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Beyond Geopolitics: A Geoeconomic Perspective of China-Iran Belt and Road Initiative Relations

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 74, 53 - 72, 02.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1121604

Öz

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is the largest regional development project in the history of global development. It is estimated that Chinese companies will invest up to $1.2 trillion in infrastructure development in Asia and elsewhere in the coming years. However, there are many obstacles to the successful implementation of this initiative in the host countries, including geographical factors, local culture, geopolitical contestation, public attitudes, institutional capacity, and governance quality. These challenges can substantially diminish the coherence of the BRI and prevent its effective implementation. This study aims to develop an analytical framework for exploring the risks associated with and challenges of executing BRI projects in Iran. To this end, all risks are categorized into three broad groups: operational, financial, and geopolitical. The results show that Iran generally faces many internal and external challenges in attracting foreign investment. The critical question is: Why is Iran receiving substantial investment from Chinese companies despite its unfavorable business environment? A geoeconomic approach is used to develop a theoretical framework to explain Iran-China BRI relations. In this context, Iran’s geoeconomic significance is the main factor encouraging the flow of Chinese investment into the country. The BRI comprises mostly functional cooperation between China and countries along the Silk Road based on a specific geospatial environment. Iran’s geospatial environment encourages Chinese investments in infrastructure, which is the main content of functional cooperation.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, V. et al., (2012). “Capital Sshortfall: A Nnew Aapproach to Rranking and Rregulating Systemic Rrisks”, American Economic Review, Vol. 102, No. 3, p. 59-64.
  • Amar, Bhattacharya et al. (2016). “Delivering on Sustainable Infrastructure for Better Development and Better Climate”, Washington D.C, Brookings Institution.
  • Bērziņa-Čerenkova, Una Aleksandra (2016). “BRI instead of OBOR – China Edits the English Name of its Most Aambitious Iinternational Pproject”, Latvian Iinstitute of Iinternational Aaffairs, Vol. 28.
  • Blanchard, Jean-Marc F., and Colin Flint (2017). “The Geopolitics of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative”, Geopolitics, Vol. 22, No. 2, p. 223–245.
  • Bunskoek, Raoul, and Chih-yu Shih (2021). “Community of Common Destiny’as Post-Western Regionalism: Rethinking China’s Belt and Road Initiative from a Confucian Perspective”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 18, No. 70, p. 85-101.
  • Clarke, Michael (2017). “The Belt and Road Initiative: China’s New Grand Strategy?”, Asia Policy, Vol. 24, No 1, p. 71–79. Cohen, Ariel (2019). China’s Giant $ 400 Billion Iran Investment Complicates U.S. Options”, Forbes.
  • Csurgai, Gyula (2018). “The Increasing Importance of Geoeconomics in Power Rivalries in the Twenty-First Century”, Geopolitics, Vol. 23, No. 1, p. 38–46.
  • Dadgar, Yadollah and Nazari, Rouhollah (2012). “The Impact of Oil Revenue on the Economic Corruption in Iran”, Actual Problems of Economics, Vol. 2, p. 375–86.
  • Fishel, John T. (2019), “War by Other Means? The Paradigm and its Application to Peace Operations”, The Savage Wars of Peace, Routledge, p. 3-17.
  • Flint, Colin, and Zhu, Cuiping Zhu (2019). “The Ggeopolitics of Cconnectivity, Ccooperation, and Hhegemonic Ccompetition: The Belt and Road Initiative”, Geoforum, No. 99, p. 95-101.
  • Gelo, Omar, et al. (2008). “Quantitative and qualitative research: Beyond the debate”, Integrative psychological and behavioral science, Vol. 42, No 3, p. 266-290.
  • Gholizadeh, Ali et al. (2020). “A Geoeconomic and Geopolitical Review of Gwadar Port on Belt and Road Initiative”, Maritime Business Review, ahead-of-p.ahead-of-print.
  • Haiquan, Liu (2017). “The Security Challenges of the One Belt, One Road Initiative and China’s Choices”, Croatian International Relations Review, Vol. 23, No. 78, p. 129–147.
  • Helmy, Heba E (2013). “The Impact of Corruption on FDI: Is MENA an Exception?”, International Review of Applied Economics, Vol. 27, No. 4, p. 491–514.
  • Hinkin, Timothy R. (1998). “A Brief Tutorial on the Development of Measures for Use in Survey Questionnaires”, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 104–121.
  • Houston, Douglas A (2007). “Can Corruption Ever Improve and Economy”, Cato J, Vol. 27, p.325-342.
  • Hsiung, James C. (2009). “The Age of Geoeconomics, China’s Global Role, and Prospects of Ccross-strait Integration”, Journal of Chinese Political Science, Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 113-133.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. (1993). “Why International Primacy Matters”, International security, Vol. 17, No. 4, p. 68-83.
  • Indeo, Fabio (2018). “The impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on Central Asia: Building New Relations in a Reshaped Geopolitical Sscenario”, Wenxian Zhang, Ilan Alon, and Christoph Lattemann (eds.),In China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 135-153., Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Index, Corruption Perceptions (2018). “Corruption Pperception Iindex”, Transparancy International.
  • Jurado, Kyle Jurado et al., (2015). “Measuring Uncertainty”, American Economic Review, Vol. 105, No 3, p. 1177–1216.
  • Kamel, Maha S. (2018). “China’s Bbelt and Rroad Iinitiative: Implications for the Middle East”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 31, No. 1, p. 76-95.
  • Leff, Nathaniel H. (1964). “Economic Development Through Bureaucratic Corruption”, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 8–14.
  • Leila, Hurmerinta-Peltomäki and Nummela, Niina. (2006). “Mixed methods in international business research: A valueadded perspective”, Management International Review, Vol. 46, No 4, p. 439-459.
  • Luttwak, Edward N. (1990). “From Geopolitics to Geo-Economics: Logic of Conflict, Grammar of Commerce”, The Nnational Iinterest, p. 17.23.
  • Madani, Seyedashkan (2021). “The BRI and its Implications for China’s Energy Security: The Four As Model Perspective”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol. 11, No. 4, p. 549-559.
  • Madani, Seyedashkan et al. (2020). “Factors Influencing China’s Oil Diplomacy in the Middle East”, The Journal of Social Sciences Research, Vol. 6, No. 10, p. 890–899.
  • Moisio, Sami (2019). “Re-thinking Ggeoeconomics: Towards a Political Geography of Economic Geographies”, Geography Compass, Vol. 13, No. 10, p.e.12466.
  • Morgenstern, R. D. et al., (2000). “Comparative Rrisk Aassessment: an Iinternational Ccomparison of Mmethodologies and Rresults”, Journal of Hhazardous Mmaterials, Vol. 78, No. 1-3, p. 19-39.
  • Oetzel, Jennifer M. et al., (2001). “Country Risk Measures: How Risky Are They?”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 36, No 2, p. 128–45.
  • Osiewicz, Przemysław (2018). “The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Implications for Iran-China Relations”, Przeglad Strategiczny, Vol. 8, No. 11, p. 221–232.
  • Scholvin, Sören and Mikael Wigell (2018). “Power Ppolitics by Eeconomic Mmeans: Geoeconomics as an Aanalytical Aapproach and Fforeign Ppolicy Ppractice”, Comparative Strategy, Vol. 37, No. 1, p. 73-84.
  • Shariatinia, Mohsen and Hamidreza Azizi (2017). “Iran – China Cooperation in the Silk Road Economic Belt: From Strategic Understanding to Operational Understanding”, China and World Economy, Vol. 25, No. 5, p. 46–61.
  • Tehran Times, (2017). “China to Ffinance Iran’s Nnortheastern Rrailway Cconstruction Pproject”., available at https:// www.tehrantimes.com/news/423918/China-to-finance-Iran-s-northeastern-railway-construction-project
  • Wang, Jisi (2011). “China’s Search for a Grand Strategy: A Rising Great Power Finds Its Way”, Foreign Affairs, p. 68–79. World Economic Outlook, (2020). “Tentative Stabilization, Sluggish Recovery?”, IMF.
  • Ylouh, Ramin, (2013). “Financial and Eeconomic Ccorruption in Iran: Ddifficulties and Cchallenges [in Farsi].” Al-Arabi Research and Policy Research Center.
  • Yusuf, Shahid (2018). “China’s Belt and Road Gamble: Can It Deliver?”, The SAIS Review of International Affairs.
  • Zhong, Nan (2016). “Overseas Ssecurity to Gget Uupgrades.”, China Daily., Europe. http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/ business/2016-04/22/content_24740456.htm.

Jeopolitik Ötesi: Çin ve İran’ın Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi İlişkilerine Jeoekonomik Bakış

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 19 Sayı: 74, 53 - 72, 02.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1121604

Öz

Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi (BRI), küresel kalkınma tarihindeki en büyük bölgesel kalkınma projesidir. Çinli şirketlerin gelecek yıllarda Asya’da ve başka yerlerde altyapı geliştirmeye 1,2 trilyon dolara kadar yatırım yapacağı tahmin edilmektedir. Ancak, bu girişimin ev sahibi ülkelerde başarılı bir şekilde uygulanmasının önünde coğrafi faktörler, yerel kültür, jeopolitik çekişme, kamu tutumları, kurumsal kapasite ve yönetişim kalitesi gibi birçok zorluk bulunmaktadır. Bu zorluklar, BRI’nin tutarlılığını önemli ölçüde azaltabilir ve etkili bir şekilde uygulanmasını engelleyebilir. Bu çalışma, İran’da BRI projelerinin yürütülmesiyle ilgili riskleri ve zorlukları tespit etmek için analitik bir çerçeve geliştirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda, tüm riskler operasyonel, finansal ve jeopolitik olmak üzere üç geniş gruba ayrılır. Sonuçlar, İran’ın genel olarak yabancı yatırımları çekmede birçok iç ve dış zorlukla karşı karşıya olduğunu göstermektedir. “İran, olumsuz iş ortamına rağmen neden Çinli şirketlerden önemli miktarda yatırım alıyor?” sorusu kritiktir. İran-Çin BRI ilişkilerini açıklamada teorik bir çerçeve geliştirmek için jeoekonomik yaklaşım kullanılmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, İran’ın jeoekonomik önemi, Çin yatırımlarının ülkeye akışını teşvik eden ana faktördür. BRI, Çin ile İpek Yolu üzerindeki ülkeler arasında belirli bir jeo-uzamsal ortama dayalı olarak işlevsel iş birliğini içermektedir. İran’ın jeo-uzamsal ortamı, işlevsel iş birliğinin ana içeriği olan Çin’in altyapı yatırımlarını teşvik etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Acharya, V. et al., (2012). “Capital Sshortfall: A Nnew Aapproach to Rranking and Rregulating Systemic Rrisks”, American Economic Review, Vol. 102, No. 3, p. 59-64.
  • Amar, Bhattacharya et al. (2016). “Delivering on Sustainable Infrastructure for Better Development and Better Climate”, Washington D.C, Brookings Institution.
  • Bērziņa-Čerenkova, Una Aleksandra (2016). “BRI instead of OBOR – China Edits the English Name of its Most Aambitious Iinternational Pproject”, Latvian Iinstitute of Iinternational Aaffairs, Vol. 28.
  • Blanchard, Jean-Marc F., and Colin Flint (2017). “The Geopolitics of China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative”, Geopolitics, Vol. 22, No. 2, p. 223–245.
  • Bunskoek, Raoul, and Chih-yu Shih (2021). “Community of Common Destiny’as Post-Western Regionalism: Rethinking China’s Belt and Road Initiative from a Confucian Perspective”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 18, No. 70, p. 85-101.
  • Clarke, Michael (2017). “The Belt and Road Initiative: China’s New Grand Strategy?”, Asia Policy, Vol. 24, No 1, p. 71–79. Cohen, Ariel (2019). China’s Giant $ 400 Billion Iran Investment Complicates U.S. Options”, Forbes.
  • Csurgai, Gyula (2018). “The Increasing Importance of Geoeconomics in Power Rivalries in the Twenty-First Century”, Geopolitics, Vol. 23, No. 1, p. 38–46.
  • Dadgar, Yadollah and Nazari, Rouhollah (2012). “The Impact of Oil Revenue on the Economic Corruption in Iran”, Actual Problems of Economics, Vol. 2, p. 375–86.
  • Fishel, John T. (2019), “War by Other Means? The Paradigm and its Application to Peace Operations”, The Savage Wars of Peace, Routledge, p. 3-17.
  • Flint, Colin, and Zhu, Cuiping Zhu (2019). “The Ggeopolitics of Cconnectivity, Ccooperation, and Hhegemonic Ccompetition: The Belt and Road Initiative”, Geoforum, No. 99, p. 95-101.
  • Gelo, Omar, et al. (2008). “Quantitative and qualitative research: Beyond the debate”, Integrative psychological and behavioral science, Vol. 42, No 3, p. 266-290.
  • Gholizadeh, Ali et al. (2020). “A Geoeconomic and Geopolitical Review of Gwadar Port on Belt and Road Initiative”, Maritime Business Review, ahead-of-p.ahead-of-print.
  • Haiquan, Liu (2017). “The Security Challenges of the One Belt, One Road Initiative and China’s Choices”, Croatian International Relations Review, Vol. 23, No. 78, p. 129–147.
  • Helmy, Heba E (2013). “The Impact of Corruption on FDI: Is MENA an Exception?”, International Review of Applied Economics, Vol. 27, No. 4, p. 491–514.
  • Hinkin, Timothy R. (1998). “A Brief Tutorial on the Development of Measures for Use in Survey Questionnaires”, Organizational Research Methods, Vol. 1, No. 1, p. 104–121.
  • Houston, Douglas A (2007). “Can Corruption Ever Improve and Economy”, Cato J, Vol. 27, p.325-342.
  • Hsiung, James C. (2009). “The Age of Geoeconomics, China’s Global Role, and Prospects of Ccross-strait Integration”, Journal of Chinese Political Science, Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 113-133.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. (1993). “Why International Primacy Matters”, International security, Vol. 17, No. 4, p. 68-83.
  • Indeo, Fabio (2018). “The impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on Central Asia: Building New Relations in a Reshaped Geopolitical Sscenario”, Wenxian Zhang, Ilan Alon, and Christoph Lattemann (eds.),In China’s Belt and Road Initiative, Cham, Palgrave Macmillan, p. 135-153., Palgrave Macmillan, Cham.
  • Index, Corruption Perceptions (2018). “Corruption Pperception Iindex”, Transparancy International.
  • Jurado, Kyle Jurado et al., (2015). “Measuring Uncertainty”, American Economic Review, Vol. 105, No 3, p. 1177–1216.
  • Kamel, Maha S. (2018). “China’s Bbelt and Rroad Iinitiative: Implications for the Middle East”, Cambridge Review of International Affairs, Vol. 31, No. 1, p. 76-95.
  • Leff, Nathaniel H. (1964). “Economic Development Through Bureaucratic Corruption”, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 8, No. 3, p. 8–14.
  • Leila, Hurmerinta-Peltomäki and Nummela, Niina. (2006). “Mixed methods in international business research: A valueadded perspective”, Management International Review, Vol. 46, No 4, p. 439-459.
  • Luttwak, Edward N. (1990). “From Geopolitics to Geo-Economics: Logic of Conflict, Grammar of Commerce”, The Nnational Iinterest, p. 17.23.
  • Madani, Seyedashkan (2021). “The BRI and its Implications for China’s Energy Security: The Four As Model Perspective”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol. 11, No. 4, p. 549-559.
  • Madani, Seyedashkan et al. (2020). “Factors Influencing China’s Oil Diplomacy in the Middle East”, The Journal of Social Sciences Research, Vol. 6, No. 10, p. 890–899.
  • Moisio, Sami (2019). “Re-thinking Ggeoeconomics: Towards a Political Geography of Economic Geographies”, Geography Compass, Vol. 13, No. 10, p.e.12466.
  • Morgenstern, R. D. et al., (2000). “Comparative Rrisk Aassessment: an Iinternational Ccomparison of Mmethodologies and Rresults”, Journal of Hhazardous Mmaterials, Vol. 78, No. 1-3, p. 19-39.
  • Oetzel, Jennifer M. et al., (2001). “Country Risk Measures: How Risky Are They?”, Journal of World Business, Vol. 36, No 2, p. 128–45.
  • Osiewicz, Przemysław (2018). “The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI): Implications for Iran-China Relations”, Przeglad Strategiczny, Vol. 8, No. 11, p. 221–232.
  • Scholvin, Sören and Mikael Wigell (2018). “Power Ppolitics by Eeconomic Mmeans: Geoeconomics as an Aanalytical Aapproach and Fforeign Ppolicy Ppractice”, Comparative Strategy, Vol. 37, No. 1, p. 73-84.
  • Shariatinia, Mohsen and Hamidreza Azizi (2017). “Iran – China Cooperation in the Silk Road Economic Belt: From Strategic Understanding to Operational Understanding”, China and World Economy, Vol. 25, No. 5, p. 46–61.
  • Tehran Times, (2017). “China to Ffinance Iran’s Nnortheastern Rrailway Cconstruction Pproject”., available at https:// www.tehrantimes.com/news/423918/China-to-finance-Iran-s-northeastern-railway-construction-project
  • Wang, Jisi (2011). “China’s Search for a Grand Strategy: A Rising Great Power Finds Its Way”, Foreign Affairs, p. 68–79. World Economic Outlook, (2020). “Tentative Stabilization, Sluggish Recovery?”, IMF.
  • Ylouh, Ramin, (2013). “Financial and Eeconomic Ccorruption in Iran: Ddifficulties and Cchallenges [in Farsi].” Al-Arabi Research and Policy Research Center.
  • Yusuf, Shahid (2018). “China’s Belt and Road Gamble: Can It Deliver?”, The SAIS Review of International Affairs.
  • Zhong, Nan (2016). “Overseas Ssecurity to Gget Uupgrades.”, China Daily., Europe. http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/ business/2016-04/22/content_24740456.htm.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Seyedashkan Madanı Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-4279-3101

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 19 Sayı: 74

Kaynak Göster

APA Madanı, S. (2022). Beyond Geopolitics: A Geoeconomic Perspective of China-Iran Belt and Road Initiative Relations. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 19(74), 53-72. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1121604
AMA Madanı S. Beyond Geopolitics: A Geoeconomic Perspective of China-Iran Belt and Road Initiative Relations. uidergisi. Haziran 2022;19(74):53-72. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1121604
Chicago Madanı, Seyedashkan. “Beyond Geopolitics: A Geoeconomic Perspective of China-Iran Belt and Road Initiative Relations”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 19, sy. 74 (Haziran 2022): 53-72. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1121604.
EndNote Madanı S (01 Haziran 2022) Beyond Geopolitics: A Geoeconomic Perspective of China-Iran Belt and Road Initiative Relations. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 19 74 53–72.
IEEE S. Madanı, “Beyond Geopolitics: A Geoeconomic Perspective of China-Iran Belt and Road Initiative Relations”, uidergisi, c. 19, sy. 74, ss. 53–72, 2022, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1121604.
ISNAD Madanı, Seyedashkan. “Beyond Geopolitics: A Geoeconomic Perspective of China-Iran Belt and Road Initiative Relations”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 19/74 (Haziran 2022), 53-72. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1121604.
JAMA Madanı S. Beyond Geopolitics: A Geoeconomic Perspective of China-Iran Belt and Road Initiative Relations. uidergisi. 2022;19:53–72.
MLA Madanı, Seyedashkan. “Beyond Geopolitics: A Geoeconomic Perspective of China-Iran Belt and Road Initiative Relations”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, c. 19, sy. 74, 2022, ss. 53-72, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1121604.
Vancouver Madanı S. Beyond Geopolitics: A Geoeconomic Perspective of China-Iran Belt and Road Initiative Relations. uidergisi. 2022;19(74):53-72.