CULTURAL IDENTITY FORMATION PROCESS OF MINORITY INDIVIDUALS: AN INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 343 - 362, 31.12.2020

Canan Büyükaşık-çolak , Faruk Gençöz

https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.829167

Öz

Bu makalede ‘Azınlık gruplarının üyeleri etnik kimliklerini nasıl oluştururlar?’ sorusu üzerinden etnik / kültürel kimlik oluşum süreciyle ilişkili deneyimler analiz edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu amaçla çalışmada niteliksel metodoloji kullanılmış ve veri analizleri Yorumlayıcı Fenomenolojik Analiz kılavuzu ve adımlarına göre yapılmıştır. Arap Alevi toplumundan dokuz katılımcıyla yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme yoluyla, neredeyse bir hafta arayla iki kez görüşülmüş ve her görüşme neredeyse 50 dakika sürmüştür. Katılımcıların yaşları 18 ile 70 arasında değişmektedir. Analiz sonucunda ‘kimliğin oluşma süreci’ ana teması ile bununla ilişkili üç alt tema ortaya çıkmıştır; ‘Herkesin aynı olduğu varsayımı’, ‘Kişinin kendi farklılıklarının farkına varması’ ve ‘Bilgi Toplama(Yolları)’.Katılımcıların çoğu kimlik oluşum sürecinin başında herkesin aynı olduğunu ve insanlar arasında etnisite ve dini açıdan herhangi bir farklılık olmadığını düşündüklerini rapor etmişlerdir. Daha sonra bazı deneyimlerle farklı olduklarını fark ettiklerini ve bu durumu anlamak için aile, din lideri veya kitaplar gibi farklı kaynaklardan bilgi topladıklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Ortaya çıkan temalar etnik kimlik literatürü ışığında tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Etnik/Kültürel Kimlik, Kimlik Oluşum Süreci, Yorumlayıcı Fenomenolojik Analiz

CULTURAL IDENTITY FORMATION PROCESS OF MINORITY INDIVIDUALS: AN INTERPRETATIVE PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Öz

This article analyzes the experiences associated with ethnic/cultural identity formation process through the question of ‘How do members of minority groups form their ethnic identity?’. For this aim, qualitative methodology was applied and data analyses were done based on Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis guidance and steps. Nine participants from Arab Alevi community were interviewed twice via semi-structured interview, almost with one week interval and each interview lasted almosted 50 minutes. The participants age range changes between 18 and 70. The analyses ended up with one superordinate theme; ‘The process of ethnic identity formation’ and three subthemes namely, ‘The assumption that everybody is the same’, ‘Realization of one’s own differences’, and ‘(Ways of) Gathering Information’.Most of the participants reported that at the beginning of the ethnic identity formation process, they thought that everbody was the same and there were not any differences between people in terms of ethnicity and religious. Later on, they realized the differences through some experiences and to make it understandable they gathered information from different sources like, family, religious leader or books. The emerged themes are discussed in the light of the ethnic identity literature.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ethnic/Cultural Identity, Identity Formation, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

Kaynakça

• Carter, S. M. & Little, M. (2007). Justifying knowledge, justifying method, taking action: epistemologies, methodologies, and methods in qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 17, 1316-1328. doi: 10.1177/1049732307306927
• Cromby, J. (2012). Feeling the way: Qualitative clinical research and the affective turn. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 9, 88–98. doi: 10.1080/14780887.2012.630831.
• Cross, W. E., Jr. & Vandiver, B. J. (2001). Nigrescence theory and measurement: Introducing the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS). In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling. (pp. 371-393). Thousand Oaks: Sage.
• Doğruel, F. (2005). Hatay'da Çoketnili Ortak Yaşam Kültürü: “İnsaniyetleri Benzer...”. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları
• Doğruel, F. (2013). An authentic experience of “multiculturalism” at the border city of Antakya. Journal of Modern Turkish History Studies, 13, 273-295.
• French, S. E., Seidman, E., Allen, L., & Aber, J. L. (2006). The development of ethnic identity during adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 42, 1–10. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.1.1
• Güneş, M. (2013). Arap Aleviliğinde kadının yeri: Hatay örneği. Türk Kültürü Ve Hacı Bektaş Velî Araştırma Dergisi, 66, 189-212.
• Howitt, D. (2010). Introduction to qualitative methods in psychology. Harlow, England: Pearson Education Limited.
• Kaypak, Ş. (2010). Examination of Antakya in terms of urban identity. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 7, 373 – 392.
• Larkin, M. & Thompson, A. R. (2011). Interpretative phenomenological analysis in mental health and psychotherapy research. In A. Thompson & D. Harper (Eds), Qualitative research methods in mental health and psychotherapy: a guide for students and practitioners. (pp.99-116). John Wiley, Oxford 10.1002/9781119973249.
• Larkin, M., Watts, S., & Clifton, E. (2006). Giving voice and making sense in interpretative phenomenological analysis. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3, 102-120. doi: 10.1191/1478088706qp062oa
• Marshall, C., & Rossman, G. B. (2006). Designing qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Mellor, D., Merino, M. E., Saiz, J. L., & Quilaqueo, D. (2009). Emotional reactions, coping and long-term consequences of perceived discrimination among the Mapuche people of Chile. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 19, 473–491, doi: 10.1002/casp.996
• Mertcan, H. (2013). Türk modernleşmesinde Arap Aleviler. Adana, Turkey: Karahan Yayıncılık
• Phinney, J. S. (1989). Stages of ethnic identity development in minority group adeolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 9, 34-49. doi: 10.1177/0272431689091004
• Phinney, J. S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 499-514. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.499
• Poyraz, B. (2005). The Turkish State and Alevis: Changing parameters of an uneasy relationship, Middle Eastern Studies, 41, 503-516. doi: 10.1080/00263200500119233
• Reiners, G. M. (2012). Understanding the differences between Husserl’s (descriptive) and Heidegger’s (interpretive) phenomenological research. Journal of Nursing & Care, 1, 1-3. doi:10.4172/2167-1168.1000119.
• Romero, A. J., Edwards, L. M., Fryberg, S. A., & Orduña, M. (2014). Resilience to discrimination stress across ethnic identity stages of development. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 44, 1–11. doi: 10.1111/jasp.12192
• Schwandt, T. A. (2001). Dictionary of qualitative inquiry (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
• Smith, J. A. (2004). Reflecting on the development of interpretative phenomenological analysis and its contribution to qualitative research in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 1, 39-54. doi: 10.1191/1478088704qp004oa.
• Smith, J. A. (2011). Evaluating the contribution of interpretative phenomenological Analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5, 9-27. doi: 10.1080/17437199.2010.510659.
• Smith, J. A., Jarman, M., & Osborn, M. (1999). Doing Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. In M. Murray and K. Chamberlain (Ed.s). Qualitative Health Psychology. London: Sage.
• Smith, J.A. & Osborn, M. (2003). Interpretative phenomenological analysis. In J.A. Smith (Ed.), Qualitative Psychology: A Practical Guide to Research Methods. London: Sage.
• Spencer, M. B. & Markstrom-Adams, C. (1990). Identity processes among racial and Ethnic minority children in America. Child Development, 61, 290-310.
• Sue, D. W. & Sue, D. (2013). Counseling the Culturally Diverse: Theory and Practice. New Jersey: Wiley
• Şirin, Ç. V. (2013). Analyzing the determinants of group identity among Alevis in Turkey: A national survey study. Turkish Studies, 14, 74-91, doi:10.1080/14683849.2013.766983
• Thomas, A. J. & Schwarzbaum, S. (2006). Culture and Identity: Life Stories for counselors and therapists, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Tummala-Narral, P. & Sathasivam-Rueckert, N. (2016). The experience of ethnic and racial group membership among immigrant-origin adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research 2016, 31, 299–342. doi: 10.1177/0743558415592178
• Verkuyten, M. & Yildiz, A. A. (2007). National (dis)identification and ethnic and religious identity: A study among Turkish-Dutch Muslims. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 1448-1462. doi: 10.1177/0146167207304276
• Veroff, J. B. & Goldberger, N. R. (1995). What’s in a name? The case for Intercultural psychology. In N. R. Golberger & J. B. Veroff (Eds), The culture and psychology reader. (pp.3-22). Retrieved from https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=wvETCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=tr#v=onepage&q=culture&f=false
• What is a cultural identity? (2016, November 20). Retrieved from https://nobullying.com/cultural-identity/