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Türkiye Niçin ve Nasıl Balistik Füzelere Yöneldi?

Yıl 2017, , 3 - 22, 01.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.515808

Öz

1980’li yıllardan itibaren yakın coğrafyasında balistik füzelerin hızla yaygınlaşması ve bunlardan bazılarının çatışmalarda kullanılmasına yanıt olarak Türkiye, asimetrik karşılığın yanısıra simetrik karşılık seçeneğine yönelmiş ve kendi balistik füzelerini geliştirme yoluna gitmiştir. İlaveten, son 10-15 yılda kaydedilen teknolojik gelişmeler, görece kısa menzilli balistik füzeleri Türkiye gibi hava gücü imkânları gelişmiş ülkeler açısından bile cazip silah sistemleri haline getirmektedir. Türkiye, 1990’larda başlattığı çok aşamalı füze geliştirme programı sayesinde, 300 km menzilli balistik füzeler konuşlandırmıştır. Daha uzun menzilli türevlerin geliştirilmesine devam edilmektedir. Diğer taraftan; jeostratejik, teknolojik, maliyet ve dış ilişkiler gibi kıstasların kesişme noktasında, Türkiye’nin konuşlandıracağı balistik füzeler için en uygun menzil aralığı olarak takribi 800 kilometre rakamı belirginleşmektedir. Son dönemde gündeme gelen çok daha uzun menzilli (örneğin 2,500km) balistik füzeler edinilmesine yönelik çağrılarsa, Türkiye’nin jeostratejik şartları ve güvenlik hedefleriyle tam manasıyla örtüşmemektedir. Kapsamlı maliyet-yarar analizlerinden ziyade basit rekabet refleksine dayandığı izlenimi yaratan bu çağrılar, uluslararası camiada Türkiye’nin nükleer silah emelleri beslemeye başladığına dair şüpheleri ciddileştirmektedir.

Kaynakça

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Turkey Embarks Upon Ballistic Missiles: Why and How?

Yıl 2017, , 3 - 22, 01.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.515808

Öz

From the late-1980s, and in response to the rapid spread of ballistic missiles in her neighborhood, Turkey has opted to add a symmetrical ingredient to her traditional policy of asymmetrical response, and began developing and deploying her own ballistic missiles. Additionally, thanks to the rapid technological progress during the last 10-15 years, shorter range ballistic missiles have been rendered attractive weapon systems even for countries like Turkey with access to advanced air power assets. Thanks to multi-phased development program, Turkey has recently deployed ballistic missile with a range of up to 300 km, whereas development work has been underway on longer-range derivatives. Paying tribute to geostrategic, technological, cost, and foreign policy considerations, the optimum range bracket for Turkey’s ballistic missiles appears to be around 800 kilometers. Recent calls for ballistic missiles of much longer ranges (e.g. 2,500 km) do not correspond to Turkey’s geostrategic and security circumstances. Rather than being the products of careful cost-benefit analyses, those calls appear to be the outcomes of unarticulated competitive reasoning and instincts. Combined with controversial and puzzling statements coming from the individuals close to Turkey’s top decision-making circles, they are seen and treated as further signs of Turkey’s latent nuclear weapon aspirations. 

Kaynakça

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  • “Bakan’dan uyarı: Cesaretli olun!”, Hürriyet, 14 September 2012, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/bakandan-uyari-cesaretli-olun-21464717 (Accessed on 22 September 2012)
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  • “Türkiye, kıtalararası füze üretecek”, Zaman, 24 July 2012, p.1; Yiftah Shapir and Gallia Lindenstrauss, “Plotting Trajectory of Turkey’s Ballistic Missile Program”, 4 November 2012, http://wmdjunction.com/121102_turkey_ballistic_missiles.htm (Accessed on 7 November 2012).
  • “Erdoğan kıtalararası füze istedi”, Milliyet, 24 July 2012, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/erdogan-kitalararasi-fuze-istedi-siyaset-1571175/ (Accessed on 26 February 2017).
  • “Kıtalararası yerli füze için kritik pazarlık”, 22 December 2014, http://ekonomi.haber7.com/sektorler/haber/1253738-kitalararasi-yerli-fuze-icin-kritik-pazarlik (Accessed on 29 March 2015);
  • İbrahim Sünnetçi, “CPMIEC ve EuroSam’ın gözünden T-LORAMIDS”, Savunma ve Havacılık, No.188, 2014, p.43.
  • “Arms Control and Disarmament”, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/arms-control-and-disarmament.en.mfa (Accessed on 18 March 2017).
  • Doug Richardson, “Strategic Strike: Ballistic Missile Ambitions and Development”, Jane’s International Defense Review, March 2008, p.49-54;
  • Sıtkı Egeli, Taktik Balistik Füzeler ve Türkiye, Ankara, Savunma Sanayii Müsteşarlığı, 1993, p.15-21, 44-49.
  • Hans Rühle, “Is Turkey secretly working on nuclear weapons?”, 22 September 2015, http://nationalinterest.org/feature/turkey-secretly-working-nuclear-weapons-13898 (Accessed on 17 December 2016);
  • Ami Rojkes Dombe, “Turkey’s Nuclear Amibitions”, 29 April 2015, http://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/content/turkeys-nuclear-aspirations (Accessed on 30 June 2017).
  • İbrahim Sünnetçi, “Özgün Silah ve Mühimmat Geliştirme Çalışmalarında Son Duruma Bir Bakış”, Savunma ve Havacılık, No.169, 2015, p.115-121;
  • Arda Mevlütoğlu, “Turkish Surface-to-Surface Rocket and Missile Systems–III”, ACIG.org, modified 28 July 2008, http://www.acig.info/CMS/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=192&Itemid=47 (Accessed on 5 August 2008);
  • Aaron Stein, “Turkey’s Missile Programs: A Work in Progress”, EDAM Non-Proliferation Briefs, 2013, http://edam.org.tr/disarmament/EN/documents/Turkey%20Missile%20Programs.pdf (Accessed on 20 May 2014).
  • Yiftah Shapir and Gali Lindenstrauss, “Plotting the Trajectory of Turkey’s Ballistic Missile Program”, 2012, http://wmdjunction.com/121102_turkey_ballistic_missiles.htm (Accessed on 30 December 2012);
  • Rühle, “Turkey nuclear weapons”; Dombe, “Nuclear Ambitions”.
  • “SM-78 Jupiter”, https://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/jupiter/ (Accessed on 30 March 2017).
  • Jeremy Binnie, “IDF corroborates Hizbullah ‘Scud-D’ claims”, IHS Jane’s Defence Weekly, 2 March 2015, http://www.janes.com/article/49668/idf-corroborates-hizbullah-scud-d-claims (Accessed on 10 March 2015);
  • “Jaish al Islam launching ‘Islam 5’ missile”, 4 February 2016, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNlJ_3kr48c (Accessed on 10 February 2016).
  • “Ballistic Missiles”, http://missilethreat.com/missiles-of-the-world/ (Accessed on 25 January 25 2013); The Military Balance 2014, London, IISS, 2014.
  • Markus Schiller and Robert H. Schmucker, “Flashback to the Past: North Korea’s ‘New’ Extended-Range Scud”, 8 November 2016, http://38north.org/2016/11/scuder110816/ (Accessed on 13 December 2016);
  • Alon Ben-David, “Shielding Civilians”, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 9 September 2013, p.28-29.
  • Michael Elleman, “Part-I: Are Iran’s Missiles a Threat?”, 25 April 2016, http://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2016/may/23/part-i-are-iran%E2%80%99s-missiles-threat (Accessed on 12 October 2016); “Iran claims Zolfaghar missile has 700km range”, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 28 September 2016, http://www.janes.com/article/64149/iran-claims-zolfaghar-missile-has-700-km-range (Accessed on 9 October 2016).
  • Jeff Stein, “CIA Helped Saudis in Secret Chinese Missile Deal”, 30 January 2014, http://europe.newsweek.com/exclusive-cia-helped-saudis-secret-chinese-missile-deal-227283?rm=eu (Accessed on 3 February 2014). Micheal Eisenstadt, “Missiles and the nuclear negotiations with Iran”, 6 July 2015, http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/missiles-and-the-nuclear-negotiations-with-iran (Accessed on 30 July 2015).
  • Artemis Moshtaghian, “Iran launches missiles into eastern Syria, targets ISIS”, 19 June 2017, http://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/18/middleeast/iran-launches-missiles-into-syria/index.html?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=EBB%2006.20.2017&utm_term=Editorial%20-%20Early%20Bird%20Brief (Accessed on 20 June 2017).
  • Elleman, “Iran’s Missiles”; Jeremy Binnie, “Iran announces new missile tests”, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 13 February 2014, p.23; Greg Thielman, “Iran’s Nuclear Ballistic Missile Threat Not on the Horizon”, Defense News, 14 September 2015, http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/commentary/2015/09/14/irans-nuclear-ballistic-missile-threat-not-horizon/72254428/ (Accessed on 23 October 2015);
  • “Org. Özel Savunma ve Havacılık Dergisi’ne konuştu”, Hürriyet, 25 March 2015, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/org-ozel-savunma-ve-havacilik-dergisi-ne-konustu-28549591 (Accessed on 27 July 2017).
  • Bülent Aydemir, “Türk Füzesi: Hedef Menzil 2500 km”, Habertürk, 29 December 2011, http://www.haberturk.com/gundem/haber/701120-turk-fuzesi-hedef-menzil-2500-km (Accessed on 31 December 2011).
  • “İran’ın ilk hedefi Malatya”, Cumhuriyet, 27 November 2011, p.13; “Tehran threatens Ankara with new missile system”, Hürriyet, 3 July 2012, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/tehran-threatens-ankara-with-new-missile-system.aspx?pageID=238&nID=24589&NewsCatID=352 (Accessed on 4 July 2012).
  • “Syria Missile Development 1997”, http://www.wisconsinproject.org/countries/syria/missiles.html (Accessed on 18 March 2017);
  • “Syria’s ‘Scud’ attacks not seen as international threat”, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 19 December 2012, p.6.
  • “Israel says 90 pct of Syria’s ballistic missiles used up on rebels”, 18 November 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/mideast-crisis-syria-missiles-idUSL8N13D4M220151118 (Accessed on 15 March 2017).
  • “Sarin used in Syria 5 days before Khan Sheikhun: OPCW”, 4 October 2017, http://www.france24.com/en/20171004-sarin-used-syria-5-days-before-khan-sheikhun-opcw-0 (Accessed on 5 October 2017).
  • “Israeli Satellite Imagery Shows Russian Nuclear-Capable Missiles in Syria”, Defense News, 6 January 2017, http://www.defensenews.com/articles/israeli-satellite-imagary-shows-russian-nuclear-capable-missiles-in-syria?utm_source=Sailthru&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=DFN%20DNR%201/6/17&utm_term=Editorial%20-%20Daily%20News%20Roundup (Accessed on 7 January 2017);
  • “Russia sends Syria its largest missile delivery to date, US officials say”, 8 February 2017, http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/02/08/russia-sends-syria-its-largest-missile-delivery-to-date-us-officials-say.html (Accessed on 8 February 2017).
  • Dmitry Gorenburg, “Russia’s Syria operation reveals significant improvement in military capability”, The National Interest, 13 November 2015, http://www.lowyinterpreter.org/post/2015/11/13/Russias-Syria-operation-reveals-significant-improvement-in-military-capability.aspx (Accessed on 8 February 2016);
  • Dmitri Trenin, “The Revival of the Russian Military–How Moscow Reloaded”, Foreign Affairs, 18 April 2016, https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/russiafsu/20160418/revivalrussianmilitary (Accessed on 22 April 2016).
  • Gordon Jacobs and Tim McCharty, “China’s Missile Sales–Few Changes for the Future”, Jane’s Intelligence Review, December 1992, p.559-560.
  • Mark Urban, “Saudi Arabia’s nuclear weapons ‘on order’ from Pakistan”, 6 November 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24823846 (Accessed on 17 March 2017).
  • Louis Rene Beres, “Changing Direction? Updating Israel’s nuclear doctrine”, 2014, http://www.inss.org.il/uploadImages/systemFiles/adkan17_3ENG%20(3)_Beres.pdf (Accessed on 17 March 2017).
  • “Erdoğan: İsrail bölgeye tehdit, atom bombası var”, 5 October 2011, http://t24.com.tr/haber/erdogan-israil-bolgede-tehdit-atom-bombasi-var,172986 (Accessed on 15 March 2017).
  • “Israel adds upper tier missile defence capability”, 27 January 2017, http://www.janes.com/article/67291/israel-adds-upper-tier-missile-defence-capability (Accessed on 28 January 2017).
  • “Ukraine rebels claim Tochka ballistic missile shoot-down”, 2 February 2015, https://defence.pk/pdf/threads/ukraine-rebels-claim-tochka-ballistic-missile-shoot-down.357325/ (Accessed on 17 March 2017);
  • “Georgian Military Folds Under Russian Attack”, 15 August 2008, http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/aw081808p2.xml (Accessed on 27 November 2011);
  • “Russia’s Army retrofitted with nuclear-capable ballistic missile system”, 24 February 2017, http://thediplomat.com/2017/02/russias-army-retroffited-with-new-nuclear-capable-ballistic-missile-system/ (Accessed on 26 February 2017).
  • See the interview with Russian Ambassador Vladimir Ivanovski in “Füze kalkanında ısrar misilleme getirir”, Cumhuriyet, 4 March 2012, p.8-9.
  • “Russia deploys advanced missiles to Armenia”, IHS Jane’s Defence Weekly, 3 June 2013, p.22; Jeffrey Lewis, “Iskanders in Kaliningrad”, 2 December 2016, www.armscontrolwonk.com/archive/1202268/iskanders-in-kaliningrad/ (Accessed on 13 December 2016);
  • “NATO Commander Breedlove: Imported Russian missiles have turned Crimea into a Black Sea ‘Power Projection’ platform”, 25 February 2015, http://news.usni.org/2015/02/25/nato-commander-breedlove-imported-russian-missiles-have-turned-crimea-into-a-black-sea-power-projection-platform (Accessed on 29 March 2015).
  • “Greece – country profile”, https://fas.org/asmp/profiles/greece.htm (Accessed on 17 March 2017).
  • Duncan Lennox, “Missile Race Continues”, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 23 January 1992, p.18-21.
  • Thomas Reis, “Russia’s Military Inheritance”, International Defense Review, March 1992, p.225; Military Balance 2014, p.175.
  • “Azerbaijan interested in various missile technologies”, 28 September 2016, http://www.azernews.az/nation/102933.html (Accessed on 17 March 2017);
  • “Azerbaijan to buy Israeli, Pakistani missiles”, August 11, 2014, http://ann.az/en/azerbaijan-to-buy-israeli-pakistani-missiles/ (Accessed on 20 July 2016).
  • Eduard Abrahamyan, “Armenia’s new ballistic missiles will shake up the neighborhood”, 12 October 2016, http://nationalinterest.org/feature/armenias-new-ballistic-missiles-will-shake-the-neighborhood-18026 (Accessed on 17 March 2017);
  • “Armenia shows new UAV”, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 5 October 2011, p.22.
  • Sydney J. Freedberg Jr, “Joint Staff Studies New Options for Missile Defense”, 16 September 2015, http://breakingdefense.com/2015/09/joint-staff-studies-new-options-for-missile-defense/ (Accessed on 8 November 2015);
  • “Trump Inherits a Secret Cyberwar Against North Korean Missiles”, New York Times, 4 March 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/04/world/asia/north-korea-missile-program-sabotage.html?_r=0 (Accessed on 5 March 2017).
  • “Spain to stay with Patriots in Turkey; Italy could deploy SAMP/T missiles”, Defense News, 28 December 2015, http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/2015/12/28/spain-stay-patriots-turkey-italy-could-deploy-sampt-missiles/77965082/ (Accessed on 22 March 2017); “Italian SAMP/T unit arrives in Turkey, 9 June 2016, http://www.janes.com/article/61125/italian-samp-t-unit-arrives-in-turkey (Accessed on 22 March 2017).
  • Patrick J. O’Reilly, Ballistic Missile Defense Overview – European Phased Adaptive Approach, Washington, D.C., Missile Defense Agency, 2011, p.3-7.
  • Sıtkı Egeli, Füze Tehdidi ve NATO Füze Kalkanı, İstanbul, Bilgi Üniversitesi, 2012, s.25-26.
  • “Turkey cancels T-LORAMIDS program after eight years”, Defense News, 16 November 2015, http://www.defense-aerospace.com/articles-view/release/3/168852/more-on-turkey%E2%80%99s-cancellation-of-t_loramids-program.html (Accessed on 2 March 2017); “Turkey in talks to locally develop long-range air defense systems”, Hürriyet Daily News, 5 August 2016, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-in-talks-to-locally-develop-long-range-air-defense-system-official.aspx?pageID=238&nID=102538&NewsCatID=345 (Accessed on 23 March 2017). “Füze tartışmasına Milli Savunma Bakanı son noktayı koydu”, 5 July 2017, http://www.kokpit.aero/fuze-tartismasi-bakan-isik (Accessed on 7 July 2017). “Bakan Işık’tan açıklama: NATO sistemine entegre etmiyoruz”, 16 March 2017, http://dirilispostasi.com/n-30551-bakan-isiktan-s-400-aciklamasi-nato-sistemine-entegre-etmiyoruz.html (Accessed on 16 March 2017).
  • “USAF Missile Warning Satellite Providing 90 Sec. Scud Alert”, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 21 January 1991, p.60-61.
  • Sertaç Canalp Korkmaz and Arda Mevlütoğlu, Turkey’s Air Defense Umbrella and S-400, Orsam Report, No.123, September 2017, http://orsam.org.tr/files/Raporlar/213/213_eng.pdf (Accessed on 29 September 2017);
  • Sıtkı Egeli, “S-400 alımı, hava savunması, füze savunması, NATO: Mitler ve Gerçekler”, kokpitaero, 2 August 2017, http://www.kokpit.aero/s400-sitki-egeli (Accessed on 2 August 2017).
  • Robert S. Norris and Hans M. Kristensen “Nuclear Notebook: Worldwide deployment of nuclear weapons, 2009”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol.65, No.6, 2009, http://www.yorku.ca/splekhan/docs/4280-5280/State%20of%20the%20arsenals,%202009%20-%20BAS.pdf (Accessed on 31 March 2013), p.94;
  • Hans M. Kristensen, “U.S. Nuclear Weapons in Europe”, 2005, https://www.nrdc.org/sites/default/files/euro.pdf (Accessed on 23 March 2017), p.8-9.
  • “Germany reluctant to defend Turkey if Iraq retaliates”, Washington Post, 22 January 1991, p.A20; “Deadlock Broken, NATO to Defend Turkey”, 17 February 2003, http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/02/17/iraq/main540829.shtml (Accessed on 14 April 2012).
  • Burak Ege Bekdil, “Turkey eyes offensive missiles to boost deterrence”, Defense News, 16 January 2016, http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/land/weapons/2016/01/16/turkey-eyes-offensive-missiles-boost-deterrence/78733576/ (Accessed on 16 June 2016).
  • “B (BORA) Füzesi ve B (BORA) Silah Sistemi Projesi”, 30 January 2017, http://www.ssm.gov.tr/anasayfa/projeler/Sayfalar/proje.aspx?projeID=415 (Accessed on 30 January 2017).
  • Tevfik Kadan, “Milli füzenin Balyozcu mimarı”, Aydınlık, 2 February 2017, https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/turkiye/2017-subat/milli-fuzenin-balyozcu-mimari (Accessed on 4 February 2017).
  • Miroslav Gyürösi, “Roketsan markets new Tiger surface-to-surface rocket”, 28 June 2016, http://www.janes.com/article/61822/roketsan-markets-new-tiger-surface-to-surface-rocket (Accessed on 28 June 2016).
  • “TSK 300 km menzilli füzelerine kavuştu!”, 27 February 2015, http://www.kokpit.aero/tsk-300-km-fuze-teslimat (Accessed on 4 February 2017);
  • “Türkiye’nin ilk uzun menzilli füzesi ortaya çıktı”, Milliyet, 20 February 2017, http://www.milliyet.com.tr/turkiye-nin-ilk-uzun-menzilli-ekonomi-2399587/ (Accessed on 26 February 2017);
  • “Yerli Füze ‘Kaan’ Görücüye Çıkıyor”, 26 April 2017, http://aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/yerli-fuze-kaan-gorucuye-cikiyor/805375 (Accessed on 1 May 2017).
  • Savunma Sanayii Müsteşarlığı Yıllık Faaliyet Raporu 2016, http://www.ssm.gov.tr/anasayfa/kurumsal/Faaliyet%20Raporlar/2016%20Y%C4%B1l%C4%B1%20Faaliyet%20Raporu.PDF (Accessed on 1 March 2017), p.38.
  • İbrahim Sünnetçi, “Türk Hava Kuvvetleri Yarınlarını Tanımlıyor”, Savunma ve Havacılık, No.147, 2011, p.128-129.
  • Tony Capaccio and Larry Liebert, “Missile Threats Surging Worldwide, U.S. Defense Study Finds”, 26 June 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-06-26/missile-threats-are-surging-worldwide-u-s-defense-study-finds (Accessed on 20 July 2017).
  • Barbara Opall, “Israeli Artillery Corps poised for longer-range, improved precision strikes”, Defense News, 21 February 2017, http://www.defensenews.com/articles/israeli-artillery-corps-poised-for-longer-range-improved-precision-strikes (Accessed on 25 February 2017).
  • Gabriel Dominguez and Neil Gibson, “South Korea’s military to increase number of Hyunmoo missiles, says report”, 16 August, 2016, http://www.janes.com/article/62967/south-korea-s-military-to-increase-number-of-hyunmoo-missiles-says-report (Accessed on 9 September 2016);
  • Bill Sweetman, “Great Wall”, Aviation Week & Space Technology, 17 November 2014, p.38-39; Richard D. Fisher Jr, “Analysis: Chinese moves to adopt new guided rocket system show ongoing value of domestic competition”, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 26 March 2015, p.21.
  • “U.S. Army awards Lockheed Martin with $78 million Contract for ATACMS modernization”, 7 January 2015, http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2015/january/mfc-010715-US-Army-Awards-LM-78-million.html (Accessed on 29 March 2015).
  • “Cruise missiles indispensable for Polish submarines –required range: 800 km”, 6 November 2014, http://www.defence24.com/news_cruise-missiles-indispensable-for-the-polish-submarines-required-range-800-km (Accessed on 9 December 2014).
  • Work elaborating drivers behind missile proliferation and the prestige factor is abundant. See Martin Navias, “Ballistic Missile Proliferation in the Third World”, Adelphi Papers, No.262, Summer 1990, p.9-10; Sıtkı Egeli, “Europe and the future of ballistic missile threat”, Bulletin of Arms Control, King’s College Council for Arms Control, No.22, July 1996, p.11.
  • Live interview with President Erdoğan’s top advisor Yiğit Bulut in “Derin Analiz”, TRT, 31 January 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3KrnnEl8o8 (Accessed on 6 February 2017).
  • Hayrettin Karaman, “Ne Yapmalı?”, 16 March 2017, Yeni Şafak, http://www.yenisafak.com/yazarlar/hayrettinkaraman/ne-yapmali-2036778 (Accessed on 17 March 2017);
  • “Nuclear Turkey? Imam close to Erdogan calls for weapons now amid tension with EU”, Express, 16 March 2017, http://www.express.co.uk/news/world/780240/TURKEY-Imam-Erdogan-nuclear-weapons-NOW-EU-tension-Germany-Netherlands (Accessed on 17 March 2017).
Toplam 89 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sıtkı Egeli Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017

Kaynak Göster

APA Egeli, S. (2017). Turkey Embarks Upon Ballistic Missiles: Why and How?. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 14(56), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.515808
AMA Egeli S. Turkey Embarks Upon Ballistic Missiles: Why and How?. uidergisi. Aralık 2017;14(56):3-22. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.515808
Chicago Egeli, Sıtkı. “Turkey Embarks Upon Ballistic Missiles: Why and How?”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 14, sy. 56 (Aralık 2017): 3-22. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.515808.
EndNote Egeli S (01 Aralık 2017) Turkey Embarks Upon Ballistic Missiles: Why and How?. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 14 56 3–22.
IEEE S. Egeli, “Turkey Embarks Upon Ballistic Missiles: Why and How?”, uidergisi, c. 14, sy. 56, ss. 3–22, 2017, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.515808.
ISNAD Egeli, Sıtkı. “Turkey Embarks Upon Ballistic Missiles: Why and How?”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 14/56 (Aralık 2017), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.515808.
JAMA Egeli S. Turkey Embarks Upon Ballistic Missiles: Why and How?. uidergisi. 2017;14:3–22.
MLA Egeli, Sıtkı. “Turkey Embarks Upon Ballistic Missiles: Why and How?”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, c. 14, sy. 56, 2017, ss. 3-22, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.515808.
Vancouver Egeli S. Turkey Embarks Upon Ballistic Missiles: Why and How?. uidergisi. 2017;14(56):3-22.