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The Rise and Decline of the Liberal World Order and the Multilateral Trade System: A Critical-Constructivist Synthesis to International Regime Analysis

Yıl 2024, , 97 - 115, 12.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1489978

Öz

This article devises an analytical framework that synthesizes neo-Gramscian and social constructivist perspectives to dissect international regimes amid global hegemonic shifts. It portrays regimes as intersubjective constructs with unique social purposes within the broader hegemonic fabric, shaped by dominant ideologies and power distributions. The study examines the transition of the trade regime from General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to World Trade Organization (WTO) through the Uruguay Round (1986-1994) and the Doha Round’s deadlock since 2001. The article posits that the Uruguay Round marked a pivotal hegemonic transformation, transitioning the regime from embedded liberalism to neoliberalism by transforming its social purpose, norms, and generative grammar. Yet, this shift, which precipitated a legitimacy crisis within the WTO and was exacerbated by the Doha Round’s failure to regenerate neoliberal hegemony with a fresh synthesis of free trade and sustainable development, arguably rendered the WTO directionless and contributed to the fragmentation of global trade governance amidst emerging regional pacts and varied ideological visions of economic liberalism.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, Kenneth W., and Duncan Snidal. 2000. Hard and Soft Law in International Governance. International Organization 54, 3: 421–456.
  • Aggarwal, Vinod K. 1992. The Political Economy of Service Sector Negotiations in the Uruguay Round. Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 16, 35.
  • Aggarwal, Vinod K., and Simon Evenett. 2013. A Fragmenting Global Economy: A Weakened WTO, Mega FTAs, and Murky Protectionism. Swiss Political Science Review 19, 4: 550-557.
  • Altay, Serdar. 2011. Hegemony, Private Actors, and International Institutions: Transnational Corporations as the Agents of Transformation of the Trade Regime from GATT to the WTO. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Trento and University of Kassel.
  • Bieler, Andreas. 2001. Questioning Cognitivism and Constructivism in IR Theory: Reflections on the Material Structure of Ideas. Politics 21, 2: 93-100.
  • Carroll, William K. 2010. Crisis, Movements, Counter-hegemony: In Search of the New. Interface 2, 2: 168-198.
  • Chorev, Nitsan. 2005. The Institutional Project of Neo-liberal Globalism: The Case of the WTO. Theory and Society 34: 317-355.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1981. Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. 1981 reprinted in Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair. Approaches to World Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 85-123.17
  • Cox, Robert W. 1983. Gramsci, Hegemony, and International Relations: An Essay in Method. 1983 reprinted in Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair. Approaches to World Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 124-143.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1985. Realism, Positivism, and Historicism. 1985 reprinted in Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair. Approaches to World Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1987. Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1992a. Towards a Posthegemonic Conceptualization of World Order: Reflections on the Relevancy of Ibn Khaldun. reprinted in Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair. Approaches to World Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1992b. Multilateralism and World Order. reprinted in Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair. Approaches to World Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 494-523.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1996. A Perspective on Globalization. In Globalization: Critical Reflections, ed. J. H. Mittelman. London, Lynne Rienner Publishers: 145-147.
  • Croome, John. 1995. Reshaping the World Trading System: A history of the Uruguay Round. Geneva, World Trade Organization.
  • Csehi, R., and Heldt, E. C. 2021. Populism as a ‘Corrective’ to Trade Agreements? ‘America First’and the Readjustment of NAFTA. International Politics: 1-17.
  • Dam, Kenneth W. 1970. The GATT: Law and International Economic Organization. Chicago,The University of Chicago Press
  • De Graaff, Naná, and Bastiaan Van Apeldoorn. 2018. US–China Relations and the Liberal World Order: Contending Elites, Colliding Visions?. International Affairs 94, 1: 113-131.
  • De Graaff, Nana. 2020. China Inc. Goes Global. Transnational and National Networks of China’s Globalizing Business Elite. Review of International Political Economy 27, 2: 208-233.
  • Drake, William J., and Kalypso Nicolaidis. 1992. Ideas, Interests, and Institutionalization: “Trade in Services” and the Uruguay Round. International Organization 46, 1: 37-100.
  • Duggan, Niall, Bas Hooijmaaijers, Marek Rewizorski, and Ekaterina Arapova. 2022. Introduction: ‘The BRICS, Global Governance, and Challenges for South–South Cooperation in a Post-Western World’. International Political Science Review 43, 4: 469-480.
  • Finalyzson, Jock A., and Mark W. Zacher. 1981. The GATT and the Regulation of Trade Barriers: Regime Dynamics and Functions. International Organization 35, 4: 561-602.
  • Ford, Jane. 2002. A Social Theory of Trade Regime Change: GATT to WTO. International Studies Review 4, 3: 115–138.
  • Gale, Fred. 1998. Cave ‘Cave! Hic Dragones’: A Neo-Gramscian Deconstruction and Reconstruction of International Regime Theory?. Review of International Political Economy 5, 2: 252-283.
  • Gao, Henry S., and Gregory Shaffer. 2021. The RCEP: Great Power Competition and Cooperation Over Trade. UC Irvine School of Law Research Paper, 2021-09.
  • Gill, Stephen. 2008. Power and Resistance in the New World Order, New York, Palgrave.
  • Gill, Stephen and Clair Cutler. 2014. New Constitutionalism and World Order: General Introduction. In New Constitutionalism and World Order, eds. Stephen Gill and Clair A. Cutler. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Goldstein, Judith L., Timothy E. Josling, and Richard H. Steinberg. 2010. The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and the WTO. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Graham, Edward Montgomery. 2000. Fighting the Wrong Enemy: Antiglobal Activists and Multilateral Enterprises. Washington, D.C., Institute for International Economics.
  • Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Ed. and Transl. by Quentin Hoare and Geoffrey N. Smith. London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1971.
  • Harvey, David. 2009. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Hasenclever, Andreas, Mayer, Peter and Rittberger, Volker. 1997. Theories of International Regimes. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Howse, Robert and Nicolaidis, Kalypso. 2003. Enhancing WTO Legitimacy: Constitutionalization or Global Subsidiarity?. Governance 16, 1: 1-27.
  • Hoekman, Bernard M., and Michel M. Kostecki. 2001. The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Ikenberry, G. John. 2018. The End of Liberal International Order?. International Affairs 94, 1: 7–23.
  • Jackson, John Howard. 2002. The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations. London, The MIT Press.
  • Keohane, Robert O. 1984. After Hegemony: Co-operation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Keohane, Robert O. 2015. After Hegemony Cooperation is Still Possible. The International Spectator 50, 4: 92-94.
  • Kindleberger, Charles Poor. 1973. The World in Depression 1929-1939. London, Allen Lane the Penguin Press.
  • Krasner, Stephen D. 1979. The Tokyo Round: Particularistic Interests and Prospects for Stability in the Global Trading System. International Studies Quarterly 23, 4: 491-531.
  • Kratochwil, Friedrich V. 1989. Rules, Norms, and Decisions. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Lang, Andrew TF. 2006. Reconstructing Embedded Liberalism: John Gerard Ruggie and Constructivist Approaches to the Study of the International Trade Regime. Journal of International Economic Law 9, 1: 81-116.
  • Lang, Andrew. 2014. World Trade Law After Neo-Liberalism. Soc. & Legal Stud. 23.
  • Matsushita, Mitsuo, Thomas J. Schoenbaum, Petros C. Mavroidis, and Michael Hahn. 2003. The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice, and Policy. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Mearsheimer, John J. 2019. Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security 43, 4: 7–50.
  • Narlikar, Amrita, and Diana Tussie. 2004. The G20 at the Cancun Ministerial: Developing Countries and Their Evolving Coalitions in the WTO. World Economy 27, 7: 947-966.
  • Overbeek, Henk. 2004a. Transnational Class Formation and Concepts of Control: Towards a Genealogy of the Amsterdam Project in International Political Economy. Journal of International Relations and Development 7, 2: 113-141.
  • Overbeek, Henk. 2004b. Global Governance, Class, Hegemony: A Historical Materialist Perspective. Working Papers Political Science, 2004/01.
  • Overbeek, Henk, and Bastiaan Van Apeldoorn. 2012. Neoliberalism in Crisis. Springer.
  • Paemen, Hugo, and Alexandra Bensch. 1995. From the GATT to the WTO: The European Community in the Uruguay Round. Leuven, Leuven University Press.
  • Papa, Mihaela, Zhen Han, and Frank O’Donnell. 2023. The Dynamics of Informal Institutions and Counter-hegemony: Introducing a BRICS Convergence Index. European Journal of International Relations 29, 4: 960-989.
  • Preeg, Ernest H. 1995. Traders in a Brave New World: The Uruguay Round and the Future of the International Trading System. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
  • Ricupero, Rubens. 1998. Integration of Developing Countries into the Multilateral Trading System. In The Uruguay Round and Beyond: Essays in Honor of Arthur Dunkel, eds. J. Bhagwati, and M. Hirsch. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press: 9-36.
  • Ruggie, John G. 2002. Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization. London, Routledge.
  • Rupert, Mark. 1995. Producing Hegemony: The Politics of Mass Production and American Global Power. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Rupert, Mark. 2000. Ideologies of Globalisation: Contending Visions of a New World Order. London, Routledge.
  • Scott, James, and Rorden Wilkinson. 2022. China and the WTO, Redux: Making Sense of Two Decades of Membership. Journal of World Trade 56, 1: 87-110.
  • Sell, Susan K., 2003. Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Sell, Susan K., and Aseem Prakash. 2004. Using Ideas Strategically: The Contest Between Business and NGO Networks in Intellectual Property Rights. International Studies Quarterly 48, 1: 143–175.
  • Serdaroğlu Polatay, Selcan. 2020. Who Likes Cooperation? A Long-term Analysis of the Trade War Between the US, the EU and China. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17, 67: 41-60.
  • Stephen, Matthew D. 2014. Rising Powers, Global Capitalism and Liberal Global Governance: A Historical Materialist Account of the BRICs Challenge. European Journal of International Relations 20, 4: 912-938.
  • Stephen, Matthew D., and Michael Zürn. 2019. Contested World Orders: Rising Powers, Nongovernmental Organizations, and the Politics of Authority beyond the Nation-state. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Van Apeldoorn, Bastiaan. 2001. The Struggle over European Order: Transnational Class Agency in the Making of ‘Embedded Neo-Liberalism. In Social Forces in the Making of the New Europe: The Restructuring of European Social Relations in the Global Political Economy, eds. A. Bieler, and A. D. Morton. New York, Palgrave:70-89.
  • Van Apeldoorn, Bastiaan, Naná De Graaff, and Henk Overbeek. 2017. The Reconfiguration of the Global State–capital Nexus. In The State–Capital Nexus in the Global Crisis. London, Routledge: 5-19.
  • Van der Pijl, Kees. 1984. The Making of the Atlantic Ruling Class. London, Verso.
  • Van der Pijl, Kees. 1998. Transnational Classes and International Relations. London, Routledge.
  • Van der Pijl, Kees. 2009. A Survey of Global Political Economy. Centre for Global Political Economy— University of Sussex, E-book, Version 2.1.
  • Van der Pijl, Kees. 2017. The BRICS—An Involuntary Contender Bloc Under Attack. Estudos Internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas 5, 1: 25-46.
  • Walter, Andrew. 2001. NGOs, Business, and International Investment Rules: The Multilateral Agreement on Investment, Seattle and Beyond. Global Governance 7, 1: 51-73.
  • Wanner, Thomas. 2015. The New ‘Passive Revolution’ of the Green Economy and Growth Discourse: Maintaining the ‘Sustainable Development’ of Neoliberal Capitalism. New Political Economy 20, 1: 21-41.
  • Wilkinson, Rorden, Erin Hannah, and James Scott. 2014. The WTO in Bali: What MC9 Means for the Doha Development Agenda and Why It Matters. Third World Quarterly 35, 6: 1032-1050.

The Rise and Decline of the Liberal World Order and the Multilateral Trade System: A Critical-Constructivist Synthesis to International Regime Analysis

Yıl 2024, , 97 - 115, 12.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1489978

Öz

This article devises an analytical framework that synthesizes neo-Gramscian and social constructivist perspectives to dissect international regimes amid global hegemonic shifts. It portrays regimes as intersubjective constructs with unique social purposes within the broader hegemonic fabric, shaped by dominant ideologies and power distributions. The study examines the transition of the trade regime from General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to World Trade Organization (WTO) through the Uruguay Round (1986-1994) and the Doha Round’s deadlock since 2001. The article posits that the Uruguay Round marked a pivotal hegemonic transformation, transitioning the regime from embedded liberalism to neoliberalism by transforming its social purpose, norms, and generative grammar. Yet, this shift, which precipitated a legitimacy crisis within the WTO and was exacerbated by the Doha Round’s failure to regenerate neoliberal hegemony with a fresh synthesis of free trade and sustainable development, arguably rendered the WTO directionless and contributed to the fragmentation of global trade governance amidst emerging regional pacts and varied ideological visions of economic liberalism.

Kaynakça

  • Abbott, Kenneth W., and Duncan Snidal. 2000. Hard and Soft Law in International Governance. International Organization 54, 3: 421–456.
  • Aggarwal, Vinod K. 1992. The Political Economy of Service Sector Negotiations in the Uruguay Round. Fletcher Forum of World Affairs 16, 35.
  • Aggarwal, Vinod K., and Simon Evenett. 2013. A Fragmenting Global Economy: A Weakened WTO, Mega FTAs, and Murky Protectionism. Swiss Political Science Review 19, 4: 550-557.
  • Altay, Serdar. 2011. Hegemony, Private Actors, and International Institutions: Transnational Corporations as the Agents of Transformation of the Trade Regime from GATT to the WTO. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Trento and University of Kassel.
  • Bieler, Andreas. 2001. Questioning Cognitivism and Constructivism in IR Theory: Reflections on the Material Structure of Ideas. Politics 21, 2: 93-100.
  • Carroll, William K. 2010. Crisis, Movements, Counter-hegemony: In Search of the New. Interface 2, 2: 168-198.
  • Chorev, Nitsan. 2005. The Institutional Project of Neo-liberal Globalism: The Case of the WTO. Theory and Society 34: 317-355.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1981. Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. 1981 reprinted in Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair. Approaches to World Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 85-123.17
  • Cox, Robert W. 1983. Gramsci, Hegemony, and International Relations: An Essay in Method. 1983 reprinted in Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair. Approaches to World Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 124-143.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1985. Realism, Positivism, and Historicism. 1985 reprinted in Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair. Approaches to World Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1987. Production, Power, and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1992a. Towards a Posthegemonic Conceptualization of World Order: Reflections on the Relevancy of Ibn Khaldun. reprinted in Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair. Approaches to World Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1992b. Multilateralism and World Order. reprinted in Robert W. Cox with Timothy J. Sinclair. Approaches to World Order, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press: 494-523.
  • Cox, Robert W. 1996. A Perspective on Globalization. In Globalization: Critical Reflections, ed. J. H. Mittelman. London, Lynne Rienner Publishers: 145-147.
  • Croome, John. 1995. Reshaping the World Trading System: A history of the Uruguay Round. Geneva, World Trade Organization.
  • Csehi, R., and Heldt, E. C. 2021. Populism as a ‘Corrective’ to Trade Agreements? ‘America First’and the Readjustment of NAFTA. International Politics: 1-17.
  • Dam, Kenneth W. 1970. The GATT: Law and International Economic Organization. Chicago,The University of Chicago Press
  • De Graaff, Naná, and Bastiaan Van Apeldoorn. 2018. US–China Relations and the Liberal World Order: Contending Elites, Colliding Visions?. International Affairs 94, 1: 113-131.
  • De Graaff, Nana. 2020. China Inc. Goes Global. Transnational and National Networks of China’s Globalizing Business Elite. Review of International Political Economy 27, 2: 208-233.
  • Drake, William J., and Kalypso Nicolaidis. 1992. Ideas, Interests, and Institutionalization: “Trade in Services” and the Uruguay Round. International Organization 46, 1: 37-100.
  • Duggan, Niall, Bas Hooijmaaijers, Marek Rewizorski, and Ekaterina Arapova. 2022. Introduction: ‘The BRICS, Global Governance, and Challenges for South–South Cooperation in a Post-Western World’. International Political Science Review 43, 4: 469-480.
  • Finalyzson, Jock A., and Mark W. Zacher. 1981. The GATT and the Regulation of Trade Barriers: Regime Dynamics and Functions. International Organization 35, 4: 561-602.
  • Ford, Jane. 2002. A Social Theory of Trade Regime Change: GATT to WTO. International Studies Review 4, 3: 115–138.
  • Gale, Fred. 1998. Cave ‘Cave! Hic Dragones’: A Neo-Gramscian Deconstruction and Reconstruction of International Regime Theory?. Review of International Political Economy 5, 2: 252-283.
  • Gao, Henry S., and Gregory Shaffer. 2021. The RCEP: Great Power Competition and Cooperation Over Trade. UC Irvine School of Law Research Paper, 2021-09.
  • Gill, Stephen. 2008. Power and Resistance in the New World Order, New York, Palgrave.
  • Gill, Stephen and Clair Cutler. 2014. New Constitutionalism and World Order: General Introduction. In New Constitutionalism and World Order, eds. Stephen Gill and Clair A. Cutler. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Goldstein, Judith L., Timothy E. Josling, and Richard H. Steinberg. 2010. The Evolution of the Trade Regime: Politics, Law, and Economics of the GATT and the WTO. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Graham, Edward Montgomery. 2000. Fighting the Wrong Enemy: Antiglobal Activists and Multilateral Enterprises. Washington, D.C., Institute for International Economics.
  • Gramsci, Antonio. 1971. Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Ed. and Transl. by Quentin Hoare and Geoffrey N. Smith. London, Lawrence and Wishart, 1971.
  • Harvey, David. 2009. A Brief History of Neoliberalism. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Hasenclever, Andreas, Mayer, Peter and Rittberger, Volker. 1997. Theories of International Regimes. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Howse, Robert and Nicolaidis, Kalypso. 2003. Enhancing WTO Legitimacy: Constitutionalization or Global Subsidiarity?. Governance 16, 1: 1-27.
  • Hoekman, Bernard M., and Michel M. Kostecki. 2001. The Political Economy of the World Trading System: The WTO and Beyond. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Ikenberry, G. John. 2018. The End of Liberal International Order?. International Affairs 94, 1: 7–23.
  • Jackson, John Howard. 2002. The World Trading System: Law and Policy of International Economic Relations. London, The MIT Press.
  • Keohane, Robert O. 1984. After Hegemony: Co-operation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Keohane, Robert O. 2015. After Hegemony Cooperation is Still Possible. The International Spectator 50, 4: 92-94.
  • Kindleberger, Charles Poor. 1973. The World in Depression 1929-1939. London, Allen Lane the Penguin Press.
  • Krasner, Stephen D. 1979. The Tokyo Round: Particularistic Interests and Prospects for Stability in the Global Trading System. International Studies Quarterly 23, 4: 491-531.
  • Kratochwil, Friedrich V. 1989. Rules, Norms, and Decisions. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Lang, Andrew TF. 2006. Reconstructing Embedded Liberalism: John Gerard Ruggie and Constructivist Approaches to the Study of the International Trade Regime. Journal of International Economic Law 9, 1: 81-116.
  • Lang, Andrew. 2014. World Trade Law After Neo-Liberalism. Soc. & Legal Stud. 23.
  • Matsushita, Mitsuo, Thomas J. Schoenbaum, Petros C. Mavroidis, and Michael Hahn. 2003. The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice, and Policy. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Mearsheimer, John J. 2019. Bound to Fail: The Rise and Fall of the Liberal International Order. International Security 43, 4: 7–50.
  • Narlikar, Amrita, and Diana Tussie. 2004. The G20 at the Cancun Ministerial: Developing Countries and Their Evolving Coalitions in the WTO. World Economy 27, 7: 947-966.
  • Overbeek, Henk. 2004a. Transnational Class Formation and Concepts of Control: Towards a Genealogy of the Amsterdam Project in International Political Economy. Journal of International Relations and Development 7, 2: 113-141.
  • Overbeek, Henk. 2004b. Global Governance, Class, Hegemony: A Historical Materialist Perspective. Working Papers Political Science, 2004/01.
  • Overbeek, Henk, and Bastiaan Van Apeldoorn. 2012. Neoliberalism in Crisis. Springer.
  • Paemen, Hugo, and Alexandra Bensch. 1995. From the GATT to the WTO: The European Community in the Uruguay Round. Leuven, Leuven University Press.
  • Papa, Mihaela, Zhen Han, and Frank O’Donnell. 2023. The Dynamics of Informal Institutions and Counter-hegemony: Introducing a BRICS Convergence Index. European Journal of International Relations 29, 4: 960-989.
  • Preeg, Ernest H. 1995. Traders in a Brave New World: The Uruguay Round and the Future of the International Trading System. Chicago, The University of Chicago Press.
  • Ricupero, Rubens. 1998. Integration of Developing Countries into the Multilateral Trading System. In The Uruguay Round and Beyond: Essays in Honor of Arthur Dunkel, eds. J. Bhagwati, and M. Hirsch. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press: 9-36.
  • Ruggie, John G. 2002. Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization. London, Routledge.
  • Rupert, Mark. 1995. Producing Hegemony: The Politics of Mass Production and American Global Power. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Rupert, Mark. 2000. Ideologies of Globalisation: Contending Visions of a New World Order. London, Routledge.
  • Scott, James, and Rorden Wilkinson. 2022. China and the WTO, Redux: Making Sense of Two Decades of Membership. Journal of World Trade 56, 1: 87-110.
  • Sell, Susan K., 2003. Private Power, Public Law: The Globalization of Intellectual Property Rights. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Sell, Susan K., and Aseem Prakash. 2004. Using Ideas Strategically: The Contest Between Business and NGO Networks in Intellectual Property Rights. International Studies Quarterly 48, 1: 143–175.
  • Serdaroğlu Polatay, Selcan. 2020. Who Likes Cooperation? A Long-term Analysis of the Trade War Between the US, the EU and China. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 17, 67: 41-60.
  • Stephen, Matthew D. 2014. Rising Powers, Global Capitalism and Liberal Global Governance: A Historical Materialist Account of the BRICs Challenge. European Journal of International Relations 20, 4: 912-938.
  • Stephen, Matthew D., and Michael Zürn. 2019. Contested World Orders: Rising Powers, Nongovernmental Organizations, and the Politics of Authority beyond the Nation-state. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Van Apeldoorn, Bastiaan. 2001. The Struggle over European Order: Transnational Class Agency in the Making of ‘Embedded Neo-Liberalism. In Social Forces in the Making of the New Europe: The Restructuring of European Social Relations in the Global Political Economy, eds. A. Bieler, and A. D. Morton. New York, Palgrave:70-89.
  • Van Apeldoorn, Bastiaan, Naná De Graaff, and Henk Overbeek. 2017. The Reconfiguration of the Global State–capital Nexus. In The State–Capital Nexus in the Global Crisis. London, Routledge: 5-19.
  • Van der Pijl, Kees. 1984. The Making of the Atlantic Ruling Class. London, Verso.
  • Van der Pijl, Kees. 1998. Transnational Classes and International Relations. London, Routledge.
  • Van der Pijl, Kees. 2009. A Survey of Global Political Economy. Centre for Global Political Economy— University of Sussex, E-book, Version 2.1.
  • Van der Pijl, Kees. 2017. The BRICS—An Involuntary Contender Bloc Under Attack. Estudos Internacionais: revista de relações internacionais da PUC Minas 5, 1: 25-46.
  • Walter, Andrew. 2001. NGOs, Business, and International Investment Rules: The Multilateral Agreement on Investment, Seattle and Beyond. Global Governance 7, 1: 51-73.
  • Wanner, Thomas. 2015. The New ‘Passive Revolution’ of the Green Economy and Growth Discourse: Maintaining the ‘Sustainable Development’ of Neoliberal Capitalism. New Political Economy 20, 1: 21-41.
  • Wilkinson, Rorden, Erin Hannah, and James Scott. 2014. The WTO in Bali: What MC9 Means for the Doha Development Agenda and Why It Matters. Third World Quarterly 35, 6: 1032-1050.
Toplam 71 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Siyaset
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Serdar Altay Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-3603-6729

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 28 Mayıs 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 12 Haziran 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024

Kaynak Göster

APA Altay, S. (2024). The Rise and Decline of the Liberal World Order and the Multilateral Trade System: A Critical-Constructivist Synthesis to International Regime Analysis. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 21(82), 97-115. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1489978
AMA Altay S. The Rise and Decline of the Liberal World Order and the Multilateral Trade System: A Critical-Constructivist Synthesis to International Regime Analysis. uidergisi. Haziran 2024;21(82):97-115. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1489978
Chicago Altay, Serdar. “The Rise and Decline of the Liberal World Order and the Multilateral Trade System: A Critical-Constructivist Synthesis to International Regime Analysis”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21, sy. 82 (Haziran 2024): 97-115. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1489978.
EndNote Altay S (01 Haziran 2024) The Rise and Decline of the Liberal World Order and the Multilateral Trade System: A Critical-Constructivist Synthesis to International Regime Analysis. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21 82 97–115.
IEEE S. Altay, “The Rise and Decline of the Liberal World Order and the Multilateral Trade System: A Critical-Constructivist Synthesis to International Regime Analysis”, uidergisi, c. 21, sy. 82, ss. 97–115, 2024, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1489978.
ISNAD Altay, Serdar. “The Rise and Decline of the Liberal World Order and the Multilateral Trade System: A Critical-Constructivist Synthesis to International Regime Analysis”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21/82 (Haziran 2024), 97-115. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1489978.
JAMA Altay S. The Rise and Decline of the Liberal World Order and the Multilateral Trade System: A Critical-Constructivist Synthesis to International Regime Analysis. uidergisi. 2024;21:97–115.
MLA Altay, Serdar. “The Rise and Decline of the Liberal World Order and the Multilateral Trade System: A Critical-Constructivist Synthesis to International Regime Analysis”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, c. 21, sy. 82, 2024, ss. 97-115, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1489978.
Vancouver Altay S. The Rise and Decline of the Liberal World Order and the Multilateral Trade System: A Critical-Constructivist Synthesis to International Regime Analysis. uidergisi. 2024;21(82):97-115.