Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

GÜNEY ÇİN DENİZİNDEKİ BÖLGESEL İHTİLAFLAR VE ÇİN’İN ASKERİ MODERNİZASYONU

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 680 - 698, 05.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.885089

Öz

Doğu ve Güneydoğu Asya bölgeleri son yıllarda küresel ekonomi açısından önemli bir role sahiptir. Bölge devletleri, ulusal ekonomilerindeki gelişmelerle küresel ekonomiye önemli oranda katkı sunmaktadırlar. Bu durum, Doğu ve Güney Doğu Asya’da küresel güçler arasında ve aynı zamanda bölge devletleri arasında sadece ekonomik açıdan değil politik, askeri ve güvenlik açılarından da çok yönlü bir rekabetin doğmasına sebep olmaktadır. Rekabetin en şiddetli konusunu, Güney Çin Denizindeki (GÇD) egemenlik iddialarına ilişkin ihtilaflar oluşturmaktadır. Güney Çin Denizi, sahip olduğu zengin besin değeri ve yer altı kaynakları ile dikkatleri giderek üzerine çekmektedir. GÇD’nin uluslararası deniz ticareti açısından sahip olduğu transit güzergâh rolü, jeopolitik önemi, zengin yer altı ve besin kaynakları bahse konu ihtilafların sebepleri olarak gösterilmektedir. Öte yandan GÇD’deki bölgesel ihtilafların da yerel çatışmalar üzerinde etkili olduğu görülmektedir. Çin’in Güney Çin Denizinin neredeyse tamamı üzerinde hak iddia etmesi ise kıyıdaş devletlerin ve hatta Amerika Birleşik Devletleri (ABD) gibi büyük güçlerin tehdit algılamalarına ve kıyıdaş devletlerarasında egemenlik iddiaları rekabetine sebep olmaktadır. Aynı zamanda kıyıdaş devletlerinin artan askeri kapasiteleri bağlamında egemenlik iddialarının silahlı çatışmaya dönüşme olasılığı da sıkça gündeme taşınmaktadır. Bu noktadan hareketle, GÇD’deki bölgesel ihtilafların ulusal güvenlik açısından Çin’in askeri yapısını ve kapasitesini revize etmesinde önemli bir role sahip olduğu görülmektedir. Öte yandan, Çin’in son yıllarda askeri yapısını ve kapasitesini revizyon programları vasıtasıyla arttırması, bölge güvenliğine yönelik tehditlerin başında gelmektedir. Bu çalışma, Çin’in askeri revizyon programlarını ve askeri revizyonun Çin’in bölgesel ihtilaflarda politikalarını kararlılıkla sürdürmesine nasıl yol açtığını GÇD’deki ihtilaflar bağlamında analiz etmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Austin, G. (2019). China’s assault on South China Sea fisheries: doing the maths, 7 Şubat 2019, ASPI, Erişim tarihi: 14.01.2021. https://www.aspistrategist. org.au/chinas-assault-on-south-china-sea-fisheries-doing-the-maths/
  • Bautist, L. B. (2009). The Historical Background, Geographical Extent and Legal Bases of the Philippine Territorial Water Claim. Journal of Comparative Asian Development, 8(2), 367-369, Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/15339110903326541
  • Bayram, D.Ç. ve Arafat, M. (2018). Hindistan-Çin-ABD Üçgeninde ‘Hint-Pasifik’ Kavramsallaştırması, ANKASAM Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2 (2), 69-102.
  • Beech, H. (2016). Just Where Exactly Did China Get the South China Sea Nine-Dash Line From?, 19 Temmuz 2016, TIME, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. https://time.com/4412191/nine-dash-line-9-south-china-sea/
  • Beech, H. (2015). The South China Sea Is Ours Because It's Got 'China' in the Name, Chinese Admiral Says, 15 Eylül 2015, TIME, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. https://time.com/4034455/south-china-sea-admiral-yuan-yubai-maritime-dispute/
  • Carlson, C. P. (2015). Essay: Inside the Design of China’s Yuan-class Submarine, 31 Ağustos 2015, USNI News, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://news.usni.org/ 2015/08/31/essay-inside-the-design-of-chinas-yuan-class-submarine
  • Chua, D. W. B. (2017). China’s History and the South China Sea, 06 Mart 2017, The Asia Dialogue, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. https://theasiadialogue.com/2017/03 /06/ chinas-history-and-the-south-china-sea/
  • CNN. (1996). Nations condemn Chinese missile tests, 8 Mart 1996, Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2021. http://edition.cnn.com /WORLD / 9603/ china_taiwan/08/
  • Collin, K. S. L. ve Tri, N. M. (2018). Learning From the Battle of the Spratly Islands, 20 Mart 2018, The Diplomat, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. https://thediplomat.com/ 2018/03/learning-from-the-battle-of-the-spratly-islands/
  • CSIS. (2020). How Dominant is China in the Global Arms Trade?, 26 Nisan 2018, Güncelleme: 25 Ağustos 2020, China Power Project, Erişim tarihi: 25.01.2021. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-global-arms-trade/
  • Deutsche Welle (DW). (2017). China keeps building infrastructure on disputed islands in South China Sea, 15 Aralık 2017, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2015. https://www.dw.com/en/china-keeps-building-infrastructure-on-disputed-islands-in-south-china-sea/a-41805980
  • Doğan, D. ve Gürkaynak, M. (2019). Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin Güney Çin Denizinde Dönüşen Yeni stratejisi: Four Sha Doktrini. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(4), 921-947.
  • EIA. (2018). More Than 30% of Global Maritime Crude Oil Trade Moves Through the South China Sea, 27 Ağustos 2018, Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2021. https://www.eia.gov/ todayinenergy /detail. php?id = 36952
  • EIA. (2013). The South China Sea Is an Important World Energy Trade Route, 4 April 2013, Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2021. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/ detail.php?id=10671
  • Fravel, M. T. (2019). Active Defence: China’s Military Strategy Since 1949, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Fravel, M. T. (2015). China’s New Military Strategy: “Winning Informationized Local Wars, 2 Temmuz 2015, China Brief, 15(13), Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2021. https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-new-military-strategy-winning-informationized-local-wars/
  • Gady, F. S. (2015). China to Embrace New ‘Active Defense’ Strategy, 26 Mayıs 2015, The Diplomat, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://thediplomat.com /2015 /05/china-to-embrace-new-active-defense-strategy/
  • Government of China. II. National Defence Policy, Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2021. http://www.china.org.cn /english/ features /book / 194485.htm
  • Granados, U. (2009). Ocean frontier expansion and the Kalayaan Islands Group claim: Philippines' postwar pragmatism in the South China Sea. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 9, 267-294.
  • Ingram, R. (2018). Xinjiang: Life During a People’s War on Terror, 12 Kasım 2018, The Diplomat, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://thediplomat. com/2018 /11/xinjiang-life-during-a-peoples-war-on-terror/
  • ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute. (1988). The Spratly Islands Dispute. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 10(1), 113- 116, Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2021. https://www.jstor.org /stable/25797994
  • Jariod, E. V. (2019). Prospection and Analysis of New Maritime Trade Nets of Asia in the Malacca Strait, Final Project, 2019, Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2021. https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/169660/140869_ElisendaVenturaJariod_ TFG%20(1) .pdf
  • Jibiki, K. ve Hadano, T. (2020). Southeast Asia's defense cuts create opening for China, 20 Haziran 2020, Nikkei Asia, Erişim tarihi: 17.01.2021. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Southeast-Asia-s-defense-cuts-create-opening-for-China2
  • Joffe, E. (2009). People's War under Modern Conditions: A Doctrine for Modern War. The China Quarterly, 112, 555-571.
  • Kanwal, G. (2007). China’s New War Concepts for 21st Century Battlefields, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2015. www.jstor. org /stable/resrep09034
  • Karaoğlu, S. (2020). The South China Sea dispute and its challenges to Japan’s economic interests, 31 Ağustos 2020, Asia Power Watch, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. https://asiapowerwatch. com/the-south-china-sea-dispute-and-its-challenges-to-japans-economic-interests/
  • Kelly, T. C. (1999). Vietnamese Claims to the Truong Sa Archipelago. A Journal of the Southeast Asian Studies Student Association, 3, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/2541/1/Vietnamese%20 Claims%20to%20the%20Truong%20Sa%20Archipelago%20%5BEd.%20Spratly%20.pdf
  • Kivimaki, T. (2016). Legalism, Developmentalism and Securitization: The Case of Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea. E. Fels ve T. M. Vu (Ed.), Power Politics in Asia’s Contested Waters Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea (ss. 57-76). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  • KNOEMA, China - Arms imports in constant prices of 1990, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://knoema.com/atlas/China/Arms-imports Koda, Y. (2016). Japan’s Perceptions of and Interests in the South China Sea. Asia Policy, 26, 29-35, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. www.jstor.org/stable/24905086
  • Kristensen, H. M. ve Korda, M. (2020). The Pentagon’s 2020 China Report, 01 Eylül 2020, FAS, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://fas.org/blogs/security/2020/09/the-pentagons-2020-china-report/
  • Mollman, S. (2016). The line on a 70-year-old map that threatens to set off a war in East Asia, 08 Temmuz 2016, Quartz, Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2021. https://qz.com/705223/where-exactly-did-chinas-nine-dash-line-in-the-south-china-sea-come-from/
  • NTI. (2019). China Submarine Capabilities, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/china-submarine-capabilities/
  • Odeyemi, C. (2015). UNCLOS and maritime security: the “securitisation” of the South China Sea disputes. Defense & Security Analysis, 31:4, 293-302, doi: 10.1080/14751798.2015.1101186
  • Schofield, C. (2016). Untangling A Complex web: Understanding Competing Maritime Claims in the South China Sea. I. Storey ve L. Cheng-yi (Ed.), The South China Sea Dispute: Navigating Diplomatic and Strategic tensions (ss. 21-46), Singapur: ISEAS Publishing.
  • Song, Y. (1999). China’s missile tests in the Taiwan Strait: Relevant international law questions. Marine Policy, 23(1), 81-102.
  • The Guardian. (2016). China has reclaimed 3,200 acres in the South China Sea, says Pentagon, 13 Mayıs 2016, Erişim tarihi: 25.01.2021. https://www.theguardian. com/world/2016/may/13/pentagon-report-china-reclaimed-3200-acres-south-china-sea
  • United Nations. (2009). Maritime Zone Notification, 21 Nisan 2009, Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2021. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/ PDFFILES/mzn_s/mzn69.pdf
  • United States Department of State Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. (2014). Limits in the Seas. No. 142 Philippines: Archipelagic and other Maritime Claims and Boundaries, Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2021. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/LIS-142.pdf
  • Vuving, A. L. (2016). South China Sea: Who Occupies What in the Spratlys?, 06 Mayıs 2016, The Diplomat, Erişim tarihi: 25.01.2021. https://thediplomat.com/ 2016/05/south-china-sea-who-claims-what-in-the-spratlys/#:~:text=In%20the %20Spratly%20Islands%2C%20China,and%20Mischief%20Reef%20since%201995.&text=Fiery%20Cross%20Reef%20(%E6%B0%B8%E6%9A%91,%E7%BE%8E%E6%B5%8E%E7%A4%81%20Meiji%20Jiao).
  • Yeo, M. (2020). Report estimates Chinese nuclear stockpile at 350 warheads, 14 Aralık 2020, Defence News, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://www. defensenews .com/global/asia-pacific/2020/12/14/report-estimates-chinese-nuclear-stockpile-at-350-warheads/
  • Yeo, M. (2020). China announces $178.2 billion military budget, 22 Mayıs 2020, Defence News, Erişim Tarihi: 23.01.2021. https://www.defensenews.com /global /asia-pacific/2020/05/22 /china-announces-1782-billion-military-budget/
  • Zhao, S. (2011). China’s Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea and East China Sea, 31 Mayıs 2011, China Briefing, Erişim Tarihi: 25.01.2021. https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-territorial-disputes-in-the-south-china-sea-and-east-china-sea/

THE REGIONAL DISPUTES IN THE SOUTH CHINA SEA AND CHINA’S MILITARY MODERNIZATION

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 680 - 698, 05.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.885089

Öz

The East and Southeast Asia regions have an important role in terms of global economy in recent years. The states in the regions have contributed to global economy through the developments of their national economies. This circumstance has also caused to emerge a multidimensional both economic and politics, military, security competition among global powers and regional states. One of the most critical issues related to the competition is the regional disputes. The South China Sea has drawn attention by its potential on food source and hydrocarbon’s. The transit route role, geopolitical importance, rich energy and food resources of the South China Sea has been indicated as the inducements of the regional disputes. On the other hand, it has been seen that the regional disputes in the South China Sea have an effect on the local conflicts. China’s allegations on total part of the South China Sea has caused a threat perception for the riparian states and global powers such as the U.S. and a competition on sovereignty allegations among the riparian states. The possibility of sovereignty allegations’ transformation to an armed conflict in the context of the riparian states’ increasing military capacity has also been brought to the agenda frequently. From this point forth, it is seen that territorial disputes in South China Sea has an important role in the revision of China’s military structure and capacity in the context of national security. Furthermore, China’s struggle for increasing its military structure and capacity through revision programs in recent years has been the major threat in terms of the region security. This article analyzes China’s military revision programs and how military revision causes China to maintain its political assertiveness in the territorial disputes in the context of the South China Sea disputes. 

Kaynakça

  • Austin, G. (2019). China’s assault on South China Sea fisheries: doing the maths, 7 Şubat 2019, ASPI, Erişim tarihi: 14.01.2021. https://www.aspistrategist. org.au/chinas-assault-on-south-china-sea-fisheries-doing-the-maths/
  • Bautist, L. B. (2009). The Historical Background, Geographical Extent and Legal Bases of the Philippine Territorial Water Claim. Journal of Comparative Asian Development, 8(2), 367-369, Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/15339110903326541
  • Bayram, D.Ç. ve Arafat, M. (2018). Hindistan-Çin-ABD Üçgeninde ‘Hint-Pasifik’ Kavramsallaştırması, ANKASAM Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2 (2), 69-102.
  • Beech, H. (2016). Just Where Exactly Did China Get the South China Sea Nine-Dash Line From?, 19 Temmuz 2016, TIME, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. https://time.com/4412191/nine-dash-line-9-south-china-sea/
  • Beech, H. (2015). The South China Sea Is Ours Because It's Got 'China' in the Name, Chinese Admiral Says, 15 Eylül 2015, TIME, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. https://time.com/4034455/south-china-sea-admiral-yuan-yubai-maritime-dispute/
  • Carlson, C. P. (2015). Essay: Inside the Design of China’s Yuan-class Submarine, 31 Ağustos 2015, USNI News, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://news.usni.org/ 2015/08/31/essay-inside-the-design-of-chinas-yuan-class-submarine
  • Chua, D. W. B. (2017). China’s History and the South China Sea, 06 Mart 2017, The Asia Dialogue, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. https://theasiadialogue.com/2017/03 /06/ chinas-history-and-the-south-china-sea/
  • CNN. (1996). Nations condemn Chinese missile tests, 8 Mart 1996, Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2021. http://edition.cnn.com /WORLD / 9603/ china_taiwan/08/
  • Collin, K. S. L. ve Tri, N. M. (2018). Learning From the Battle of the Spratly Islands, 20 Mart 2018, The Diplomat, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. https://thediplomat.com/ 2018/03/learning-from-the-battle-of-the-spratly-islands/
  • CSIS. (2020). How Dominant is China in the Global Arms Trade?, 26 Nisan 2018, Güncelleme: 25 Ağustos 2020, China Power Project, Erişim tarihi: 25.01.2021. https://chinapower.csis.org/china-global-arms-trade/
  • Deutsche Welle (DW). (2017). China keeps building infrastructure on disputed islands in South China Sea, 15 Aralık 2017, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2015. https://www.dw.com/en/china-keeps-building-infrastructure-on-disputed-islands-in-south-china-sea/a-41805980
  • Doğan, D. ve Gürkaynak, M. (2019). Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti’nin Güney Çin Denizinde Dönüşen Yeni stratejisi: Four Sha Doktrini. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(4), 921-947.
  • EIA. (2018). More Than 30% of Global Maritime Crude Oil Trade Moves Through the South China Sea, 27 Ağustos 2018, Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2021. https://www.eia.gov/ todayinenergy /detail. php?id = 36952
  • EIA. (2013). The South China Sea Is an Important World Energy Trade Route, 4 April 2013, Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2021. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/ detail.php?id=10671
  • Fravel, M. T. (2019). Active Defence: China’s Military Strategy Since 1949, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • Fravel, M. T. (2015). China’s New Military Strategy: “Winning Informationized Local Wars, 2 Temmuz 2015, China Brief, 15(13), Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2021. https://jamestown.org/program/chinas-new-military-strategy-winning-informationized-local-wars/
  • Gady, F. S. (2015). China to Embrace New ‘Active Defense’ Strategy, 26 Mayıs 2015, The Diplomat, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://thediplomat.com /2015 /05/china-to-embrace-new-active-defense-strategy/
  • Government of China. II. National Defence Policy, Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2021. http://www.china.org.cn /english/ features /book / 194485.htm
  • Granados, U. (2009). Ocean frontier expansion and the Kalayaan Islands Group claim: Philippines' postwar pragmatism in the South China Sea. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 9, 267-294.
  • Ingram, R. (2018). Xinjiang: Life During a People’s War on Terror, 12 Kasım 2018, The Diplomat, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://thediplomat. com/2018 /11/xinjiang-life-during-a-peoples-war-on-terror/
  • ISEAS - Yusof Ishak Institute. (1988). The Spratly Islands Dispute. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 10(1), 113- 116, Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2021. https://www.jstor.org /stable/25797994
  • Jariod, E. V. (2019). Prospection and Analysis of New Maritime Trade Nets of Asia in the Malacca Strait, Final Project, 2019, Erişim tarihi: 15.01.2021. https://upcommons.upc.edu/bitstream/handle/2117/169660/140869_ElisendaVenturaJariod_ TFG%20(1) .pdf
  • Jibiki, K. ve Hadano, T. (2020). Southeast Asia's defense cuts create opening for China, 20 Haziran 2020, Nikkei Asia, Erişim tarihi: 17.01.2021. https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/Southeast-Asia-s-defense-cuts-create-opening-for-China2
  • Joffe, E. (2009). People's War under Modern Conditions: A Doctrine for Modern War. The China Quarterly, 112, 555-571.
  • Kanwal, G. (2007). China’s New War Concepts for 21st Century Battlefields, Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, Erişim tarihi: 23.01.2015. www.jstor. org /stable/resrep09034
  • Karaoğlu, S. (2020). The South China Sea dispute and its challenges to Japan’s economic interests, 31 Ağustos 2020, Asia Power Watch, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. https://asiapowerwatch. com/the-south-china-sea-dispute-and-its-challenges-to-japans-economic-interests/
  • Kelly, T. C. (1999). Vietnamese Claims to the Truong Sa Archipelago. A Journal of the Southeast Asian Studies Student Association, 3, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/2541/1/Vietnamese%20 Claims%20to%20the%20Truong%20Sa%20Archipelago%20%5BEd.%20Spratly%20.pdf
  • Kivimaki, T. (2016). Legalism, Developmentalism and Securitization: The Case of Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea. E. Fels ve T. M. Vu (Ed.), Power Politics in Asia’s Contested Waters Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea (ss. 57-76). Cham, Switzerland: Springer.
  • KNOEMA, China - Arms imports in constant prices of 1990, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://knoema.com/atlas/China/Arms-imports Koda, Y. (2016). Japan’s Perceptions of and Interests in the South China Sea. Asia Policy, 26, 29-35, Erişim tarihi: 21.01.2021. www.jstor.org/stable/24905086
  • Kristensen, H. M. ve Korda, M. (2020). The Pentagon’s 2020 China Report, 01 Eylül 2020, FAS, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://fas.org/blogs/security/2020/09/the-pentagons-2020-china-report/
  • Mollman, S. (2016). The line on a 70-year-old map that threatens to set off a war in East Asia, 08 Temmuz 2016, Quartz, Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2021. https://qz.com/705223/where-exactly-did-chinas-nine-dash-line-in-the-south-china-sea-come-from/
  • NTI. (2019). China Submarine Capabilities, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/china-submarine-capabilities/
  • Odeyemi, C. (2015). UNCLOS and maritime security: the “securitisation” of the South China Sea disputes. Defense & Security Analysis, 31:4, 293-302, doi: 10.1080/14751798.2015.1101186
  • Schofield, C. (2016). Untangling A Complex web: Understanding Competing Maritime Claims in the South China Sea. I. Storey ve L. Cheng-yi (Ed.), The South China Sea Dispute: Navigating Diplomatic and Strategic tensions (ss. 21-46), Singapur: ISEAS Publishing.
  • Song, Y. (1999). China’s missile tests in the Taiwan Strait: Relevant international law questions. Marine Policy, 23(1), 81-102.
  • The Guardian. (2016). China has reclaimed 3,200 acres in the South China Sea, says Pentagon, 13 Mayıs 2016, Erişim tarihi: 25.01.2021. https://www.theguardian. com/world/2016/may/13/pentagon-report-china-reclaimed-3200-acres-south-china-sea
  • United Nations. (2009). Maritime Zone Notification, 21 Nisan 2009, Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2021. https://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/ PDFFILES/mzn_s/mzn69.pdf
  • United States Department of State Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. (2014). Limits in the Seas. No. 142 Philippines: Archipelagic and other Maritime Claims and Boundaries, Erişim tarihi: 22.01.2021. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/LIS-142.pdf
  • Vuving, A. L. (2016). South China Sea: Who Occupies What in the Spratlys?, 06 Mayıs 2016, The Diplomat, Erişim tarihi: 25.01.2021. https://thediplomat.com/ 2016/05/south-china-sea-who-claims-what-in-the-spratlys/#:~:text=In%20the %20Spratly%20Islands%2C%20China,and%20Mischief%20Reef%20since%201995.&text=Fiery%20Cross%20Reef%20(%E6%B0%B8%E6%9A%91,%E7%BE%8E%E6%B5%8E%E7%A4%81%20Meiji%20Jiao).
  • Yeo, M. (2020). Report estimates Chinese nuclear stockpile at 350 warheads, 14 Aralık 2020, Defence News, Erişim tarihi: 24.01.2021. https://www. defensenews .com/global/asia-pacific/2020/12/14/report-estimates-chinese-nuclear-stockpile-at-350-warheads/
  • Yeo, M. (2020). China announces $178.2 billion military budget, 22 Mayıs 2020, Defence News, Erişim Tarihi: 23.01.2021. https://www.defensenews.com /global /asia-pacific/2020/05/22 /china-announces-1782-billion-military-budget/
  • Zhao, S. (2011). China’s Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea and East China Sea, 31 Mayıs 2011, China Briefing, Erişim Tarihi: 25.01.2021. https://www.china-briefing.com/news/chinas-territorial-disputes-in-the-south-china-sea-and-east-china-sea/
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Murat Yorulmaz 0000-0002-3664-0451

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Mayıs 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Yorulmaz, M. (2021). GÜNEY ÇİN DENİZİNDEKİ BÖLGESEL İHTİLAFLAR VE ÇİN’İN ASKERİ MODERNİZASYONU. Uluslararası Anadolu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 680-698. https://doi.org/10.47525/ulasbid.885089

19792  21391 18309     

Our journal licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License