“Winning the Peace”: The Role of International Peace Settlements in the Creation of World Orders – A “Geopolitical Marxist” Perspective

Yıl 2024, , 59 - 77, 12.06.2024

Jack Edwards

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1473270

Cited By: 1

Öz

For the discipline of International Relations (IR), the study of International Peace Settlements (IPS) for the organization of postwar international orders has thus far primarily been the purview of realist, liberal, and constructivist approaches. To date, Marxist approaches have tended to either ignore the significance of IPS in the formation of new global orders or have been inscribed into longer-term overarching processes – namely, the reified consequences of the development of capitalism. These proclivities have had the unwelcome effect of subsuming the role historical agents have played in the devising of international ordering strategies under preordained universal “laws of motion” and downplaying the broader efficacy of foreign policymaking in the building of world order. This paper proposes to rectify this Marxist lacuna by highlighting how adopting an approach that elaborates on the principles of Geopolitical Marxism (GPM) in IR can overcome these shortcomings. The paper argues that a radical historicist methodology for analysing these important world-historical junctures retrieves the significance of contextualized agency within the historical materialist tradition and overcomes the issues beholden to structuralist Marxist approaches.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Peace Conferences, World Order, Foreign Policy, Geopolitical Marxism, The Congress of Vienna

Kaynakça

• Anievas, Alexander. 2014. International Relations between War and Revolution: Wilsonian Diplomacy and the Making of the Treaty of Versailles. International Politics 51, 5: 619–647.
• Aston, Trevor H. and Charles H.E. Philpin. 1985. The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Winning the Peace Bartlett, Christopher. 1963. Great Britain and Sea Power, 1815-1853. Oxford, Clarendon Press.
• Baugh, Daniel. 1988. Great Britain’s ‘Blue-Water’ Policy, 1689-1815. The International History Review 10, 1: 33-58.
• Black, Jeremy. 2004. Parliament and Foreign Policy in the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Black, Jeremy. 2016. Geopolitics and the Quest for Dominance. Bloomington, Indiana University Press.
• Blaufarb, Rafe. 2007. The Western Question: The Geopolitics of Latin American Independence. The American Historical Review 112, 3: 42-763.
• Brenner, Robert. 1977. The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism. New Left Review 104: 25-92.
• Brenner, Robert. 1985. The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism. In The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe, eds. Trevor H. Aston and Charles H.E. Philpin. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Bridge, Roy, and Roger Bullen. 2005. The Great Powers and the European States System, 1814-1914. Second Edition. Oxon, Routledge.
• Bull, Hedley. 2012. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. Fourth edition. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.
• Carr, Edward. 1939. The Twenty Years’ Crisis: An Introduction to the Study of International Relations, 1919-1939. Basingstoke, Palgrave.
• Castlereagh to Charles Bagot. 1817. Public Record Office. Foreign Office 5, 120.
• Chapman, Tim. 1998. The Congress of Vienna: Origins, Processes and Results. Oxon, Routledge.
• Cox, Robert. 1987. Production, Power and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History. New York, Columbia University Press.
• Denemark, Robert, and Kenneth Thomas. 1988. The Brenner-Wallerstein Debate, International Studies Quarterly 32, 1: 47-65.
• Duzgun, Eren. 2020. Against Eurocentric Anti-Eurocentrism: International Relations, Historical Sociology and Political Marxism. Journal of International Relations and Development 23: 285-307.
• Gilpin, Robert. 1981. War and Change in World Politics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Halliday, Fred. 1994. Rethinking International Relations. Basingstoke, Macmillan Press.
• Hobsbawm, Eric. 1977. The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848. London, Abacus.
• Holsti, Kalevi. 1990. Peace and War: Armed Conflicts and International Order, 1648-1989. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Ikenberry,John. 2001. After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after War. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
• Kagan, Korina. 1998. The Myth of the European Concert: The Realist-Institutionalist Debate and Great Power Behaviour in the Eastern Question, 1821-1841. Security Studies 7, 2: 1-57.
• Keohane, Robert. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
• Kissinger, Henry. 1994. Diplomacy. New York, Simon and Schuster.
• Kissinger, Henry. 2000. A World Restored: Metternich, Castlereagh and the Problems of Peace, 1812- 1822. London, Phoenix.
• Knafo, Samuel, and Benno Teschke. 2020. Political Marxism and the Rules of Reproduction of Capitalism: A Historicist Critique. Historical Materialism 29, 3: 54-83.
• Koch, Judith. 2023. The Making of the Single European Act Reconsidered: IPE, UCD and the Challenge of Supranationalism. Global Political Economy 2, 1: 98-120.
• Lacher, Hannes, and Julian Germann. 2012. Hegemony: Britain, Free Trade and Nineteenth Century World Order Revisited. International Studies Review 14, 1: 99-124.
• Lacher, Hannes. 2006. Beyond Globalisation: Capitalism, Territoriality, and the International Relations of Modernity. London, Routledge.
• Lafrance, Xavier. 2019. The Making of Capitalism in France: Class Structures, Economic Development, the State and the Formation of the French Working Class, 1750-1914. Leiden, Brill.
• Maclean, John. 1988. Marxism and International Relations: A Strange Case of Mutual Neglect.Millennium 17, 2: 295–319.
• Mayer, Arno. 1967. Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: 1918-1919. New York, Alfred Knopf.
• Morgenthau, Hans. 1978. Politics Among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace. Sixth Edition. New York, Alfred Knopf.
• O’Brien, Patrick, and Allen Pigman. 1992. Free Trade, British Hegemony and the International Economic Order in the Nineteenth Century. Review of International Studies 18, 2: 89-113.
• O’Brien, Patrick, and Philip Hunt. 1999. England, 1485–1815. In The Rise of the Fiscal State in Europe, c. 1200–1815, ed. Richard Bonney. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Osiander, Andreas. 1994. The States System of Europe, 1640-1990: Peacemaking and the Conditions for International Stability. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Pal, Maïa. 2020. Jurisdictional Accumulation: An Early Modern History of Law, Empires and Capital. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Parris, Sam and Armando Van Rankin Anaya. 2024 The Long Shadow of Structural Marxism in IR: Historicising Colonial Strategies in the Americas. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online-First, May: 1-18.
• Reus-Smit, Christian. 1999. The Moral Purpose of the State: Culture, Social Identity, and Institutional Rationality in International Relations. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
• Rioux, Sébastien. 2015. Mind the (Theoretical) Gap: On the Poverty of International Relations Theorising of Uneven and Combined Development. Global Society 29, 4: 481-509.
• Rosenberg, Justin. 1996. Isaac Deutscher and the Lost History of International Relations. New Left Review 215: 3-15.
• Rosenberg, Justin. 2006. Why is there No International Historical Sociology?. European Journal of International Relations 12, 3: 307-340.
• Salgado, Pedro. 2020. Agency and Geopolitics: Brazilian Formal Independence and the Problem of Eurocentrism in International Historical Sociology. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 33, 3: 432-451.
• Schroeder, Paul. 1992. Did the Vienna Settlement Rest on a Balance of Power?. American Historical Review 97: 683-706.
• Schroeder, Paul. 1994. The Transformation of European Politics. 1763-1848. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Sked, Alan (ed.). 1979. Europe’s Balance of Power, 1815-1848. London, Macmillan.
• Sklar, Martin. 1988. The Corporate Reconstruction of American Capitalism, 1890-1916: The Market, the Law and Politics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
• Smith, Neil. 2003. American Empire: Roosevelt’s Geographer and the Prelude to Globalisation. Berkeley, University of California Press.
• Teschke, Benno, and Steffan Wyn-Jones. 2017. Marxism in Foreign Policy. In Oxford Research Encyclopaedia of Politics, ed. Cameron Thies. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Teschke, Benno. 2003. The Myth of 1648: Class, Geopolitics, and the Making of Modern International Relations. London, Verso.
• Teschke, Benno. 2020. The Social Origins of 18th century British Grand Strategy: A Historical Sociology of the Peace of Utrecht. In The 1713 Peace of Utrecht and its Enduring Effects, ed. Alfred Soons. Leiden, Brill.
• Teschke, Benno. 2021. Capitalism, British Grand Strategy, and the Peace of Utrecht: Towards a Historical Sociology of War- and Peace-Making in the Construction of International Order. In The Justification of War and International Order: From Past to Present, eds. Lothar Brock and Hendrik Simon. London, OUP.
• Thompson, Edward, P. 1963. The Making of the English Working Class. New York, Vintage Books. Van der Pijl, Kees. 2016. The Elusive ‘International’. International Politics 53, 5: 628-646.
• Von Pfaler, Lauri, and Benno Teschke. 2024. Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online-First, May: 1-20.
• Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. The Modern World-System V: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York, Academic Press.
• Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2011. The Modern World-System IV: Centrist Liberalism Triumphant, 1789–1914. Berkeley, University of California Press.
• Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2013. The Congress of Vienna from 1763 to 1833: Europe and the Americas. Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations 36, 1: 1–24.
• Waltz, Kenneth. 1979. Theory of International Politics. Boston, McGraw-Hill.
• Ward, Adolphus, and George Gooch. 1922. The Cambridge History of British Foreign Policy, 1783- 1815. Volume. 1. New York, The Macmillan Company.
• Webster, Charles. 1921. British Diplomacy: Select Documents Dealing with the Reconstruction of Europe. London, Bell.
• Webster, Charles. 1963. The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815. London.
• Wendt, Alexander. 1992. Anarchy Is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics. International Organization 46, 2: 391-425.
• Wood, Ellen. 1991. The Pristine Culture of Capitalism: A Historical Essay on Old Regimes and Modern States. London, Verso.
• Wood, Ellen. 2002. The Origin of Capitalism: A Longer View. London, Verso.
• Žmolek, Michael. 2013. Rethinking the Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England. Leiden, Brill.