Development of Maternal Gatekeeping Scale for Mothers with Preschool Aged Children

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 14, 184 - 201, 31.12.2024

Özlem Dönmez , Ozana Ural

https://doi.org/10.35235/uicd.1531757

Öz

Family is the first social group in which child interacts. Both mothers and fathers have an impact on the development of children. However, participation of mothers and fathers in the development of the child may vary according to the cultural attributions given to mother and father roles and spousal relationship. The aim of the research is to develop a valid and reliable measuring instrument to investigate the maternal gatekeeping of mothers and examine maternal gatekeeping behaviors of mothers according to demographic variables. In this research “Causal Comparative Research Method” was used. The sample of the research was randomly selected 524 mothers of 36-72 from 24 preschools of 6 districts. The data was collected via “Maternal Gatekeeping Scale” and “Family Information Form” developed within the study. Reliability and validity analysis of the scale were conducted, and it is seen that the scale is comprised of 5 sub-scales and 57 items. As the results of the comparison tests, there are differences found according to duration of maternal care, mothers’ working status, working hours, education levels, ages, fathers’ working hours, education levels, whether there is a support in childcare, number of children, school type, and duration of marriage. The results of the study were discussed considering the relevant literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Maternal Gatekeeping Scale, Mothers and fathers of preschool aged children, Interaction behaviors of mothers and fathers

Okul Öncesi Dönemde Çocuğu Olan Annelere Yönelik Babasavar Annelik Ölçeği’nin Geliştirilmesi

Öz

Aile çocuğun etkileşime geçtiği ilk sosyal gruptur. Çocuğun gelişimini desteklemede hem annelerin hem babaların kritik etkisi bulunmaktadır. Ancak anne ve babanın çocuğun yaşamına katılımı kültürel olarak anne ve babalığa atfedilen rollere ve eşlerin birbiri ile olan etkileşimine göre farklılık göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, annelerin babasavarlık düzeylerini belirlemeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirmek ve demografik değişkenlere göre babasavar annelik düzeylerini incelemektir. Bu kapsamda “Nedensel Karşılaştırma Modeli” kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini 24 anaokulu ve 6 farklı ilçeden okul öncesi eğitime devam eden çocuğu olan 524 annedir. Veriler, bu çalışma kapsamında geliştirilen “Babasavar Annelik Ölçeği” ve “Aile Bilgi Formu” ile toplanmıştır. Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları yapılmış, ölçeğin 5 alt boyut ve 57 maddeden oluştuğu görülmüştür. Annenin çocuğa bakım süresine, çalışma durumu ve saatine, eğitim durumuna ve yaşına, babanın çalışma saatine, eğitim durumuna, çocuk bakımında destek alıp almamalarına, çocuk sayısına, çocuğun devam ettiği okul türüne ve evlilik süresine göre babasavar annelik düzeylerinin farklılık gösterdiği görülmüştür. İlgili literatür kapsamında elde edilen bulgular tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Babasavar Annelik Ölçeği, okul öncesi dönemde çocuğu olan anne ve babalar, anne ve baba etkileşim davranışları

Kaynakça

• Adamsons, K. (2010). Using identity theory to de&lop a midrange model of parental gatekeeping and parenting behavior. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 137–148.
• Ainsworth, M.D.S. (1979). Infant-mother attachment. American Psychologist, 10(34), 932-937.
• Akgöz Aktaş, G. (2017). The relationship between father involvement and child adjustment: The effects of maternal gatekeeping and marital adjustment (Master thesis). Mersin Uni&rsity Institute of Social Sciences, Mersin.
• Allen, S., & Hawkins, A. (1999). Maternal gatekeeping: Mothers' beliefs and behaviors that inhibit greater father invol&ment in family work. Journal of Marriage and Family, 199-212.
• Austin, W., Fieldstone , L., & Pruett, M. (2013). Bench book for assessing parental gatekeeping in parenting disputes: Understanding the dynamics of gate closing and opening for the best ınterests of children. Journal of Child Custody, 1-16.
• Aydın, A., & Akgöz Aktaş, G. (2017). A Review on the Maternal Gatekeeping. Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 24(3), 283-292.
• Aytac, F.K., Schoppe-Sullivan, S.J. (2024). Division of Labor and Maternal Gatekeeping during the Second Wave of COVID-19 in Turkey. Journal of Child Family Studies, 33, 383–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02721-x.
• Bretherton, I. (1992). The Origins of Attachment Theory: John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth. Developmental Psychology, 5(28), 759-775.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007), Handbook of Data Analysis for Social Sciences, Ankara: Pegem A Publishing.
• Cresswell, J. (2017a). Introduction to Mixed Method Research (1. Edition). (Ed: M. Sözbilir) Ankara: Pegem Academy Publishing.
• Cresswell, J. (2017b). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Method Approaches. (Ed: S. Demir, Translator: E. Bukova Güzel, İ. Erdoğan, Y. Dede, G. Hacıömeroğlu, H. Ercan, F. Bilican, S. Demir) Ankara: Eğiten Book Publishing.
• Çoban, İ. (2017). The effect of maternal gatekeeping on shared past conversations through father involvement (Master thesis). Orta Doğu Teknik Uni&rsity Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara.
• DeVellis, R. (2017). Scale Development: Theory and Applications. (Translator: T. Totan) Ankara: Nobel Academy Publishing.
• Fagan, J., & Barnett, M. (2003). The relationship between maternal gatekeeping, paternal competence, mothers’ attitudes about the father role, and father invol&ment. Journal of Family Issues, 1020-1043.
• Formoso, D., Gonzales, N., Barrera Jr., M., & Dumka, L. (2007). Interparental relations, maternal employment, and fathering in Mexican American families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 69, 26-39.
• France, F., Mark, F., Gillian, A., & Nicolas, F. (2016). Professional gatekeeping toward fathers: A powerful influence on family and child de&lopment. Perspectices in Infant Mental Health, 29(3), 185-198.
• Gaunt, R., & Pinho, M. (2017). Do sexist mothers change more diapers? Ambivalent sexism, maternal gatekeeping, and the division of childcare. Sex Roles, 79, 176–189.
• Güngör Aytar, F., & Kaytez, N. (2014). Chapter 4: Communication in the family and its' effects on the child. In A. Köksal Akyol, F. Güngör Aytar, F. Gürsoy, N. Aral, R. Zembat, A. Aksoy, M. Cingi, Preschool Education in All Aspects Book 10. Ankara: Hedef Publishing.
• Hauser, O. (2012). Pushing dady away? A qualitative study of maternal gatekeeping. Qualitative Sociology Review, 8(1), 34-59.
• Hauser, O. (2015). “I love being a mom so I don’t mind doing it all”: The cost of maternal identitiy. Sociological Focus, 4, 329-353.
• Karabulut, H., & Şendil, G. (2017). Turkish adaptation of the Maternal Gatekeeping Scale. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 16(61), 686-699.
• Karasar, N. (2016). Scientific Research Method. Ankara: Nobel Publishing.
• Kulik, L., & Tsoref, H. (2010). The entrance to the maternal garden: environmental and personal variables that explain maternal gatekeeping. Journal of Gender Studies, 19(3), 263–277.
• Maslauskaite, A. (2011). Contacts between adult children and their parents in Lithuania: The effects of familial, individual and structural factors. Filosofija Sociologija, 22(4), 348–364.
• Nakagawa, M. (2010). Wives’ maternal gatekeeping and their husbands’ involvement in childcare and housework with children under 12 years old. Japanese Journal of Family Sociology, 22(2), 201-212.
• Özgün, Ö. (2017). Part I: Basic concepts of family and family in the education of the child in the historical process (Ed: In Y. Aktaş Arnas, A. Sığırtmaç, E. Deretarla Gül, Ö. Özgün, M. Yaşar, E. Yılmaz Bolat, G. Hoş, & Y. Aktaş Arnas). Family Education and Family Involvement in Preschool (3rd Edition). Ankara: Vize Publishing.
• Pedersen, D., & Kilzer, G. (2014). Work-to-family conflict and the maternal gatekeeping of dual-earner mothers with young children. Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 35, 251–262.
• Radcliffe, L., & Cassell, C. (2014). Flexible working, work–family conflict, and maternal gatekeeping: The daily experiences of dual-earner couples. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 88(4), 1-47.
• Reed, C. (2009). Correlates of prenatal coparenting and maternal gatekeeping. Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for graduation with distinction in Human De&lopment and Family Science in the College of Education and Human Ecology at The Ohio State University (A Senior Honors Thesis). The Ohio State University.
• Roy, K., & Dyson, O. (2005). Gatekeeping in context: Babymama drama and the involvement of incarcerated fathers. Fathering, 289-310.
• Sano, Y., Richards, L., & Zvonkovic, A. (2008). Are mothers really "gatekeepers" of children?: Rural mothers perceptions of nonresident fathers' invol&ment in low-income families. Journal of Family Issues, 29(12), 1701-1723.
• Seçer, İ. (2015). Psychological Test Development and Adaptation Process: SPSS & LISREL Applications. Ankara: Anı Publishing.
• Sweeney, K., Goldberg, A., & Garcia, R. (2016). Not a “mom thing”: Predictors of gatekeeping in same-sex and heterosexual parent families. Journal of Family Psychology, 31(5), 521–531.
• Şeker, H., & Gençdoğan, B. (2014). Assessment Tool Development in Psychology and Education. Ankara: Nobel Academy Publishing.
• Şeker, M. (2011). Quality of Life Research in Istanbul. Istanbul Ticaret Odası Publication (Publication no: 2010-103).
• Trinder, L. (2007). Maternal gate closing and gate opening in postdivorce families. Journal of Family Issues, 29(10), 1298-1324.
• Wang, H., Xu, P., & Jiang, Y. (2024). Exploring the Relationship between Maternal Gatekeeping with Paternal Parenting and Adolescent Aggression. Behavioral Sciences, 14(7), 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14070517.
• Yurdugül, H. (2005). Using content validity indices for content validity in scale development studies, XIV. National Educational Sciences Congress (Full Text Paper), Pamukkale University Education Faculty, 28–30 September, Denizli, Turkey.