uicd.1507660.
Vancouver	Çetin M. A Comparative Historical Analysis in Determining Immigration Policies: Policy Recommendations for Türkiye Based on the U.S. Migration Experience (1882-1921). Uluslararası İnsan Çalışmaları Dergisi. 2024;7(14):153-8.

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