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Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism

Yıl 2024, , 21 - 40, 12.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1474307

Öz

John Maclean’s 1988 call “Marxism and IR: A Strange Case of Mutual Neglect” has generated a rich bounty of Marxist studies and paradigms in International Relations (IR). This cross-pollination merged in the 1990s with the “historical turn” and shaped the sub-fields of International Historical Sociology and International Political Economy. But has it left its mark on how IR is practised today? We argue that while Marxism has spoken significantly to the discipline, mainstream IR, even Historical IR, has been largely impervious to Marxist arguments, drawing the standard charge of economism and structuralism. Rectifying these critiques, we suggest that conventional historical studies of “the international” remain methodologically and substantively impoverished. We exemplify this by showing how leading Historical IR studies of “systems change” fail to explain the inside/outside and public/private differentiations constitutive of the modern international order and to integrate the “levels of analysis” they presuppose. We further argue that this rejection has been facilitated by influential Marxist IR paradigms, which ultimately privilege structuralism over historicism: While Neo-Gramscians initially mobilised “historicism” to dissolve claims about the “sameness” of international relations across time and space, the approach became identified with the reified master-category of “hegemony”. Uneven and Combined Development, in turn, has gravitated towards matching Neo-realism’s claim to theoretical universality by insisting on transhistorical model-building and nomological “grand theory”. Both approaches remain over-sociologised and fail to address international politics. Drawing on radically historicist Political Marxism, this article shows how its substantive socio-political premises explain the historical formation of the contemporary international order and re-unite the “levels of analysis” theoretically to provide a framework for non-reductionist and non-economistic accounts of historical international relations. This requires an answer to the agentic challenge of Neo-Classical Realism by reincorporating grand strategy, diplomacy, and international politics into a reformulated perspective of Geopolitical Marxism to track the full historicity of the making of international orders.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, Perry. 1974. Lineages of the Absolutist State. London, Verso.
  • Anievas, Alexander and Kerem Nisancioglu. 2015. How the West Came to Rule: The Geopolitical Origins of Capitalism. London, Pluto Press.
  • Bartelson, Jens. 2021. War and the turn to history in International Relations. In Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations, eds. Benjamin De Carvalho, Julia Costa Lopez, and Halvard Leira. London, Routledge:127–137.
  • Balzacq, Thierry and Ronald R. Krebs. 2021. The Oxford Handbook of Grand Strategy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Bell, Duncan. 2016. Reordering the World: Essays on Liberalism and Empire. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Brawley, Mark R. 2009. Political Economy and Grand Strategy: A Neoclassical Realist View. London, Routledge.
  • Brenner, Robert. 1985. The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism. In The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe, eds. Aston, T.H. and C.H.E. Philpin. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 213–328.
  • Brock, Lothar and Hendrik Simon. 2021. The Justification of War and International Order: From Past to Present. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Bruneau, Quentin. 2021. Constructivism: History and Systemic Change. In Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations, eds. Benjamin De Carvalho, Julia Costa Lopez, and Halvard Leira. London, Routledge: 80–89.
  • Brunner, Otto. 1992. Land and Lordship: Structures of Governance in Medieval Austria. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Buzan, Barry and George Lawson. 2015. The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, Ian. 2011. Hegemony in International Society. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Comninel, George C. 1987. Rethinking the French Revolution: Marxism and the Revisionist Challenge. London, Verso.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1981. Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 10, 2: 126–155.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1987. Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1996 [1983]. Gramsci, Hegemony and International Relations: An Essay in Method. In Approaches to World Order, eds. Roberw W. Cox, and Timothy J. Sinclair. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 124–143.
  • De Carvalho, Benjamin, Julia Costa Lopez and Halvard Leira. 2021. Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations. London, Routledge.
  • De Carvalho, Benjamin and Halvard Leira. 2021. State Formation and Historical International Relations. In Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations, eds. Benjamin De Carvalho, Julia Costa Lopez, and Halvard Leira. London, Routledge: 231–243.
  • Dimmock, Spencer. 2014. The Origin of Capitalism in England, 1400–1600. Leiden, Brill.
  • Easton, David. 1965. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
  • Edwards, Jack. 2024. “Winning the Peace”: The Role of International Peace Settlements in the Creation of World Orders – A “Geo-Political Marxist” Perspective, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Advanced Online-First, 24 April: 1-19.
  • Fenoaltea, Stefano. 1975. The Rise and Fall of a Theoretical Model: The Manorial System, Journal of Economic History 35, 2: 386-409.
  • Ikenberry, John G. 2001. After Victory: Institutions, Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Jackson, Peter Thaddeus and Daniel H. Nexon. 2019. Reclaiming the Social: Relationalism in Anglophone International Studies. The Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32, 5: 582– 600.
  • Joseph, Jonathan. 2010. The International as Emergent: Challenging Old and New Orthodoxies in International Relations Theory. In Scientific Realism and International Relations, eds. Jonathan Joseph, and Colin Wight. London, Palgrave Macmillan: 51–68.
  • Kennedy, Paul. 1988. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. London, Unwin Hyman.
  • Knafo, Samuel and Benno Teschke. 2021a. Political Marxism and the Rules of Reproduction of Capitalism: A Historicist Critique. Historical Materialism 29, 3: 54–83.
  • Knafo, Samuel and Benno Teschke. 2021b. The Antinomies of Political Marxism: A Historicist Reply to Critics. Historical Materialism 29, 3: 245–284.
  • Lacher, Hannes. 2006. Beyond Globalization: Capitalism, Territoriality and the International Relations of Modernity. London, Routledge.
  • Lacher, Hannes and Julian Germann. 2012. Before Hegemony: Britain, Free Trade, and NineteenthCentury World Order Revisited. International Studies Review 14: 99–124.
  • Lafrance, Xavier. 2018. The Making of Capitalism in France: Class Structures, Economic Development, the State and the Formation of the French Working Class, 1750–1914. Chicago, Haymarket Books.
  • Lafrance, Xavier and Charles Post. 2019. Case Studies in the Origins of Capitalism. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lafrance, Xavier and Stephen Miller. 2023. The Transition to Capitalism in Modern France: Primitive Accumulation and Markets from the Old Regime to the Post-WWII Era. London, Routledge.
  • Linklater, Andrew. 1990. Beyond Realism and Marxism: Critical Theory and International Relations. London, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lobell, Steven E., Norrin M. Ripsman, and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro. 2009. Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Maclean, John. 1988. Marxism and International Relations: A Strange Case of Mutual Neglect. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 17, 2: 295-319.
  • Mitteis, Heinrich. 1975. The State in the Middle Ages: A Comparative Constitutional History of Feudal Europe. Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Company.
  • Murray, Williamson, Macgregor Knox, and Alvin Bernstein. 1994. The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Nexon, Daniel H. 2009. The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe: Religious Conflict, Dynastic Empires, And International Change. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • North, Douglas and Robert P. Thomas. 1971. The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Theoretical Model. Journal of Economic History 31, 4: 771–803.
  • Osiander, Andreas. 1994. The States-System of Europe, 1640-1990: Peacemaking and the Conditions of International Stability. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Parris, Samuel and Armando van Rankin Anaya. 2024. The Long Shadow of Structural Marxism in IR: Historicising Colonial Strategies in the Americas, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Advanced Online-First: 1-19.
  • Phillips, Andrew. 2011. War, Religion and Empire: The Transformation of International Orders. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Polanyi, Karl. 1957. The Economy As Instituted Process. In Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory, eds. Karl Polanyi, Konrad M. Arensberg and Harry W. Pearson.Glencoe, The Free Press: 243–269.
  • Reus-Smit, Christian. 1999. The Moral Purpose of the State: Culture, Social Identity, and Institutional Rationality in International Relations. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Rioux, Sébastien. 2015. Mind the (Theoretical) Gap: On the Poverty of International Relations Theorising of Uneven and Combined Development. Global Society 29, 4: 481–509.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 1994. The Empire of Civil Society. London, Verso.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2006. Why is There No International Historical Sociology? European Journal of International Relations 12, 3: 307-340.
  • Sahlins, Peter. 1991. Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees. Oxford, University of California Press.
  • Salgado, Pedro Dutra. 2021. Anti-Eurocentric Historicism: Political Marxism in a Broader Context, Historical Materialism 29, 3: 199-223.
  • Schroeder, Paul W. 1994. The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Sheehan, Michael. 1996. The Balance of Power: History & Theory. London, Routledge.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2003. The Myth of 1648: Class, Geopolitics and the Making of Modern International Relations. London, Verso.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2006. Geopolitics. Historical Materialism 14, 1: 327–335.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2014. IR Theory, Historical Materialism, and the False Promise of International Historical Sociology. Spectrum: Journal of Global Studies 6, 1: 1–66.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2019. The Social Origins of 18th Century British Grand Strategy: A Historical Sociology of the Peace of Utrecht. In The 1713 Peace of Utrecht and its Enduring Effects, ed. Alfred Soons. Leiden/Boston, Brill Nijhoff: 120–155.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2021. Capitalism, British Grand-Strategy, and the Peace Treaty of Utrecht: Towards a Historical Sociology of War- and Peace-Making in the Construction of International Order. In The Justification of War and International Order: From Past to Present, eds. Lothar Brock, and Hendrik Simon. Oxford, Oxford University Press:107–128.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2022. Ex Oriente Lux? The Extra-European Origins of ‘European’ Capitalism Reconsidered – part 1. Sozialwissenschaftliche Literaturrundschau 85: 68-79.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2023. Ex Oriente Lux? The Extra-European Origins of ‘European’ Capitalism Reconsidered – part 2. Sozialwissenschaftliche Literaturrundschau 86: 77-85.
  • Van Apeldoorn, Bastian, and De Graaf, Nana. 2014. Corporate elite networks and US grand strategy from Clinton to Obama. European Journal of International Relations 20, 1: 29–55.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York, Academic Press.
  • Waltz, Kenneth. 1959. Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Wheatley, Natasha. 2023. The Life & Death of States: Central Europe & the Transformation of Modern Sovereignty. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Wood, Ellen Meiksins. 1981. The Separation of the Economic and the Political in Capitalism. New Left Review I/127: 66–95.
  • Wood, Ellen Meiksins. 2008. Citizens to Lords: A Social History of Western Political Thought from Antiquity to the Late Middle Ages. London, Verso.
  • Žmolek, Michael Andrew. 2013. Rethinking the Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England. Leiden, Brill.

Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism

Yıl 2024, , 21 - 40, 12.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1474307

Öz

John Maclean’s 1988 call “Marxism and IR: A Strange Case of Mutual Neglect” has generated a rich bounty of Marxist studies and paradigms in International Relations (IR). This cross-pollination merged in the 1990s with the “historical turn” and shaped the sub-fields of International Historical Sociology and International Political Economy. But has it left its mark on how IR is practised today? We argue that while Marxism has spoken significantly to the discipline, mainstream IR, even Historical IR, has been largely impervious to Marxist arguments, drawing the standard charge of economism and structuralism. Rectifying these critiques, we suggest that conventional historical studies of “the international” remain methodologically and substantively impoverished. We exemplify this by showing how leading Historical IR studies of “systems change” fail to explain the inside/outside and public/private differentiations constitutive of the modern international order and to integrate the “levels of analysis” they presuppose. We further argue that this rejection has been facilitated by influential Marxist IR paradigms, which ultimately privilege structuralism over historicism: While Neo-Gramscians initially mobilised “historicism” to dissolve claims about the “sameness” of international relations across time and space, the approach became identified with the reified master-category of “hegemony”. Uneven and Combined Development, in turn, has gravitated towards matching Neo-realism’s claim to theoretical universality by insisting on transhistorical model-building and nomological “grand theory”. Both approaches remain over-sociologised and fail to address international politics. Drawing on radically historicist Political Marxism, this article shows how its substantive socio-political premises explain the historical formation of the contemporary international order and re-unite the “levels of analysis” theoretically to provide a framework for non-reductionist and non-economistic accounts of historical international relations. This requires an answer to the agentic challenge of Neo-Classical Realism by reincorporating grand strategy, diplomacy, and international politics into a reformulated perspective of Geopolitical Marxism to track the full historicity of the making of international orders.

Kaynakça

  • Anderson, Perry. 1974. Lineages of the Absolutist State. London, Verso.
  • Anievas, Alexander and Kerem Nisancioglu. 2015. How the West Came to Rule: The Geopolitical Origins of Capitalism. London, Pluto Press.
  • Bartelson, Jens. 2021. War and the turn to history in International Relations. In Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations, eds. Benjamin De Carvalho, Julia Costa Lopez, and Halvard Leira. London, Routledge:127–137.
  • Balzacq, Thierry and Ronald R. Krebs. 2021. The Oxford Handbook of Grand Strategy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Bell, Duncan. 2016. Reordering the World: Essays on Liberalism and Empire. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Brawley, Mark R. 2009. Political Economy and Grand Strategy: A Neoclassical Realist View. London, Routledge.
  • Brenner, Robert. 1985. The Agrarian Roots of European Capitalism. In The Brenner Debate: Agrarian Class Structure and Economic Development in Pre-Industrial Europe, eds. Aston, T.H. and C.H.E. Philpin. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 213–328.
  • Brock, Lothar and Hendrik Simon. 2021. The Justification of War and International Order: From Past to Present. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Bruneau, Quentin. 2021. Constructivism: History and Systemic Change. In Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations, eds. Benjamin De Carvalho, Julia Costa Lopez, and Halvard Leira. London, Routledge: 80–89.
  • Brunner, Otto. 1992. Land and Lordship: Structures of Governance in Medieval Austria. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Buzan, Barry and George Lawson. 2015. The Global Transformation: History, Modernity and the Making of International Relations. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Clark, Ian. 2011. Hegemony in International Society. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Comninel, George C. 1987. Rethinking the French Revolution: Marxism and the Revisionist Challenge. London, Verso.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1981. Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 10, 2: 126–155.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1987. Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1996 [1983]. Gramsci, Hegemony and International Relations: An Essay in Method. In Approaches to World Order, eds. Roberw W. Cox, and Timothy J. Sinclair. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 124–143.
  • De Carvalho, Benjamin, Julia Costa Lopez and Halvard Leira. 2021. Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations. London, Routledge.
  • De Carvalho, Benjamin and Halvard Leira. 2021. State Formation and Historical International Relations. In Routledge Handbook of Historical International Relations, eds. Benjamin De Carvalho, Julia Costa Lopez, and Halvard Leira. London, Routledge: 231–243.
  • Dimmock, Spencer. 2014. The Origin of Capitalism in England, 1400–1600. Leiden, Brill.
  • Easton, David. 1965. A Systems Analysis of Political Life. New York, John Wiley & Sons.
  • Edwards, Jack. 2024. “Winning the Peace”: The Role of International Peace Settlements in the Creation of World Orders – A “Geo-Political Marxist” Perspective, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Advanced Online-First, 24 April: 1-19.
  • Fenoaltea, Stefano. 1975. The Rise and Fall of a Theoretical Model: The Manorial System, Journal of Economic History 35, 2: 386-409.
  • Ikenberry, John G. 2001. After Victory: Institutions, Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Jackson, Peter Thaddeus and Daniel H. Nexon. 2019. Reclaiming the Social: Relationalism in Anglophone International Studies. The Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32, 5: 582– 600.
  • Joseph, Jonathan. 2010. The International as Emergent: Challenging Old and New Orthodoxies in International Relations Theory. In Scientific Realism and International Relations, eds. Jonathan Joseph, and Colin Wight. London, Palgrave Macmillan: 51–68.
  • Kennedy, Paul. 1988. The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000. London, Unwin Hyman.
  • Knafo, Samuel and Benno Teschke. 2021a. Political Marxism and the Rules of Reproduction of Capitalism: A Historicist Critique. Historical Materialism 29, 3: 54–83.
  • Knafo, Samuel and Benno Teschke. 2021b. The Antinomies of Political Marxism: A Historicist Reply to Critics. Historical Materialism 29, 3: 245–284.
  • Lacher, Hannes. 2006. Beyond Globalization: Capitalism, Territoriality and the International Relations of Modernity. London, Routledge.
  • Lacher, Hannes and Julian Germann. 2012. Before Hegemony: Britain, Free Trade, and NineteenthCentury World Order Revisited. International Studies Review 14: 99–124.
  • Lafrance, Xavier. 2018. The Making of Capitalism in France: Class Structures, Economic Development, the State and the Formation of the French Working Class, 1750–1914. Chicago, Haymarket Books.
  • Lafrance, Xavier and Charles Post. 2019. Case Studies in the Origins of Capitalism. New York, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lafrance, Xavier and Stephen Miller. 2023. The Transition to Capitalism in Modern France: Primitive Accumulation and Markets from the Old Regime to the Post-WWII Era. London, Routledge.
  • Linklater, Andrew. 1990. Beyond Realism and Marxism: Critical Theory and International Relations. London, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Lobell, Steven E., Norrin M. Ripsman, and Jeffrey W. Taliaferro. 2009. Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Maclean, John. 1988. Marxism and International Relations: A Strange Case of Mutual Neglect. Millennium: Journal of International Studies 17, 2: 295-319.
  • Mitteis, Heinrich. 1975. The State in the Middle Ages: A Comparative Constitutional History of Feudal Europe. Amsterdam, North-Holland Publishing Company.
  • Murray, Williamson, Macgregor Knox, and Alvin Bernstein. 1994. The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States, and War. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Nexon, Daniel H. 2009. The Struggle for Power in Early Modern Europe: Religious Conflict, Dynastic Empires, And International Change. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • North, Douglas and Robert P. Thomas. 1971. The Rise and Fall of the Manorial System: A Theoretical Model. Journal of Economic History 31, 4: 771–803.
  • Osiander, Andreas. 1994. The States-System of Europe, 1640-1990: Peacemaking and the Conditions of International Stability. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Parris, Samuel and Armando van Rankin Anaya. 2024. The Long Shadow of Structural Marxism in IR: Historicising Colonial Strategies in the Americas, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Advanced Online-First: 1-19.
  • Phillips, Andrew. 2011. War, Religion and Empire: The Transformation of International Orders. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Polanyi, Karl. 1957. The Economy As Instituted Process. In Trade and Market in the Early Empires: Economies in History and Theory, eds. Karl Polanyi, Konrad M. Arensberg and Harry W. Pearson.Glencoe, The Free Press: 243–269.
  • Reus-Smit, Christian. 1999. The Moral Purpose of the State: Culture, Social Identity, and Institutional Rationality in International Relations. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Rioux, Sébastien. 2015. Mind the (Theoretical) Gap: On the Poverty of International Relations Theorising of Uneven and Combined Development. Global Society 29, 4: 481–509.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 1994. The Empire of Civil Society. London, Verso.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2006. Why is There No International Historical Sociology? European Journal of International Relations 12, 3: 307-340.
  • Sahlins, Peter. 1991. Boundaries: The Making of France and Spain in the Pyrenees. Oxford, University of California Press.
  • Salgado, Pedro Dutra. 2021. Anti-Eurocentric Historicism: Political Marxism in a Broader Context, Historical Materialism 29, 3: 199-223.
  • Schroeder, Paul W. 1994. The Transformation of European Politics, 1763-1848. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Sheehan, Michael. 1996. The Balance of Power: History & Theory. London, Routledge.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2003. The Myth of 1648: Class, Geopolitics and the Making of Modern International Relations. London, Verso.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2006. Geopolitics. Historical Materialism 14, 1: 327–335.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2014. IR Theory, Historical Materialism, and the False Promise of International Historical Sociology. Spectrum: Journal of Global Studies 6, 1: 1–66.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2019. The Social Origins of 18th Century British Grand Strategy: A Historical Sociology of the Peace of Utrecht. In The 1713 Peace of Utrecht and its Enduring Effects, ed. Alfred Soons. Leiden/Boston, Brill Nijhoff: 120–155.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2021. Capitalism, British Grand-Strategy, and the Peace Treaty of Utrecht: Towards a Historical Sociology of War- and Peace-Making in the Construction of International Order. In The Justification of War and International Order: From Past to Present, eds. Lothar Brock, and Hendrik Simon. Oxford, Oxford University Press:107–128.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2022. Ex Oriente Lux? The Extra-European Origins of ‘European’ Capitalism Reconsidered – part 1. Sozialwissenschaftliche Literaturrundschau 85: 68-79.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2023. Ex Oriente Lux? The Extra-European Origins of ‘European’ Capitalism Reconsidered – part 2. Sozialwissenschaftliche Literaturrundschau 86: 77-85.
  • Van Apeldoorn, Bastian, and De Graaf, Nana. 2014. Corporate elite networks and US grand strategy from Clinton to Obama. European Journal of International Relations 20, 1: 29–55.
  • Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974. The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York, Academic Press.
  • Waltz, Kenneth. 1959. Man, the State, and War: A Theoretical Analysis. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Wheatley, Natasha. 2023. The Life & Death of States: Central Europe & the Transformation of Modern Sovereignty. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Wood, Ellen Meiksins. 1981. The Separation of the Economic and the Political in Capitalism. New Left Review I/127: 66–95.
  • Wood, Ellen Meiksins. 2008. Citizens to Lords: A Social History of Western Political Thought from Antiquity to the Late Middle Ages. London, Verso.
  • Žmolek, Michael Andrew. 2013. Rethinking the Industrial Revolution: Five Centuries of Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Capitalism in England. Leiden, Brill.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Siyaset
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Lauri Von Pfaler Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-5760-1112

Benno Teschke Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4054-3408

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 6 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Von Pfaler, L., & Teschke, B. (2024). Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 21(82), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1474307
AMA Von Pfaler L, Teschke B. Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism. uidergisi. Haziran 2024;21(82):21-40. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1474307
Chicago Von Pfaler, Lauri, ve Benno Teschke. “Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21, sy. 82 (Haziran 2024): 21-40. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1474307.
EndNote Von Pfaler L, Teschke B (01 Haziran 2024) Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21 82 21–40.
IEEE L. Von Pfaler ve B. Teschke, “Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism”, uidergisi, c. 21, sy. 82, ss. 21–40, 2024, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1474307.
ISNAD Von Pfaler, Lauri - Teschke, Benno. “Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21/82 (Haziran 2024), 21-40. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1474307.
JAMA Von Pfaler L, Teschke B. Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism. uidergisi. 2024;21:21–40.
MLA Von Pfaler, Lauri ve Benno Teschke. “Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, c. 21, sy. 82, 2024, ss. 21-40, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1474307.
Vancouver Von Pfaler L, Teschke B. Quo Vadis, Historical International Relations? Geopolitical Marxism and the Promise of Radical Historicism. uidergisi. 2024;21(82):21-40.