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The Return of the State and Its Alla Turca Version

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 83, 5 - 23, 27.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1522737

Öz

Economic nationalism and state intervention recently gained attraction in many countries including Turkey. This paper questions whether Turkey has changed its economic policy framework towards a statecentric model and, if so, whether these changes are well thought-out and sustainable. The examination of key areas of state capitalism, that is the monetary, industrial, trade, financial, and state economic enterprise (SEE) policies put forward in the officially adopted five-year plans and annual programs, suggests that the changes in the economic policy framework began after the 2008 global crisis and accelerated after the transition to a presidential system. Upon examination, the policy framework does not reflect a definitive, coherent, and wholistic approach but rather a pragmatic attitude that swings back and forth, which exposes the country to swings in the global system.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, Daron, and E. Murat Üçer. 2020. High-Quality Versus Low-Quality Growth in Turkey: Causes and Consequences. In Turkish Economy at the Crossroads, eds. Asaf Savaş Akat and Seyfettin Gürsel. World Scientific: 37-89.
  • Adaman, Fikret, and Bengi Akbulut. 2021. Erdoğan’s Three-Pillared Neoliberalism: Authoritarianism, Populism and Developmentalism. Geoforum 124: 279–89.
  • Akçay, Ümit. 2021. Authoritarian Consolidation Dynamics in Turkey. Contemporary Politics 27, 1: 79–104.
  • Akçay, Ümit. 2023. Türkiye’de 2002-2023 Arası Uygulanan Para Politikalarının Ekonomi Politiği. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi 50: 195–236.
  • Akçay, Ümit, and Ali Rıza Güngen. 2022. Dependent Financialisation and Its Crisis: The Case of Turkey. Cambridge Journal of Economics 46, 2: 293–316.
  • Alami, Ilias, and Adam D. Dixon. 2020. The Strange Geographies of the ‘New’ State Capitalism. Political Geography 82, 102237.
  • Altman, Roger C. 2009. Globalization in Retreat. Foreign Affairs, September 17. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2009-07-01/globalization-retreat. (accessed July 4, 2020)
  • Apaydin, Fulya, and Mehmet Kerem Çoban. 2023. The Political Consequences of Dependent Financialization: Capital Flows, Crisis and the Authoritarian Turn in Turkey. Review of International Political Economy 30, 3: 1046–1072.
  • Ateş, Mustafa. 1999. Türkiye’de Kalkınma Planları ve Yıllık Programların Hazırlanması. Sayıştay Dergisi, 33: 86–103.
  • Bastian, Jens. 2024. Turkey: An Emerging Global Arms Exporter. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP).
  • BDDK. 2024. Aylık Bülten. https://www.bddk.org.tr/BultenAylik/tr/Home/Gelismis.
  • Bircan, Cagatay, and Orkun Saka. 2019. Lending Cycles and Real Outcomes: Costs of Political Misalignment. EBRD Working Paper, no. 225. https://www.ebrd.com/publications/workingpapers/lending-cycles. (accessed March 19, 2024)
  • Bloomberg. 2022. Turkish Lira Weakens to Lowest Since 2021 Currency Meltdown. Bloomberg, May 24. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-24/turkish-lira-weakens-to-lowestsince-2021-currency-meltdown. (accessed July 5, 2022)
  • Bremmer, Ian. 2011. The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations? London, Portfolio.
  • Buğra, Ayşe, and Osman Savaşkan. 2021. Türkiye’de Yeni Kapitalizm. İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları.
  • Colantone, Italo, and Piero Stanig. 2019. The Surge of Economic Nationalism in Western Europe. Journal of Economic Perspectives 33. 4: 128–51.
  • Dorlach, Tim, and Osman Savaşkan. 2018. The Political Economy of Economic and Social Policy in Contemporary Turkey: An Introduction to the Special Issue. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 20, 4: 311–317.
  • DPT. 2006. Ninth Development Plan (2007-2013). TR Prime Ministry State Planning Organization. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Ninth_Development_Plan_2007-2013.pdf. (accessed July 7, 2022)
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  • Esen, Berk, and Sebnem Gumuscu. 2018b. Building a Competitive Authoritarian Regime: State–Business Relations in the AKP’s Turkey. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 20, 4: 349–372.
  • Evans, Peter B. 1989. Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State. Sociological Forum 4, 4: 561–587.
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  • Hall, Peter A. 2022. The Shifting Relationship between Post-War Capitalism and Democracy. Government and Opposition 57, 1: 1–30.
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The Return of the State and Its Alla Turca Version

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 21 Sayı: 83, 5 - 23, 27.08.2024
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1522737

Öz

Economic nationalism and state intervention recently gained attraction in many countries including Turkey. This paper questions whether Turkey has changed its economic policy framework towards a statecentric model and, if so, whether these changes are well thought-out and sustainable. The examination of key areas of state capitalism, that is the monetary, industrial, trade, financial, and state economic enterprise (SEE) policies put forward in the officially adopted five-year plans and annual programs, suggests that the changes in the economic policy framework began after the 2008 global crisis and accelerated after the transition to a presidential system. Upon examination, the policy framework does not reflect a definitive, coherent, and wholistic approach but rather a pragmatic attitude that swings back and forth, which exposes the country to swings in the global system.

Kaynakça

  • Acemoğlu, Daron, and E. Murat Üçer. 2020. High-Quality Versus Low-Quality Growth in Turkey: Causes and Consequences. In Turkish Economy at the Crossroads, eds. Asaf Savaş Akat and Seyfettin Gürsel. World Scientific: 37-89.
  • Adaman, Fikret, and Bengi Akbulut. 2021. Erdoğan’s Three-Pillared Neoliberalism: Authoritarianism, Populism and Developmentalism. Geoforum 124: 279–89.
  • Akçay, Ümit. 2021. Authoritarian Consolidation Dynamics in Turkey. Contemporary Politics 27, 1: 79–104.
  • Akçay, Ümit. 2023. Türkiye’de 2002-2023 Arası Uygulanan Para Politikalarının Ekonomi Politiği. ODTÜ Gelişme Dergisi 50: 195–236.
  • Akçay, Ümit, and Ali Rıza Güngen. 2022. Dependent Financialisation and Its Crisis: The Case of Turkey. Cambridge Journal of Economics 46, 2: 293–316.
  • Alami, Ilias, and Adam D. Dixon. 2020. The Strange Geographies of the ‘New’ State Capitalism. Political Geography 82, 102237.
  • Altman, Roger C. 2009. Globalization in Retreat. Foreign Affairs, September 17. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2009-07-01/globalization-retreat. (accessed July 4, 2020)
  • Apaydin, Fulya, and Mehmet Kerem Çoban. 2023. The Political Consequences of Dependent Financialization: Capital Flows, Crisis and the Authoritarian Turn in Turkey. Review of International Political Economy 30, 3: 1046–1072.
  • Ateş, Mustafa. 1999. Türkiye’de Kalkınma Planları ve Yıllık Programların Hazırlanması. Sayıştay Dergisi, 33: 86–103.
  • Bastian, Jens. 2024. Turkey: An Emerging Global Arms Exporter. Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik (SWP).
  • BDDK. 2024. Aylık Bülten. https://www.bddk.org.tr/BultenAylik/tr/Home/Gelismis.
  • Bircan, Cagatay, and Orkun Saka. 2019. Lending Cycles and Real Outcomes: Costs of Political Misalignment. EBRD Working Paper, no. 225. https://www.ebrd.com/publications/workingpapers/lending-cycles. (accessed March 19, 2024)
  • Bloomberg. 2022. Turkish Lira Weakens to Lowest Since 2021 Currency Meltdown. Bloomberg, May 24. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-05-24/turkish-lira-weakens-to-lowestsince-2021-currency-meltdown. (accessed July 5, 2022)
  • Bremmer, Ian. 2011. The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations? London, Portfolio.
  • Buğra, Ayşe, and Osman Savaşkan. 2021. Türkiye’de Yeni Kapitalizm. İstanbul, İletişim Yayınları.
  • Colantone, Italo, and Piero Stanig. 2019. The Surge of Economic Nationalism in Western Europe. Journal of Economic Perspectives 33. 4: 128–51.
  • Dorlach, Tim, and Osman Savaşkan. 2018. The Political Economy of Economic and Social Policy in Contemporary Turkey: An Introduction to the Special Issue. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 20, 4: 311–317.
  • DPT. 2006. Ninth Development Plan (2007-2013). TR Prime Ministry State Planning Organization. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Ninth_Development_Plan_2007-2013.pdf. (accessed July 7, 2022)
  • DPT. 2007. 2008 Yılı Programı. T. C. Başbakanlık DPT. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2008_Yili_Programi.pdf. (accessed July 7, 2022)
  • DPT. 2008. 2009 Yılı Programı. T. C. Başbakanlık DPT. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2009_Annual_Programme.pdf. (accessed July 7, 2022)
  • DPT. 2009. 2010 Yılı Programı. T. C. Başbakanlık DPT. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2010_Annual_Programme.pdf. (accessed July 7, 2022)
  • DPT. 2010. 2011 Yılı Programı. T. C. Başbakanlık DPT. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2011_Annual_Programme.pdf. (accessed July 7, 2022)
  • Esen, Berk, and Sebnem Gumuscu. 2018a. The Perils of ‘Turkish Presidentialism.’ Review of Middle East Studies 52, 1: 43–53.
  • Esen, Berk, and Sebnem Gumuscu. 2018b. Building a Competitive Authoritarian Regime: State–Business Relations in the AKP’s Turkey. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 20, 4: 349–372.
  • Evans, Peter B. 1989. Predatory, Developmental, and Other Apparatuses: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State. Sociological Forum 4, 4: 561–587.
  • Fareed, Zakaria. 1997. The Rise of Illiberal Democracy. Foreign Affairs 76, 6: 22–43.
  • Financial Times. 2021. Turkey’s Currency Crisis Is of Erdogan’s Making. November 28, 2021.
  • Financial Times. 2022a. Turkish Lira’s Slide Accelerates as Erdoğan Vows to Continue Slashing Rates, June 8.
  • Financial Times. 2022b. Turkish Bank Regulator Limits Lira Loans for Firms Holding Foreign Exchange. June 24.
  • Frieden, Jeffry A. 2006. Global Capitalism: Its Fall and Rise in the Twentieth Century. W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Gilman, Martin. 2018. Divergent Performance and Shifting Alliances in a Deglobalizing World. International Organisations Research Journal 13, 2: 7–15.
  • Güven, Ali Burak. 2023. Towards a New Political Economy of Turkish Capitalism: Three Worlds. Turkish Studies 24. 1: 177–196.
  • Hall, Peter A. 2022. The Shifting Relationship between Post-War Capitalism and Democracy. Government and Opposition 57, 1: 1–30.
  • Hall, Peter A., and David W. Soskice. 2001. Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage. Oxford; New York, Oxford University Press.
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  • İzmen, Ümit. 2021. Yerli ve Milli Üretimin Ekonomi Politiği. In Türkiye’nin Yerli Üretimi ve Politik Ekonomisi, ed. Murad Tiryakioğlu. İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları: 195-204.
  • İzmen, Ümit, and Yeşim Üçdoğruk Gürel. 2023. The Importance of Linking Social Capital in Unequal and Fragmented Societies: An Analysis of Perceived Economic Well-Being in Turkish Rural and Urban Households. The Annals of Regional Science 70, 3: 799–817.
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  • Kalkınma Bakanlığı. 2017. 2018 Yılı Programı. T. C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2018_Yili_Programi.pdf. (accessed July 7, 2022)
  • Karaoğuz, Hüseyin Emrah, and Mustafa Kutlay. 2023. The Ties That Don’t Bind: Trading State Debates and Role of State Capacity in Turkish Foreign Policy. Southeast European And Black Sea Studies 23, 2: 409–429.
  • Kutlay, Mustafa. 2020. The Politics of State Capitalism in a Post-Liberal International Order: The Case of Turkey. Third World Quarterly 41, 4: 683–706.
  • Kutlay, Mustafa, and Ziya Öniş. 2022. Liberal Democracy on the Edge? Anxieties in a Shifting Global (Dis)Order. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 48, 1: 20-37.
  • Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. 2002. The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 13, 2: 51–65.
  • Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan Way. 2020. The New Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 31, 1: 51–65.
  • Madra, Yahya M. 2018. Crisis of Capitalism, Crisis of the Republic. Middle East Report.
  • Malsin, Jared, and Anna Hirtenstein. 2021. Turkey’s Erdogan Fires Central Bank Officials, Fueling Economic Uncertainty. WSJ, October 14. https://www.wsj.com/articles/turkeys-erdogan-firescentral-bank-officials-fueling-economic-uncertainty-11634209321. (accessed July 5, 2022)
  • McNally, Christopher A. 2013. The Challenge of Refurbished State Capitalism: Implications for the Global Political Economic Order. Dms – Der Moderne Staat – Zeitschrift Für Public Policy, Recht Und Management 1: 33–48.
  • Nölke, Andreas. n.d. State-Permeated Capitalism in Large Emerging Economies. New York, Routledge.
  • Öniş, Ziya. 2019. Turkey Under the Challenge of State Capitalism: The Political Economy of the Late Akp Era. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies 19, 2: 201–225.
  • Öniş, Ziya, and Mustafa Kutlay. 2013. Rising Powers in a Changing Global Order: The Political Economy of Turkey in the Age of BRICs. Third World Quarterly 34, 8: 1409–1426.
  • Öniş, Ziya, and Mustafa Kutlay. 2020. The New Age of Hybridity and Clash of Norms: China, BRICS, and Challenges of Global Governance in a Postliberal International Order. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 45, 3: 123–142.
  • Öniş, Ziya, and Mustafa Kutlay. 2021. The Anatomy of Turkey’s New Heterodox Crisis: The Interplay of Domestic Politics and Global Dynamics. Turkish Studies 22, 4: 499-529.
  • Öniş, Ziya, and Fikret Senses. 2007. Global Dynamics, Domestic Coalitions and a Reactive State: Major Policy Shifts in Post-War Turkish Economic Development. SSRN Electronic Journal.
  • Orhangazi, Özgür, and A. Erinç Yeldan. 2021. The Re‐making of the Turkish Crisis. Development and Change 52, 3: 460–503.
  • Pamuk, Şevket. 2018. Uneven Centuries: Economic Development in Turkey since 1820. Princeton University Press.
  • Pamuk, Şevket. 2022. The Political Economy of Turkey since the End of World War II. In The Oxford Handbook of Turkish Politics, Oxford, Oxford University Press: 141-158.
  • Parlar Dal, Emel. 2021. The Changing Landscape and Dynamics of Turkey’s Political Economy in the Twenty-First Century. An Introduction. In The Changing Landscape and Dynamics of Turkey’s Political Economy in the Twenty-First Century, ed. Emel Parlar Dal. London, Palgrave Macmillan: 1-27.
  • Ramo, Joshua Cooper. 2005. The Beijing Consensus. London, Foreign Policy Centre.
  • Rodrik, Dani. 2011. The Globalization Paradox: Democracy and the Future of the World Economy. New York and London, W.W. Norton.
  • Rüma, İnan. 2023. A Political Economy of Historical Change and Continuity in Turkish Foreign Policy. Uluslararası İlişkiler 20, 80: 27-48.
  • Samson, Adam. 2024. Turkey Raises Interest Rates to 50% as It Seeks to Cool Runaway Inflation. Financial Times, March 21. https://www.ft.com/content/70ad468f-1fc7-4cdb-9920-14ff64f3c609. (accessed April 6, 2024)
  • Sayarı, Sabri. 2014. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Political Clientelism and Patronage in Turkey. Turkish Studies 15, 4: 655–670.
  • Schwab, Klaus. 2017. The Fourth Industrial Revolution. London, Penguin.
  • Söylemez-Karakoç, Büşra and Merih Angın. 2023. Mitigating the Political Cost of Financial Crisis with Blame Avoidance Discourse: The Case of Turkey. Uluslararası İlişkiler, Advanced Online Publication. 1-20.
  • Sperber, Nathan. 2019. The Many Lives of State Capitalism: From Classical Marxism to Free-Market Advocacy. History of the Human Sciences 32, 3: 100–124.
  • Stephen, Matthew D. 2014. Rising Powers, Global Capitalism and Liberal Global Governance: A Historical Materialist Account of the Brics Challenge. European Journal of International Relations 20, 4: 912–938.
  • Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. 2018. 2019 Yılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yıllık Programı. T. C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2019_Yili_Cumhurbaskanligi_Yillik_Programi.pdf. (accessed July 7, 2022)
  • Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. 2019a. 2020 Yılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yıllık Programı. T. C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/2020_Yili_Cumhurbaskanligi_Yillik_Programi.pdf. (accessed July 7, 2022)
  • Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. 2019b. On Birinci Kalkınma Planı (2019-2023). T. C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Eleventh_Development_Plan_2019-2023.pdf. (accessed July 7, 2022)
  • Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. 2020. 2021 Yılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yıllık Programı. T. C. Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/2021_Yili_Cumhurbaskanligi_Yillik_Programi.pdf. (July 7, 2022)
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  • Türkeş, Mustafa. 2016. Decomposing Neo-Ottoman Hegemony. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 18, 3: 191–216.
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  • Walter, Stefanie. 2021. The Backlash Against Globalization. Annual Review of Political Science 24: 421–442.
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  • Yagci, Mustafa. 2021. The Turkish Variety of State-Permeated Capitalism and Mutually Dependent State-Business Relations. Journal of Contemporary Asia 51, 5: 759–781.
  • Yilmaz, Ihsan, and Galib Bashirov. 2018. The AKP after 15 Years: Emergence of Erdoganism in Turkey. Third World Quarterly, 39, 9: 1812–1830.
Toplam 97 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası Siyaset
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Ümit İzmen 0000-0002-6000-1246

Soli Özel Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-6557-584X

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Ağustos 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 21 Sayı: 83

Kaynak Göster

APA İzmen, Ü., & Özel, S. (2024). The Return of the State and Its Alla Turca Version. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 21(83), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1522737
AMA İzmen Ü, Özel S. The Return of the State and Its Alla Turca Version. uidergisi. Ağustos 2024;21(83):5-23. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1522737
Chicago İzmen, Ümit, ve Soli Özel. “The Return of the State and Its Alla Turca Version”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21, sy. 83 (Ağustos 2024): 5-23. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1522737.
EndNote İzmen Ü, Özel S (01 Ağustos 2024) The Return of the State and Its Alla Turca Version. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21 83 5–23.
IEEE Ü. İzmen ve S. Özel, “The Return of the State and Its Alla Turca Version”, uidergisi, c. 21, sy. 83, ss. 5–23, 2024, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1522737.
ISNAD İzmen, Ümit - Özel, Soli. “The Return of the State and Its Alla Turca Version”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21/83 (Ağustos 2024), 5-23. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1522737.
JAMA İzmen Ü, Özel S. The Return of the State and Its Alla Turca Version. uidergisi. 2024;21:5–23.
MLA İzmen, Ümit ve Soli Özel. “The Return of the State and Its Alla Turca Version”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, c. 21, sy. 83, 2024, ss. 5-23, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1522737.
Vancouver İzmen Ü, Özel S. The Return of the State and Its Alla Turca Version. uidergisi. 2024;21(83):5-23.