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Making Sense of Risky Haredi Behaviors in Israel During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 73, 33 - 48, 09.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1085447

Öz

Covid-19 not only posed a threat to the bodies of individuals or their mental health but also disrupted routines that are re-producing certain communities every day. This is particularly the case for communities with already securitized identities such as the ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) society in Israel. Its authentic narrative, routines and practices that had been sustained thanks to their decades-long autonomy within the state, faced a substantial challenge when the state-led pandemic measures arrived in Haredi towns. This article seeks to explain the Haredi non-compliance with certain pandemic instructions like closing religious and educational centers, through the conceptual lens of an ontological security approach. It argues that the ontological security concerns of the Haredi leadership hampered them from fully complying with the state-led pandemic measures, even at the expense of risking the lives of individual Haredim.

Kaynakça

  • “As Infections Surge, Mass Ultra-Orthodox Weddings Held despite Lockdown Rule” (6 January 2021). The Times of Israel, https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-infections-surge-mass-ultra-orthodox-weddings-held-despite-lockdown-rules/ (Accessed 11 March 2021).
  • “Belza Explains: ‘A War Between Sacred and Profane’” (6 October 2020). Kikar HaSabbath, http://www.kikar.co.il/375894. html, (Accessed 15 March 2021). (in Hebrew).
  • “COVID-19: Top Haredi Rabbi Says Those Flouting Restrictions Are “Sinners”’ (3 February 2021). The Jerusalem Post, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/covid-19-top-haredi-rabbi-says-those-flouting-restrictions-are-sinners-657710 (Accessed 30 March 2020).
  • “Day 3 in Lockdown: Confrontation between Police and Members of the Jerusalem Faction” (10 January 2021). Kan Hadashot YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUlF7LGMbZ8 (Accessed 20 January 2021).
  • “Denied Transport, Haredi Israelis Walk to Jerusalem for Purim Parties” (28 February 2021). Yedioth Ahronot, https://www. ynetnews.com/article/HJA5Z7Yzu (Accessed 06 March 2021).
  • “For Second Time in One Day, Thousands Attend Funeral of Haredi Rabbi against COVID Restrictions” (1 February 2021). Haaretz, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-for-second-time-in-one-day-thousands-attendfuneral-of-haredi-rabbi-in-j-lem-1.9498945 (Accessed 5 February 2021).
  • “HaGaon HaGadol (The Great Genius) Rabbi Gershon Edelstein Explains Why Haredim Are Dying from Corona Most” (5 May 2020). YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93moxf2mkVQ (Accessed 9 May 2021).
  • “Hasidim and Mitnagdim”, Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hasidim-and-mitnagdim (Accessed 21 March 2021).
  • “Hundreds attend illegal Hasidic holiday gathering in Jerusalem”, Yedioth Ahronot, 28 January 2021, https://www.ynetnews. com/article/BkPJfqglO (Accessed 26 April 2021).
  • “Litzman: Imposing Closure on Bnei Brak, The Situation There is Terrible and Warning” (31 March 2020). Yedioth Ahronot, https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5704553,00.html (Accessed 10 March 2021), (in Hebrew).
  • “Maran Hagara’’ch Kanievsky: It is mandatory to send children to educational institutions; ‘Tora Protects’” (20 August 2020). Kikar HaShabbat, http://www.kikar.co.il/372322.html, (Accessed 15 March 2021), (in Hebrew).
  • “Rabbi Gershon Edelstein: Get Vaccinated As Fast As Possible” (22 December 2020). Arutz Sheva, https://www.inn.co.il/ news/461664 (Accessed 10 March 2021) (in Hebrew).
  • “The Greatest Rabbis of Haredim: Do Not Close Synagogues, Pray Outside” (1 October 2020). Srugim, https://www. srugim.co.il/494247-( ץוחב-ללפתהל-םידרחה-םינברה-ילודגAccessed 15 March 2021), (in Hebrew).
  • “Virus Czar Apologizes for Criticizing Haredi Rabbi Who Reportedly Bucked Testing” (7 September 2020). The Times of Israel, https://www.timesofisrael.com/virus-czar-apologizes-for-criticizing-haredi-rabbi-who-reportedly-buckedtesting/ (Accessed 10 March 2021).
  • “Yamim Noraʾim”, Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/yamim-noraim (Accessed 12 May 2021).
  • Abulof, Uriel (2015). The Mortality and Morality of Nations: Jews, Afrikaners and French Canadians. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Abulof, Uriel (2009). ‘“Small Peoples’: The Existential Uncertainty of Ethnonational Communities”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 53, No 1, p. 227-248.
  • Berenskötter, Felix (2020). “Anxiety, Time, and Agency”, International Theory, Vol. 12, No 2, pp. 273–290.
  • Brown, Benjamin (2017). A Guide to Haredi Society: Beliefs and Streams. Tel Aviv, Am Oved Publishers Ltd. (in Hebrew) Brown, Benjamin (2003). “Orthodox Judaism”, Jacob Neusner and Alan Avery-Peck (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Malden, Mass, Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, p. 311–333.
  • Cahaner, Lee, and Gilad Malach (2019). Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) Society in Israel. The Israel Democracy Institute, https://en.idi.org.il/media/14526/statistical-report-on-ultra-orthodox-haredi-society-in-israel-2019.pdf (Accessed 5 March 2021).
  • Friedman, Menachem (1995), “The Structural Foundation for Religio-Political Accommodation in Israel: Fallacy and Reality”, Selwyn Ilan Troen and Noah Lucas (eds.), Israel: The First Decade of Independence. Albany, State University of New York Press, p. 51–82.
  • Friedman, Menachem (1991). Haredi Society: Sources, Trends, Processes. Jerusalem, The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. (in Hebrew).
  • Giddens, Anthony (1991). Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Giddens, Anthony (1986). The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Gur, Haviv Rettig (27 January 2021). “Enfeebled and Enraged, Haredi Society Feels Forsaken on All Sides”, The Times of Israel, https://www.timesofisrael.com/enfeebled-and-enraged-haredi-society-feels-forsaken-on-all-sides/ (Accessed 10 March 2021).
  • Hansen, Lene (2012). “Reconstructing Desecuritisation: The Normative-Political in the Copenhagen School and Directions for How to Apply It”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 38, No 3, pp. 525–546.
  • Heilman, Samuel C., and Menachem Friedman (1991). The Haredim in Israel: Who Are They and What Do They Want?. New York, Institute on American Jewish-Israeli Relations, The American Jewish Committee.
  • Huysmans, Jef (1998). “Security! What Do You Mean?: From Concept to Thick Signifier”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 4, No 2, p. 226–255.
  • Kinnvall, Catarina, and Jennifer Mitzen (2020). “Anxiety, Fear, and Ontological Security in World Politics: Thinking with and beyond Giddens”, International Theory, Vol. 12, No 2, p. 240–256.
  • Kinnvall, Catarina (2004). “Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security”, Political Psychology, Vol. 25, No 5, p. 741–767.
  • Laing, Ronald David (1990). The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. England, Penguin Books.
  • Leon, Nissim (2021). “The Haredi Society (HaHevra HaHaredit)”, Nitza Berkovitz (ed.), A Sociological Lexicon for the Corona Time. Adva Center & Israeli Sociology, pp. 81-82 https://adva.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/lexiconcorona.pdf.
  • Leon, Nissim (2016). “The Ethnic Structuring of ‘Sephardim’ in Haredi Society in Israel”, Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 22, No 1, p. 130–160.
  • Leon, Nissim (2016). “The Haredi-Secular Debate and the Shas Approach”, Eliezer Ben-Rafael et al. (eds.), Handbook of Israel: Major Debates. Berlin, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, p. 131-145.
  • Leon, Nissim (2015). “An Uneasy Stability: The Haredi Parties’ Emergency Campaign for the 2013 Elections”. Israel Affairs, Vol. 21, No 2, p. 230–244.
  • McSweeney, Bill (1999). Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Mitzen, Jennifer (2006). “Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 12, No 3, p. 341–370.
  • Pfeuffer, Pnina (8 October 2020). “War between Light and Darkness: Why Hasidim Break the Corona Instructions”, Siha Mekomit, 8 October 2020, https://www.mekomit.co.il/( /א-םירפמ-םידיסחה-המל-ךשוחל-רוא-ןיב-המחלמAccessed 10 March 2021).
  • Rubinstein, Amnon (1984). The Zionist Dream Revisited: From Herzl to Gush Emunim and Back. New York, Schocken Books.
  • Rumelili, Bahar (2020). “Integrating Anxiety into International Relations Theory: Hobbes, Existentialism, and Ontological Security”, International Theory, Vol.12, No. 2, pp. 257–72.
  • Rumeli̇li̇ , Bahar, and Umut Can Adisönmez (2020). “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Kimlik-Güvenlik İlişkisine Dair Yeni bir Paradigma: Ontolojik Güvenlik Teorisi”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 17, No 66, p. 23–39.
  • Rumelili, Bahar, and Ayşe Betül Çelik (2017). “Ontological Insecurity in Asymmetric Conflicts: Reflections on Agonistic Peace in Turkey’s Kurdish Issue”, Security Dialogue Vol. 48, No 4, p. 279–296.
  • Rumelili, Bahar (2015). “Identity and Desecuritisation: The Pitfalls of Conflating Ontological and Physical Security”, Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 18, No 1, p. 52–74.
  • Serfaty, David R., Tamar Lugasi, and Rael D. Strous (2021). “Anxiety Reactions and Coping Modalities with the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing a Population of Religious Patients with Mental Illness and Their Health Caregivers”, Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 60, No 3, p.1494-1506.
  • Sharon, Jeremy (18 March 2020). “Flagship Ultra-Orthodox Yeshivas Learn Torah despite Coronavirus”, The Jerusalem Post, 18 March 2020, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/flagship-ultra-orthodox-yeshivas-learn-torah-despitecoronavirus-621060 (Accessed 20 March 2021).
  • Sprinzak, Rikki (12 October 2020). “Why This Haredi Rabbi Won’t Close Yeshivas despite COVID”, Haaretz, https://www. haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-why-this-haredi-rabbi-won-t-close-yeshivas-despite-covid-1.9229416 (Accessed 11 March 2021).
  • Steele, Brent J (2008). Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-Identity and the IR State. London, New York, Routledge.
  • Stern, Yedida (3 April 2020). “Integration of Haredim to Israeli Society, Under Cover of the Corona”, Israel Democracy Institute, https://www.idi.org.il/articles/31197 (Accessed 10 March 2021), (in Hebrew).
  • Tillich, Paul (2000). The Courage to Be. New Haven, Yale University Press.
  • Waever, Ole (1993). “Societal Security, The Concept”, Ole Waever et al. (eds.), Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 17–40.
  • Weinberg, David (28 January 2021). “Understanding Haredi Defiance to COVID-19 Regulations”, The Jerusalem Post, https://www.jpost.com/opinion/understanding-haredi-defiance-to-covid-19-regulations-opinion-657097 (Accessed 5 January 2021).
  • Zarakol, Ayşe (2010). “Ontological (in) Security and State Denial of Historical Crimes: Turkey and Japan”, International Relations, Vol. 24, No 1, p. 3–23.

Covid-19 Pandemisi Döneminde İsrail’deki Riskli Haredi Davranışlarını Anlamlandırmak

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 73, 33 - 48, 09.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1085447

Öz

Covid-19 sadece bireylerin fiziki ve zihinsel sağlıklarına tehdit oluşturmakla kalmamış aynı zamanda bazı toplulukları her gün yeniden üreten rutinleri kesintiye uğratmıştır. Bu durum, İsrail’deki ultra-Ortodoks (Haredi) toplumu gibi halihazırda güvenlikleştirilmiş kimliklere sahip topluluklar için özellikle geçerlidir. Haredilerin devlet içerisinde sahip oldukları on yıllar süren özerklikleri sayesinde sürdürülen özgün anlatı, rutin ve pratikler, devlet kaynaklı pandemi önlemleri Haredi şehirlere ulaştığı zaman ciddi bir meydan okumayla karşılaşmıştır. Bu makale, din ve eğitim merkezlerinin kapatılması gibi belirli pandemi önlemlerine Haredi itaatsizliğini ontolojik güvenlik yaklaşımı çerçevesinde açıklama amacındadır. Makale, Haredi liderliğin ontolojik güvenlik endişelerinin kendilerini, bireysel olarak Haredilerin hayatlarını riske atma pahasına, devlet kaynaklı pandemi önlemlerine uymaktan alıkoyduğunu iddia etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • “As Infections Surge, Mass Ultra-Orthodox Weddings Held despite Lockdown Rule” (6 January 2021). The Times of Israel, https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-infections-surge-mass-ultra-orthodox-weddings-held-despite-lockdown-rules/ (Accessed 11 March 2021).
  • “Belza Explains: ‘A War Between Sacred and Profane’” (6 October 2020). Kikar HaSabbath, http://www.kikar.co.il/375894. html, (Accessed 15 March 2021). (in Hebrew).
  • “COVID-19: Top Haredi Rabbi Says Those Flouting Restrictions Are “Sinners”’ (3 February 2021). The Jerusalem Post, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/covid-19-top-haredi-rabbi-says-those-flouting-restrictions-are-sinners-657710 (Accessed 30 March 2020).
  • “Day 3 in Lockdown: Confrontation between Police and Members of the Jerusalem Faction” (10 January 2021). Kan Hadashot YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUlF7LGMbZ8 (Accessed 20 January 2021).
  • “Denied Transport, Haredi Israelis Walk to Jerusalem for Purim Parties” (28 February 2021). Yedioth Ahronot, https://www. ynetnews.com/article/HJA5Z7Yzu (Accessed 06 March 2021).
  • “For Second Time in One Day, Thousands Attend Funeral of Haredi Rabbi against COVID Restrictions” (1 February 2021). Haaretz, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-for-second-time-in-one-day-thousands-attendfuneral-of-haredi-rabbi-in-j-lem-1.9498945 (Accessed 5 February 2021).
  • “HaGaon HaGadol (The Great Genius) Rabbi Gershon Edelstein Explains Why Haredim Are Dying from Corona Most” (5 May 2020). YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93moxf2mkVQ (Accessed 9 May 2021).
  • “Hasidim and Mitnagdim”, Jewish Virtual Library, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/hasidim-and-mitnagdim (Accessed 21 March 2021).
  • “Hundreds attend illegal Hasidic holiday gathering in Jerusalem”, Yedioth Ahronot, 28 January 2021, https://www.ynetnews. com/article/BkPJfqglO (Accessed 26 April 2021).
  • “Litzman: Imposing Closure on Bnei Brak, The Situation There is Terrible and Warning” (31 March 2020). Yedioth Ahronot, https://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-5704553,00.html (Accessed 10 March 2021), (in Hebrew).
  • “Maran Hagara’’ch Kanievsky: It is mandatory to send children to educational institutions; ‘Tora Protects’” (20 August 2020). Kikar HaShabbat, http://www.kikar.co.il/372322.html, (Accessed 15 March 2021), (in Hebrew).
  • “Rabbi Gershon Edelstein: Get Vaccinated As Fast As Possible” (22 December 2020). Arutz Sheva, https://www.inn.co.il/ news/461664 (Accessed 10 March 2021) (in Hebrew).
  • “The Greatest Rabbis of Haredim: Do Not Close Synagogues, Pray Outside” (1 October 2020). Srugim, https://www. srugim.co.il/494247-( ץוחב-ללפתהל-םידרחה-םינברה-ילודגAccessed 15 March 2021), (in Hebrew).
  • “Virus Czar Apologizes for Criticizing Haredi Rabbi Who Reportedly Bucked Testing” (7 September 2020). The Times of Israel, https://www.timesofisrael.com/virus-czar-apologizes-for-criticizing-haredi-rabbi-who-reportedly-buckedtesting/ (Accessed 10 March 2021).
  • “Yamim Noraʾim”, Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/yamim-noraim (Accessed 12 May 2021).
  • Abulof, Uriel (2015). The Mortality and Morality of Nations: Jews, Afrikaners and French Canadians. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Abulof, Uriel (2009). ‘“Small Peoples’: The Existential Uncertainty of Ethnonational Communities”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 53, No 1, p. 227-248.
  • Berenskötter, Felix (2020). “Anxiety, Time, and Agency”, International Theory, Vol. 12, No 2, pp. 273–290.
  • Brown, Benjamin (2017). A Guide to Haredi Society: Beliefs and Streams. Tel Aviv, Am Oved Publishers Ltd. (in Hebrew) Brown, Benjamin (2003). “Orthodox Judaism”, Jacob Neusner and Alan Avery-Peck (eds.), The Blackwell Companion to Judaism. Malden, Mass, Wiley-Blackwell, 2003, p. 311–333.
  • Cahaner, Lee, and Gilad Malach (2019). Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) Society in Israel. The Israel Democracy Institute, https://en.idi.org.il/media/14526/statistical-report-on-ultra-orthodox-haredi-society-in-israel-2019.pdf (Accessed 5 March 2021).
  • Friedman, Menachem (1995), “The Structural Foundation for Religio-Political Accommodation in Israel: Fallacy and Reality”, Selwyn Ilan Troen and Noah Lucas (eds.), Israel: The First Decade of Independence. Albany, State University of New York Press, p. 51–82.
  • Friedman, Menachem (1991). Haredi Society: Sources, Trends, Processes. Jerusalem, The Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. (in Hebrew).
  • Giddens, Anthony (1991). Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Giddens, Anthony (1986). The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Cambridge, Polity Press.
  • Gur, Haviv Rettig (27 January 2021). “Enfeebled and Enraged, Haredi Society Feels Forsaken on All Sides”, The Times of Israel, https://www.timesofisrael.com/enfeebled-and-enraged-haredi-society-feels-forsaken-on-all-sides/ (Accessed 10 March 2021).
  • Hansen, Lene (2012). “Reconstructing Desecuritisation: The Normative-Political in the Copenhagen School and Directions for How to Apply It”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 38, No 3, pp. 525–546.
  • Heilman, Samuel C., and Menachem Friedman (1991). The Haredim in Israel: Who Are They and What Do They Want?. New York, Institute on American Jewish-Israeli Relations, The American Jewish Committee.
  • Huysmans, Jef (1998). “Security! What Do You Mean?: From Concept to Thick Signifier”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 4, No 2, p. 226–255.
  • Kinnvall, Catarina, and Jennifer Mitzen (2020). “Anxiety, Fear, and Ontological Security in World Politics: Thinking with and beyond Giddens”, International Theory, Vol. 12, No 2, p. 240–256.
  • Kinnvall, Catarina (2004). “Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security”, Political Psychology, Vol. 25, No 5, p. 741–767.
  • Laing, Ronald David (1990). The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. England, Penguin Books.
  • Leon, Nissim (2021). “The Haredi Society (HaHevra HaHaredit)”, Nitza Berkovitz (ed.), A Sociological Lexicon for the Corona Time. Adva Center & Israeli Sociology, pp. 81-82 https://adva.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/lexiconcorona.pdf.
  • Leon, Nissim (2016). “The Ethnic Structuring of ‘Sephardim’ in Haredi Society in Israel”, Jewish Social Studies, Vol. 22, No 1, p. 130–160.
  • Leon, Nissim (2016). “The Haredi-Secular Debate and the Shas Approach”, Eliezer Ben-Rafael et al. (eds.), Handbook of Israel: Major Debates. Berlin, De Gruyter Oldenbourg, p. 131-145.
  • Leon, Nissim (2015). “An Uneasy Stability: The Haredi Parties’ Emergency Campaign for the 2013 Elections”. Israel Affairs, Vol. 21, No 2, p. 230–244.
  • McSweeney, Bill (1999). Security, Identity and Interests: A Sociology of International Relations. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Mitzen, Jennifer (2006). “Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 12, No 3, p. 341–370.
  • Pfeuffer, Pnina (8 October 2020). “War between Light and Darkness: Why Hasidim Break the Corona Instructions”, Siha Mekomit, 8 October 2020, https://www.mekomit.co.il/( /א-םירפמ-םידיסחה-המל-ךשוחל-רוא-ןיב-המחלמAccessed 10 March 2021).
  • Rubinstein, Amnon (1984). The Zionist Dream Revisited: From Herzl to Gush Emunim and Back. New York, Schocken Books.
  • Rumelili, Bahar (2020). “Integrating Anxiety into International Relations Theory: Hobbes, Existentialism, and Ontological Security”, International Theory, Vol.12, No. 2, pp. 257–72.
  • Rumeli̇li̇ , Bahar, and Umut Can Adisönmez (2020). “Uluslararası İlişkilerde Kimlik-Güvenlik İlişkisine Dair Yeni bir Paradigma: Ontolojik Güvenlik Teorisi”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 17, No 66, p. 23–39.
  • Rumelili, Bahar, and Ayşe Betül Çelik (2017). “Ontological Insecurity in Asymmetric Conflicts: Reflections on Agonistic Peace in Turkey’s Kurdish Issue”, Security Dialogue Vol. 48, No 4, p. 279–296.
  • Rumelili, Bahar (2015). “Identity and Desecuritisation: The Pitfalls of Conflating Ontological and Physical Security”, Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 18, No 1, p. 52–74.
  • Serfaty, David R., Tamar Lugasi, and Rael D. Strous (2021). “Anxiety Reactions and Coping Modalities with the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study Comparing a Population of Religious Patients with Mental Illness and Their Health Caregivers”, Journal of Religion and Health, Vol. 60, No 3, p.1494-1506.
  • Sharon, Jeremy (18 March 2020). “Flagship Ultra-Orthodox Yeshivas Learn Torah despite Coronavirus”, The Jerusalem Post, 18 March 2020, https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/flagship-ultra-orthodox-yeshivas-learn-torah-despitecoronavirus-621060 (Accessed 20 March 2021).
  • Sprinzak, Rikki (12 October 2020). “Why This Haredi Rabbi Won’t Close Yeshivas despite COVID”, Haaretz, https://www. haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-why-this-haredi-rabbi-won-t-close-yeshivas-despite-covid-1.9229416 (Accessed 11 March 2021).
  • Steele, Brent J (2008). Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-Identity and the IR State. London, New York, Routledge.
  • Stern, Yedida (3 April 2020). “Integration of Haredim to Israeli Society, Under Cover of the Corona”, Israel Democracy Institute, https://www.idi.org.il/articles/31197 (Accessed 10 March 2021), (in Hebrew).
  • Tillich, Paul (2000). The Courage to Be. New Haven, Yale University Press.
  • Waever, Ole (1993). “Societal Security, The Concept”, Ole Waever et al. (eds.), Identity, Migration and the New Security Agenda in Europe. New York, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 17–40.
  • Weinberg, David (28 January 2021). “Understanding Haredi Defiance to COVID-19 Regulations”, The Jerusalem Post, https://www.jpost.com/opinion/understanding-haredi-defiance-to-covid-19-regulations-opinion-657097 (Accessed 5 January 2021).
  • Zarakol, Ayşe (2010). “Ontological (in) Security and State Denial of Historical Crimes: Turkey and Japan”, International Relations, Vol. 24, No 1, p. 3–23.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ferit Belder Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-0724-0563

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 10 Mart 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 9 Nisan 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 73

Kaynak Göster

APA Belder, F. (2022). Making Sense of Risky Haredi Behaviors in Israel During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 19(73), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1085447
AMA Belder F. Making Sense of Risky Haredi Behaviors in Israel During the Covid-19 Pandemic. uidergisi. Nisan 2022;19(73):33-48. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1085447
Chicago Belder, Ferit. “Making Sense of Risky Haredi Behaviors in Israel During the Covid-19 Pandemic”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 19, sy. 73 (Nisan 2022): 33-48. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1085447.
EndNote Belder F (01 Nisan 2022) Making Sense of Risky Haredi Behaviors in Israel During the Covid-19 Pandemic. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 19 73 33–48.
IEEE F. Belder, “Making Sense of Risky Haredi Behaviors in Israel During the Covid-19 Pandemic”, uidergisi, c. 19, sy. 73, ss. 33–48, 2022, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1085447.
ISNAD Belder, Ferit. “Making Sense of Risky Haredi Behaviors in Israel During the Covid-19 Pandemic”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 19/73 (Nisan 2022), 33-48. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1085447.
JAMA Belder F. Making Sense of Risky Haredi Behaviors in Israel During the Covid-19 Pandemic. uidergisi. 2022;19:33–48.
MLA Belder, Ferit. “Making Sense of Risky Haredi Behaviors in Israel During the Covid-19 Pandemic”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, c. 19, sy. 73, 2022, ss. 33-48, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1085447.
Vancouver Belder F. Making Sense of Risky Haredi Behaviors in Israel During the Covid-19 Pandemic. uidergisi. 2022;19(73):33-48.