Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

THE STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE OF CHINA: AN EVALUATION FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Yıl 2023, , 1 - 21, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1255629

Öz

The COVID-19 pandemic that originated in China has affected every country in the world. Preventive measures started to be taken when COVID-19 was declared a pandemic and these measures have limited countries economic growth. Countries had varying health and economic strategies in response to the epidemic. In this study, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic in China and both the social and economic differing strategies are evaluated and this is useful for understanding the effectiveness of political strategies on the global crisis. The strategies that China followed to increase national power during the pandemic have been analyzed within the scope of economic and technological initiatives. This analysis examines; which strategies were implemented to control the COVID-19 pandemic and which response measures have been successful in China’s wellbeing and the economy.

Kaynakça

  • Addi, R., Benksim, A. ve Cherkaoui, M. (2020) “Oral COVID-19 Disclosing Test: A Novel Rapid Technique in Infection Diagnosis”, The Open Public Health Journal, 13: 455.
  • Amonson, M., (2023) “The Ambitious Dragon”, Journal of Indo-pacıfıc Affairs, 1: 53.
  • Angang, H. ve Honghua, M. (2002) “The Rising of Modern China: Comprehensive National Power and Grand Strategy”, Strategy & Management, 3: 25.
  • Baldwin, R. Ve Freeman, R. (2020) https://voxeu.org/article/covid-concussion-and-supply-chain-contagion-waves (30.11.2021).
  • Baldwin, R. ve Mauro, W. (2020) Mitigating the COVID Economic Crisis: Act Fast and Do Whatever It Takes, London, CEPR Press..
  • Blumenthal, D., Kagan, F. (2023) https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/china-taiwan-weekly-update-april-28-2023 (29.06.2023).
  • Bou, G., (2023). https://www.voanews.com/a/china-s-latest-covid-wave-may-hit-65-million-a-week-with-mild-symptoms-/7125717.html , (20.11.2023).
  • Brandt L., Rawski T. ve Lin, G. (2005) “China’s Economy: Retrospect and Prospect “, Asia Program Special Report, 129: 4.
  • Chen, D. (2014) “Chinese Foreign Policy Needs Major Reform”, https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/chinese-foreign-policy-needs-major-reform/ , (30.11.2021).
  • Chen, Q., Rodewald, L., Lai, S. Ve Gao, G. (2021) https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ-2021-066169 (30.06.2023).
  • Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.chinacdc.cn/en/ , (25.11.2021).
  • Congressional Research Service (2019) ”China’s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, Implications for the United States”, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RL33534.pdf , (24.11.2021).
  • Congressional Research Service (2021) https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11667 ( 30.11.2021). COVID-19 Prevention and Control (2002), https://www.chinacdc.cn/en/COVID19/202002/P020200310326619051741.pdf , (25.11.2021).)
  • Crozet, M. (2021) “Pandemic Impact on Jobs, Worse Than Expected: ILO”, United Nations News, https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1104122 (30.11.2021).
  • Cucinotta, D., Vanelli, M. (2020) “WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic”, Acta Biomed, 1:157. Culver, J. Ve Kirchberger, S. (2023) https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/us-china-lessons-from-ukraine/ (03.07.2023).
  • Dahiya, R. https://idsa.in/askanexpert/conceptofComprehensiveNationalPower (30.11.2021).
  • Dollar D., Huang Y. ve Yao, Y. (2021) “Global Clout, Domestic Fragility”, Finance & Development, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2021/06/pdf/the-future-of-china-dollar-huang-yao.pdf (25.11.2021).
  • Dollar D., Huang Y., ve Yao, Y. (2020) “The COVID-19 Recession is a Good Time to Accelerate Chinese Reform”, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/07/the-covid-19-recession-is-a-good-time-to-accelerate-chinese-reform / (30.11.2021).
  • Dollar D., Huang, Y., Yao, Y. (2020) “China 2049: Economic Challenges of a Rising Global Power”, Foreign Policy, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/FP_20200106_china_2049_dollar_huang_yao.pdf (25.11.2021).
  • Euronews, https://tr.euronews.com/2023/08/25/arastirma-cinde-covid-19-tedbirlerinin-aniden-kaldirilmasi-sonrasi-iki-ayda-iki-milyon-ins , (20.11.2023).
  • Fact Sheet (2021) https://2017-2021.state.gov/fact-sheet-activity-at-the-wuhan-institute-of-virology/index.html , (28.11.2021).
  • Global Health Data Exchange (2019) https://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y021.pdf (25.11.2021).
  • Global Value Chain Development Report (2017), “Measuring And Analyzing The Impact Of GVCs on Economi Development”, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, ss. 16-17. Grieger, G. (2020) https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/659407/EPRS_BRI(2020)659407_EN.pdf , (02.12.2021).
  • Guo, R. (2013) Understanding the Chinese Economy, Academic Press (Chapter 15: Understanding the Chinese-Speaking Economies), 256.
  • Gürlevik, S. (2020) “Koronavirüsler ve Yeni Koronavirüs SARS-CoV-2”, Current Literature, , 14: (1): 47.
  • Helleiner, E. ve Kirshner, J. (2017) “Yeni Çin Seddi”, İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Herd, R., Koen, V. and Noord, P. (2021) “China’s Emergence as a Market Economy: Achievements and Challenges”, OECD contribution to the China Development Forum 20-21 March 2011, Beijing: 11.
  • Hilpert, H.G. ve Stanzel, A. (2021) “China – Winning the Pandemic… for Now”, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, SWP Comment: 1, https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/comments/2021C01_China_PandemicWinner.pdf , s. 4, (02.12.2021).
  • Hu, X., Flahault, A., Temerev, A. and Rozanova, L. (2021) “The Progression of COVID-19 and the Government Response in China”, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 3002: 5.
  • Hu, Z. ve Khan, M. (1997) “Way Is China Growing So Fast?”, International Monetary Fund, Economic Issue, 8: 1. Hubei-China, (2021), http://en.hubei.gov.cn/special/hubeiglories_2021/latestreports_2021/202104/t20210409_3460757.shtml (28.11.2021).
  • Hui, W. (2017) “Çin’in Yirminci Yüzyılı”, İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • International Labor Organization (2021) https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf (22.11.2021).
  • International Labour Organization, (2021) https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---exrel/documents/publication/wcms_550919.pdf (30.11.2021).
  • International Monetary Fund, Country Data: https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/CHN (28.11.2021).
  • Kılıç A., Kara F., Alp E. ve Doğanay M., (2020) “New Threat: 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection and Infection Control Perspective in Turkey”, North Clin Istanb, 7(2): 96.
  • Lau, L., ve Xiong, Y. (2020) The Covıd-19 Epidemic in China: (Chapter 8: International Comparisons), https://doi.org/10.1142/11890 (30.11.2021).
  • Lee, S., ve Kim, J. (2020) “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Pandemic and the Challenge of Public Health”, Korean Journal of Family Practice, 10 (2): 87.
  • Leung, K., Wu, J., Liu,D. ve Leung, G. (2020) “First-wave COVID-19 transmissibility and severity in China outside Hubei after control measures, and second-wave scenario planning: a modelling impact assessment”, Lancet, 395: 1382.
  • Li, M. (2017) “Çin ve 21. Yüzyıl Krizi”, İstanbul: Yazılama Yayınevi.
  • Li, P. (2020) “The Outlook for China’s Innovation-driven Development Beyond COVID-19”, Cultures of Science, 3 (4): 239.
  • Lin, J.Y. (2011) “China and the Global Economy”, China Economic Journal,, (4) 1: 10-11.
  • Liu, L. (2020) “New Techniques of Economic Statecraft”, China International Strategy Review, 2: 241.
  • Liu, W., Yue, X. and Tchounwou, P. )2020) “Response to the COVID-19 Epidemic: The Chinese Experience and Implications for Other Countries”, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 2034: 4.
  • Living in the Chinese Cosmos, “Confucius and the Confucian Tradition”, http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/ort/confucianism.htm#top , (24.11.2021).
  • Mallapaty, S. (2021) “WHO Approval of Chinese CoronaVac COVID Vaccine Will Be Crucial to Curbing Pandemic”, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01497-8 , (28.11.2021).
  • Mazza, M., (2023) “Three Scenarios for Ukraine’s Future and the Implications for Taiwan”, Global Taiwan Brief 8: 12.
  • McCarthy, S. (2023) https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/02/china/shangri-la-dialogue-china-challenge-taiwan-ukraine-intl-hnk/index.html (03.07.2023).
  • Morrison, J., Kennedy, S., ve Huang, Y. (2022) China’s Zero-COVID: What Should the West Do?, CSIS.
  • Morse, S. (2021) https://www.healthcarefinancenews.com/news/coronavirus-likely-escaped-wuhan-lab-says-former-cdc-director-robert-redfield , (28.11.2021).
  • Morse, S. (2021) https://www.healthcarefinancenews.com/news/coronavirus-likely-escaped-wuhan-lab-says-former-cdc-director-robert-redfield (28.11.2021).)
  • National Geographic, https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/confucianism/ (24.11.2021).
  • National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-04/21/c_79464.htm , (25.11.2021).
  • Norris, W. (1999) “Economic Statecraft with Chinese Characteristics: The Use of Commercial Actors in China's Grand Strategy”, Princeton University: Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science, 30.08.2010, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4427059.pdf (30.11.2021).
  • Nye, J. (2010) https://www.ted.com/talks/joseph_nye_global_power_shifts/transcript?language=tr#t-267098 (30.11.2021).
  • O’Brien, R., (2020) “Trump on China Putting America First”, The White House 2020,
  • https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Trump-on-China-Putting-America-First.pdf (28.11.2021).
  • Okamoto, G. (2020) “Securing China’s Post-Pandemic Recovery: Deeping Reforms and Pursuing Rebalancing”, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/09/24/sp092420-securing-china-s-post-pandemic-recovery (30.11.2021).
  • Okamoto, G., (2021) “China’s Post-Pandemic Growth: Deeping Reforms and Pursuing Rebalancing”, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/09/23/sp092221-Chinas-Post-Pandemic-Growth-Deepening-Reforms (28.11.2021).
  • Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/china (29.11.2021).
  • Poznanski, K. (2015) “Confucian Economics: The World at Work”, World Review of Political Economy, (6)2: 208.
  • Poznanski, K. (2017) “Confucian Economics: How is Chinese Thinking Different?”, China Economic Journal, 1: 363.
  • Rolland, N. (2020) “China’s Pandemic Power Play”, Journal of Democracy, Johns Hopkins University Press, 3: 25-26.
  • Ross, R. (2019) “On the Fungibility of Economic Power: China’s Economic Rise and The East Asian Security Order”, European Journal of International Relations,25 (1): 318.
  • Security Science Journal (2023) https://www.securityscience.edu.rs/index.php/journal-security-science/issue/view/7 , 4: 1 (20.11.2023).
  • Seong, J., Ngai, J., Woetzel J. ve Leung, N. (2020) “Fast forward China: How COVID-19 is accelerating 5 key trends shaping the Chinese economy”, Understanding Chinese Consumers: Growth Engine of the World, 1: 12.
  • Shambaugh D., (2016) “Çin Küreselleşme Yolunda”, İstanbul: Yarın Yayınları.
  • Shangguan,Z., Wang, M. and Sun, W. (2020) “What Caused the Outbreak of COVID-19 in China: From the Perspective of Crisis Management”, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 3279: 5.
  • Shih, G. (2021) https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-economy-growth-coronavirus/2021/01/17/2138ef2c-5935-11eb-a849-6f9423a75ffd_story.html (02.12.2021).
  • Song, L., Zhou, Y. ve Hurst, L. (2019) The Chinese Economic Transformation, (Chapter 14: “The impact of Chinese state capital during the iron ore boom”), Australian National University Press, Australia: 287.
  • Song, L., Zhou,Y. ve Hurst, L. (2019) The Chinese Economic Transformation, Australian National University Press.
  • Soomro, B., Mangi, S.N. ve Shah, N. (2021) “COVID-19 complications and economic recovery of China: guidelines for other economies”, Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 1: 11.
  • Spence, M. (2021) “The Shape of Global Recovery”, Project Syndicate, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/vaccinations-restore-overall-economic-growth-advanced-economies-by-michael-spence-2021-03 (30.11.2021).
  • Spence, M.(2021) “Don’t Expect High-Speed Change”, Hong Kong Forum on U.S.-China Relations, https://www.chinausfocus.com/special/2021forum/remarks/20894.html (30.11.2021).
  • Stanford SoM Ethnogeriatrics, “Cultural Beliefs and Practices: Role of Confucianism”, https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/chinese/fund/beliefs.html (24.11.2021).
  • Sun, S., Xie, Z., Yu, K., Jiang, B., Zheng, S. and Pan, X. (2021) “COVID-19 and healthcare system in China: challenges and progression for a sustainable future”, Globalization and Health, 17: 14: 2.
  • Tang, J. Ve Abbasi K. (2021) http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2806 (30.06.2023).
  • The Economist, (2023) https://www.economist.com/podcasts/2023/01/02/how-will-china-navigate-its-post-pandemic-challenges-in 2023?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=18151738051&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIj5fZjJfy_wIVmN2yCh26EwUpEAAYASAAEgJMIPD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds (02.07.2023).
  • The Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, 2008, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, Washington DC, ISBN: 978-0-8213-7491-7: 14-15.
  • The State Council Information Office Held a Press Conference on the Central Steering Group’s Guidance on the Progress of Epidemic Prevention and Control and Medical Treatment (2020) http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-02/28/content_5484713.htm , (25.11.2021).
  • The State Council The People’s Republic of China (2021) http://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/202111/30/content_WS61a5e06bc6d0df57f98e5cce.html , (30.11.2021).
  • The World Bank Document: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33993/Chinas-Productivity-Slowdown-and-Future-Growth-Potential.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (30.11.2021).
  • The World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CN (28.11.2021).
  • The World Factbook, China, (2021) https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/#economy , (28.11.2021).
  • Thomala, L. (2021) https://www.statista.com/topics/5898/novel-coronavirus-covid-19-in-china/#dossierKeyfigures (28.11.2021).
  • United Nations Development Programme in China, (2020) https://www.cn.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/EN_Assessment%20Report%20Impact%20of%20COVID-19%20Pandemic%20on%20Chinese%20Enterprises.pdf , (30.11.2021).
  • United Nations ECLAC: “Measuring the Effect of COVID-19 with a View to Reactivation”, COVID-19 Special Report, No. 2: 19. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45477/6/S2000285_en.pdf , 30.11.2021).
  • Wang B., Zhang G. ve Peoples, J. (2016) “Decomposing Productivity Growth in Chinese Manufacturing”, Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 11: 279.
  • Wang, T., Wang, Q., Wang, J. (2021) “Epidemiological features of Corona Virus Disease 2019 in China”, E3S Web of Conferences 251, 02038: 2.
  • Wei, L. (2021) “China SingaporeHold Eight Defence Policy Dialogue”, http://eng.mod.gov.cn./news/2021-09/15/content_4894934.htm Ministry of National Defense People’s Republic of China, (30.11.2021).
  • Wei, S. (2021) “Why Is China’s Growth Rate Falling So Fast?” https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/why-is-china-gdp-growth-rate-falling-so-fast-by-shang-jin-wei-2021-11 (30.11.2021).
  • Weissmann, M.(2015) “Chinese Foreign Policy in a Global Perspective: A Responsible Reformer “Striving For Achievement””, 3: 151.
  • Wiblin, R. ve Harris, K. https://80000hours.org/podcast/episodes/max-roser-our-world-in-data/ (30.11.2021). Woldometers, https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ (22.11.2021).
  • World Bank Group (2021) https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/publication/china-economic-update-june-2021 (30.11.2021).
  • World Health Organisation (2020) https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf (22.11.2021).
  • World Health Organization (2020) https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf (25.11.2021).
  • World Health Organization (2021) https://www.who.int/news/item/07-05-2021-who-lists-additional-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations (25.11.2021).
  • Wu, H. (2014) “China’s Growth and Productivity Performance Debate Revisited”, Economics Program Working Paper Series, The Conference Board China Center, Beijing, EPWP #14 – 01: 4.
  • Xiaodong, W. (2020) https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202007/27/WS5f1e32a0a31083481725c2b5.html ,(28.11.2021).
  • Xu, C., Wang, X., Hu, H., Qin, H., Wang, J., Shi, J. Ve Hu, Y., (2023) A Sequential Re-opening of Provinces for China’s Zero COVID Policy, Naturemedicine, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02177-4 (01.07.2023).
  • Xuetong, Y. (2014) “From Keeping a Low Profile to Striving for Achievement”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Oxford University Press.7, 2: 153.
  • Yong, L. (2015) Global Value Chains and Development, “UNIDO’s Support towards Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development”, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, s. 7.
  • Zhang, L. (2020) Global Economy and China’s Economy in 2021, “Opportunities and Challenges Facing China’s Economy in 2021, https://www.pwccn.com/en/research-and-insights/global-economy-and-china-economy-in-jan2021.pdf (30.11.2021).
  • Zhuo, C. (2021) “China to Host 2nd Int’l Forum on Military Education”, http://eng.mod.gov.cn./news/2021-11/26/content_4899724.htm (30.11.2021).

ÇİN’İN STRATEJİK AVANTAJI: COVID-19 PANDEMİSİNE İLİŞKİN BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2023, , 1 - 21, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1255629

Öz

Çin’de ortaya çıkan Koronavirüs hastalığı tüm dünya ülkelerini etkilemiştir. Küresel sağlık alarmı verilmesiyle başlayan süreç adına koruyucu önlemler alınmaya başlanmış ve bu önlemler birçok ulus için sınırlandırıcı nitelikte olmuş, ekonomik büyümeyi büyük ölçüde etkilemiştir. Pandemi dönemine yanıt olarak, hasar derecesi doğrultusunda ekonomi ve sağlık politikaları edinilmiştir. Çin’de salgın ilerlemesinin kademeli kontrolünü değerlendiren bu çalışma; farklı politik stratejilerin salgın müdahalesinde başarılı olup olmadığını sorgulama ve salgının, kitleler üzerindeki sosyal ve ekonomik etkilerini değerlendirmesi açısından önem taşımaktadır. Bu bağlamda, çalışmada öncelikle
Çin’in koronavirüs hastalığı süresince ulusal gücünü arttırmak için takip ettiği stratejiler, ekonomik ve teknolojik girişimler kapsamında analiz edilmiştir. Bu araştırma makalesinde, koronavirüs salgınının Çin üzerindeki hasar derecesi incelenmiş ve Çin’in pandemi sürecini kontrol yetisi değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirmede; Çin’in küresel salgın müdahalesinin hangi politik stratejiler doğrultusunda başarıya eriştiğine yanıt aranmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Addi, R., Benksim, A. ve Cherkaoui, M. (2020) “Oral COVID-19 Disclosing Test: A Novel Rapid Technique in Infection Diagnosis”, The Open Public Health Journal, 13: 455.
  • Amonson, M., (2023) “The Ambitious Dragon”, Journal of Indo-pacıfıc Affairs, 1: 53.
  • Angang, H. ve Honghua, M. (2002) “The Rising of Modern China: Comprehensive National Power and Grand Strategy”, Strategy & Management, 3: 25.
  • Baldwin, R. Ve Freeman, R. (2020) https://voxeu.org/article/covid-concussion-and-supply-chain-contagion-waves (30.11.2021).
  • Baldwin, R. ve Mauro, W. (2020) Mitigating the COVID Economic Crisis: Act Fast and Do Whatever It Takes, London, CEPR Press..
  • Blumenthal, D., Kagan, F. (2023) https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/china-taiwan-weekly-update-april-28-2023 (29.06.2023).
  • Bou, G., (2023). https://www.voanews.com/a/china-s-latest-covid-wave-may-hit-65-million-a-week-with-mild-symptoms-/7125717.html , (20.11.2023).
  • Brandt L., Rawski T. ve Lin, G. (2005) “China’s Economy: Retrospect and Prospect “, Asia Program Special Report, 129: 4.
  • Chen, D. (2014) “Chinese Foreign Policy Needs Major Reform”, https://thediplomat.com/2014/08/chinese-foreign-policy-needs-major-reform/ , (30.11.2021).
  • Chen, Q., Rodewald, L., Lai, S. Ve Gao, G. (2021) https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ-2021-066169 (30.06.2023).
  • Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.chinacdc.cn/en/ , (25.11.2021).
  • Congressional Research Service (2019) ”China’s Economic Rise: History, Trends, Challenges, Implications for the United States”, https://sgp.fas.org/crs/row/RL33534.pdf , (24.11.2021).
  • Congressional Research Service (2021) https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11667 ( 30.11.2021). COVID-19 Prevention and Control (2002), https://www.chinacdc.cn/en/COVID19/202002/P020200310326619051741.pdf , (25.11.2021).)
  • Crozet, M. (2021) “Pandemic Impact on Jobs, Worse Than Expected: ILO”, United Nations News, https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1104122 (30.11.2021).
  • Cucinotta, D., Vanelli, M. (2020) “WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic”, Acta Biomed, 1:157. Culver, J. Ve Kirchberger, S. (2023) https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/in-depth-research-reports/report/us-china-lessons-from-ukraine/ (03.07.2023).
  • Dahiya, R. https://idsa.in/askanexpert/conceptofComprehensiveNationalPower (30.11.2021).
  • Dollar D., Huang Y. ve Yao, Y. (2021) “Global Clout, Domestic Fragility”, Finance & Development, https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2021/06/pdf/the-future-of-china-dollar-huang-yao.pdf (25.11.2021).
  • Dollar D., Huang Y., ve Yao, Y. (2020) “The COVID-19 Recession is a Good Time to Accelerate Chinese Reform”, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2020/07/07/the-covid-19-recession-is-a-good-time-to-accelerate-chinese-reform / (30.11.2021).
  • Dollar D., Huang, Y., Yao, Y. (2020) “China 2049: Economic Challenges of a Rising Global Power”, Foreign Policy, https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/FP_20200106_china_2049_dollar_huang_yao.pdf (25.11.2021).
  • Euronews, https://tr.euronews.com/2023/08/25/arastirma-cinde-covid-19-tedbirlerinin-aniden-kaldirilmasi-sonrasi-iki-ayda-iki-milyon-ins , (20.11.2023).
  • Fact Sheet (2021) https://2017-2021.state.gov/fact-sheet-activity-at-the-wuhan-institute-of-virology/index.html , (28.11.2021).
  • Global Health Data Exchange (2019) https://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs2/yearbook_eng/y021.pdf (25.11.2021).
  • Global Value Chain Development Report (2017), “Measuring And Analyzing The Impact Of GVCs on Economi Development”, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, ss. 16-17. Grieger, G. (2020) https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2020/659407/EPRS_BRI(2020)659407_EN.pdf , (02.12.2021).
  • Guo, R. (2013) Understanding the Chinese Economy, Academic Press (Chapter 15: Understanding the Chinese-Speaking Economies), 256.
  • Gürlevik, S. (2020) “Koronavirüsler ve Yeni Koronavirüs SARS-CoV-2”, Current Literature, , 14: (1): 47.
  • Helleiner, E. ve Kirshner, J. (2017) “Yeni Çin Seddi”, İstanbul: Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Herd, R., Koen, V. and Noord, P. (2021) “China’s Emergence as a Market Economy: Achievements and Challenges”, OECD contribution to the China Development Forum 20-21 March 2011, Beijing: 11.
  • Hilpert, H.G. ve Stanzel, A. (2021) “China – Winning the Pandemic… for Now”, German Institute for International and Security Affairs, SWP Comment: 1, https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/comments/2021C01_China_PandemicWinner.pdf , s. 4, (02.12.2021).
  • Hu, X., Flahault, A., Temerev, A. and Rozanova, L. (2021) “The Progression of COVID-19 and the Government Response in China”, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18, 3002: 5.
  • Hu, Z. ve Khan, M. (1997) “Way Is China Growing So Fast?”, International Monetary Fund, Economic Issue, 8: 1. Hubei-China, (2021), http://en.hubei.gov.cn/special/hubeiglories_2021/latestreports_2021/202104/t20210409_3460757.shtml (28.11.2021).
  • Hui, W. (2017) “Çin’in Yirminci Yüzyılı”, İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • International Labor Organization (2021) https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_767028.pdf (22.11.2021).
  • International Labour Organization, (2021) https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---exrel/documents/publication/wcms_550919.pdf (30.11.2021).
  • International Monetary Fund, Country Data: https://www.imf.org/en/Countries/CHN (28.11.2021).
  • Kılıç A., Kara F., Alp E. ve Doğanay M., (2020) “New Threat: 2019 Novel Coronavirus Infection and Infection Control Perspective in Turkey”, North Clin Istanb, 7(2): 96.
  • Lau, L., ve Xiong, Y. (2020) The Covıd-19 Epidemic in China: (Chapter 8: International Comparisons), https://doi.org/10.1142/11890 (30.11.2021).
  • Lee, S., ve Kim, J. (2020) “Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Pandemic and the Challenge of Public Health”, Korean Journal of Family Practice, 10 (2): 87.
  • Leung, K., Wu, J., Liu,D. ve Leung, G. (2020) “First-wave COVID-19 transmissibility and severity in China outside Hubei after control measures, and second-wave scenario planning: a modelling impact assessment”, Lancet, 395: 1382.
  • Li, M. (2017) “Çin ve 21. Yüzyıl Krizi”, İstanbul: Yazılama Yayınevi.
  • Li, P. (2020) “The Outlook for China’s Innovation-driven Development Beyond COVID-19”, Cultures of Science, 3 (4): 239.
  • Lin, J.Y. (2011) “China and the Global Economy”, China Economic Journal,, (4) 1: 10-11.
  • Liu, L. (2020) “New Techniques of Economic Statecraft”, China International Strategy Review, 2: 241.
  • Liu, W., Yue, X. and Tchounwou, P. )2020) “Response to the COVID-19 Epidemic: The Chinese Experience and Implications for Other Countries”, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17, 2034: 4.
  • Living in the Chinese Cosmos, “Confucius and the Confucian Tradition”, http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/ort/confucianism.htm#top , (24.11.2021).
  • Mallapaty, S. (2021) “WHO Approval of Chinese CoronaVac COVID Vaccine Will Be Crucial to Curbing Pandemic”, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01497-8 , (28.11.2021).
  • Mazza, M., (2023) “Three Scenarios for Ukraine’s Future and the Implications for Taiwan”, Global Taiwan Brief 8: 12.
  • McCarthy, S. (2023) https://edition.cnn.com/2023/06/02/china/shangri-la-dialogue-china-challenge-taiwan-ukraine-intl-hnk/index.html (03.07.2023).
  • Morrison, J., Kennedy, S., ve Huang, Y. (2022) China’s Zero-COVID: What Should the West Do?, CSIS.
  • Morse, S. (2021) https://www.healthcarefinancenews.com/news/coronavirus-likely-escaped-wuhan-lab-says-former-cdc-director-robert-redfield , (28.11.2021).
  • Morse, S. (2021) https://www.healthcarefinancenews.com/news/coronavirus-likely-escaped-wuhan-lab-says-former-cdc-director-robert-redfield (28.11.2021).)
  • National Geographic, https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/confucianism/ (24.11.2021).
  • National Health Commission of the People’s Republic of China, http://en.nhc.gov.cn/2020-04/21/c_79464.htm , (25.11.2021).
  • Norris, W. (1999) “Economic Statecraft with Chinese Characteristics: The Use of Commercial Actors in China's Grand Strategy”, Princeton University: Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science, 30.08.2010, https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/4427059.pdf (30.11.2021).
  • Nye, J. (2010) https://www.ted.com/talks/joseph_nye_global_power_shifts/transcript?language=tr#t-267098 (30.11.2021).
  • O’Brien, R., (2020) “Trump on China Putting America First”, The White House 2020,
  • https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Trump-on-China-Putting-America-First.pdf (28.11.2021).
  • Okamoto, G. (2020) “Securing China’s Post-Pandemic Recovery: Deeping Reforms and Pursuing Rebalancing”, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2020/09/24/sp092420-securing-china-s-post-pandemic-recovery (30.11.2021).
  • Okamoto, G., (2021) “China’s Post-Pandemic Growth: Deeping Reforms and Pursuing Rebalancing”, https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2021/09/23/sp092221-Chinas-Post-Pandemic-Growth-Deepening-Reforms (28.11.2021).
  • Our World in Data, https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus/country/china (29.11.2021).
  • Poznanski, K. (2015) “Confucian Economics: The World at Work”, World Review of Political Economy, (6)2: 208.
  • Poznanski, K. (2017) “Confucian Economics: How is Chinese Thinking Different?”, China Economic Journal, 1: 363.
  • Rolland, N. (2020) “China’s Pandemic Power Play”, Journal of Democracy, Johns Hopkins University Press, 3: 25-26.
  • Ross, R. (2019) “On the Fungibility of Economic Power: China’s Economic Rise and The East Asian Security Order”, European Journal of International Relations,25 (1): 318.
  • Security Science Journal (2023) https://www.securityscience.edu.rs/index.php/journal-security-science/issue/view/7 , 4: 1 (20.11.2023).
  • Seong, J., Ngai, J., Woetzel J. ve Leung, N. (2020) “Fast forward China: How COVID-19 is accelerating 5 key trends shaping the Chinese economy”, Understanding Chinese Consumers: Growth Engine of the World, 1: 12.
  • Shambaugh D., (2016) “Çin Küreselleşme Yolunda”, İstanbul: Yarın Yayınları.
  • Shangguan,Z., Wang, M. and Sun, W. (2020) “What Caused the Outbreak of COVID-19 in China: From the Perspective of Crisis Management”, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 3279: 5.
  • Shih, G. (2021) https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/asia_pacific/china-economy-growth-coronavirus/2021/01/17/2138ef2c-5935-11eb-a849-6f9423a75ffd_story.html (02.12.2021).
  • Song, L., Zhou, Y. ve Hurst, L. (2019) The Chinese Economic Transformation, (Chapter 14: “The impact of Chinese state capital during the iron ore boom”), Australian National University Press, Australia: 287.
  • Song, L., Zhou,Y. ve Hurst, L. (2019) The Chinese Economic Transformation, Australian National University Press.
  • Soomro, B., Mangi, S.N. ve Shah, N. (2021) “COVID-19 complications and economic recovery of China: guidelines for other economies”, Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 1: 11.
  • Spence, M. (2021) “The Shape of Global Recovery”, Project Syndicate, https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/vaccinations-restore-overall-economic-growth-advanced-economies-by-michael-spence-2021-03 (30.11.2021).
  • Spence, M.(2021) “Don’t Expect High-Speed Change”, Hong Kong Forum on U.S.-China Relations, https://www.chinausfocus.com/special/2021forum/remarks/20894.html (30.11.2021).
  • Stanford SoM Ethnogeriatrics, “Cultural Beliefs and Practices: Role of Confucianism”, https://geriatrics.stanford.edu/ethnomed/chinese/fund/beliefs.html (24.11.2021).
  • Sun, S., Xie, Z., Yu, K., Jiang, B., Zheng, S. and Pan, X. (2021) “COVID-19 and healthcare system in China: challenges and progression for a sustainable future”, Globalization and Health, 17: 14: 2.
  • Tang, J. Ve Abbasi K. (2021) http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n2806 (30.06.2023).
  • The Economist, (2023) https://www.economist.com/podcasts/2023/01/02/how-will-china-navigate-its-post-pandemic-challenges-in 2023?utm_medium=cpc.adword.pd&utm_source=google&ppccampaignID=18151738051&ppcadID=&utm_campaign=a.22brand_pmax&utm_content=conversion.direct-response.anonymous&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIj5fZjJfy_wIVmN2yCh26EwUpEAAYASAAEgJMIPD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds (02.07.2023).
  • The Growth Report: Strategies for Sustained Growth and Inclusive Development, 2008, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, Washington DC, ISBN: 978-0-8213-7491-7: 14-15.
  • The State Council Information Office Held a Press Conference on the Central Steering Group’s Guidance on the Progress of Epidemic Prevention and Control and Medical Treatment (2020) http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-02/28/content_5484713.htm , (25.11.2021).
  • The State Council The People’s Republic of China (2021) http://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/202111/30/content_WS61a5e06bc6d0df57f98e5cce.html , (30.11.2021).
  • The World Bank Document: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/33993/Chinas-Productivity-Slowdown-and-Future-Growth-Potential.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (30.11.2021).
  • The World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=CN (28.11.2021).
  • The World Factbook, China, (2021) https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/china/#economy , (28.11.2021).
  • Thomala, L. (2021) https://www.statista.com/topics/5898/novel-coronavirus-covid-19-in-china/#dossierKeyfigures (28.11.2021).
  • United Nations Development Programme in China, (2020) https://www.cn.undp.org/content/dam/china/docs/Publications/EN_Assessment%20Report%20Impact%20of%20COVID-19%20Pandemic%20on%20Chinese%20Enterprises.pdf , (30.11.2021).
  • United Nations ECLAC: “Measuring the Effect of COVID-19 with a View to Reactivation”, COVID-19 Special Report, No. 2: 19. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/45477/6/S2000285_en.pdf , 30.11.2021).
  • Wang B., Zhang G. ve Peoples, J. (2016) “Decomposing Productivity Growth in Chinese Manufacturing”, Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 11: 279.
  • Wang, T., Wang, Q., Wang, J. (2021) “Epidemiological features of Corona Virus Disease 2019 in China”, E3S Web of Conferences 251, 02038: 2.
  • Wei, L. (2021) “China SingaporeHold Eight Defence Policy Dialogue”, http://eng.mod.gov.cn./news/2021-09/15/content_4894934.htm Ministry of National Defense People’s Republic of China, (30.11.2021).
  • Wei, S. (2021) “Why Is China’s Growth Rate Falling So Fast?” https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/why-is-china-gdp-growth-rate-falling-so-fast-by-shang-jin-wei-2021-11 (30.11.2021).
  • Weissmann, M.(2015) “Chinese Foreign Policy in a Global Perspective: A Responsible Reformer “Striving For Achievement””, 3: 151.
  • Wiblin, R. ve Harris, K. https://80000hours.org/podcast/episodes/max-roser-our-world-in-data/ (30.11.2021). Woldometers, https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ (22.11.2021).
  • World Bank Group (2021) https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/publication/china-economic-update-june-2021 (30.11.2021).
  • World Health Organisation (2020) https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19-final-report.pdf (22.11.2021).
  • World Health Organization (2020) https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf (25.11.2021).
  • World Health Organization (2021) https://www.who.int/news/item/07-05-2021-who-lists-additional-covid-19-vaccine-for-emergency-use-and-issues-interim-policy-recommendations (25.11.2021).
  • Wu, H. (2014) “China’s Growth and Productivity Performance Debate Revisited”, Economics Program Working Paper Series, The Conference Board China Center, Beijing, EPWP #14 – 01: 4.
  • Xiaodong, W. (2020) https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202007/27/WS5f1e32a0a31083481725c2b5.html ,(28.11.2021).
  • Xu, C., Wang, X., Hu, H., Qin, H., Wang, J., Shi, J. Ve Hu, Y., (2023) A Sequential Re-opening of Provinces for China’s Zero COVID Policy, Naturemedicine, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-02177-4 (01.07.2023).
  • Xuetong, Y. (2014) “From Keeping a Low Profile to Striving for Achievement”, The Chinese Journal of International Politics, Oxford University Press.7, 2: 153.
  • Yong, L. (2015) Global Value Chains and Development, “UNIDO’s Support towards Inclusive and Sustainable Industrial Development”, United Nations Industrial Development Organization, s. 7.
  • Zhang, L. (2020) Global Economy and China’s Economy in 2021, “Opportunities and Challenges Facing China’s Economy in 2021, https://www.pwccn.com/en/research-and-insights/global-economy-and-china-economy-in-jan2021.pdf (30.11.2021).
  • Zhuo, C. (2021) “China to Host 2nd Int’l Forum on Military Education”, http://eng.mod.gov.cn./news/2021-11/26/content_4899724.htm (30.11.2021).
Toplam 103 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkilerde Siyaset
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Burcu Gül 0000-0001-5132-1822

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Gül, B. (2023). THE STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE OF CHINA: AN EVALUATION FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Uluslararası İlişkiler Ve Diplomasi, 6(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1255629
AMA Gül B. THE STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE OF CHINA: AN EVALUATION FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. UİD/Jird. Aralık 2023;6(2):1-21. doi:10.51763/uid.1255629
Chicago Gül, Burcu. “THE STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE OF CHINA: AN EVALUATION FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Ve Diplomasi 6, sy. 2 (Aralık 2023): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1255629.
EndNote Gül B (01 Aralık 2023) THE STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE OF CHINA: AN EVALUATION FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi 6 2 1–21.
IEEE B. Gül, “THE STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE OF CHINA: AN EVALUATION FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC”, UİD/Jird, c. 6, sy. 2, ss. 1–21, 2023, doi: 10.51763/uid.1255629.
ISNAD Gül, Burcu. “THE STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE OF CHINA: AN EVALUATION FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC”. Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi 6/2 (Aralık 2023), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.51763/uid.1255629.
JAMA Gül B. THE STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE OF CHINA: AN EVALUATION FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. UİD/Jird. 2023;6:1–21.
MLA Gül, Burcu. “THE STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE OF CHINA: AN EVALUATION FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Ve Diplomasi, c. 6, sy. 2, 2023, ss. 1-21, doi:10.51763/uid.1255629.
Vancouver Gül B. THE STRATEGIC ADVANTAGE OF CHINA: AN EVALUATION FOR THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC. UİD/Jird. 2023;6(2):1-21.

Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi birbirinden ayrılamaz bir bütünün iki parçasıdır. Uluslararası İlişkiler disiplini içerisinde yer alan çoğu konu diplomasi ışığında ele alınmakta, en başta gelen politik, ekonomik konular uluslararası ilişkiler ve diplomasinin birlikte hareket etmesi ile açıklanmakta ya da çözüme kavuşturulabilmektedir. Bu nedenle derginin isminin Uluslararası İlişkiler ve Diplomasi olmasına karar verilmiştir. Dergimizin; Uluslararası İlişkiler, Diplomasi, Ekonomi, Temel Bilimler ve Sosyal Bilimlerin, siyaset, ekonomi, ekonomi-politik, diplomasi uygulamaları, siyasi tarih, uluslararası antlaşmalar, uluslararası örgütler, hukuk, uluslararası hukuk gibi alanları ile alakalı olarak bilim dünyasına önemli katkı yapması beklenmektedir.