AN INVESTIGATION ON THE IMPACT OF INCOME INEQUALITY ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION IN LINE WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS: EVIDENCE FROM BRAZIL

Yıl 2024, , 39 - 52, 05.05.2024

Elif Koçak

https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1398808

Cited By: 2

Öz

With the understanding that environmental pollution disrupts the ecological balance and therefore is a global problem, the issue of pollution has been among the agenda topics of countries for a long time. In order to solve this problem, sustainable development goals have been put forward. However, these goals may conflict with each other. The aim of this study is to examine the possible harmony or conflict between SDG 10 and SDG 13, which are within the scope of sustainable development goals. In this regard, an empirical analysis was carried out for Brazil, which is in the newly industrialized country (NIC) category, based on the 1990-2020 observation interval. The relationship between the variables included in the empirical model was investigated with the ARDL bounds test and the Toda-Yamamoto causality test. In line with the results obtained, it was determined that the increase in income inequality increased the CO2 emission level. Additionally, it has been determined that there is a one-way causality relationship from income inequality to environmental pollution. It has been observed that these two goals are compatible.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ARDL, CO2 Emission, EKC Hypothesis, Income Inequality, Sustainable Development

SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİR KALKINMA HEDEFLERİ DOĞRULTUSUNDA GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN ÇEVRE KİRLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİNE İLİŞKİN BİR İNCELEME: BREZİLYA’DAN KANITLAR

Öz

Çevre kirliliğinin ekolojik dengeyi bozması ve küresel çapta bir sorun olmasının anlaşılmasıyla birlikte kirlilik konusu uzun zamandır ülkelerin gündem başlıkları arasında yer almaktadır. Söz konusu bu sorunun çözülebilmesi için ise sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri ortaya konulmuştur. Ancak ortaya konulan bu hedefler birbiriyle çelişebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri (SDG) kapsamında yer alan SDG 10 ve SDG 13 arasındaki muhtemel uyum ya da çatışmanın incelenmesidir. Bu doğrultuda yeni sanayileşmiş ülke (NIC) kategorisinde yer alan Brezilya için 1990-2020 gözlem aralığı baz alınarak ampirik bir analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ampirik modele dahil edilen değişkenler arasındaki ilişki ise ARDL sınır testi ve Toda-Yamamoto nedensellik testi ile araştırılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda gelir eşitsizliğindeki artışın CO2 emisyon seviyesini artırdığı saptanmıştır. Ayrıca gelir eşitsizliğinden çevre kirliliğine doğru tek yönlü nedensellik ilişkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri kapsamında yer alan söz konusu iki hedefin uyumlu olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ARDL, CO2 Emisyonu, EKC Hipotezi, Gelir Eşitsizliği, Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma

Kaynakça

• Adedoyin, F., Ozturk, I., Abubakar, I., Kumeka, T., Folarin, O. ve Bekun, F. V. (2020). Structural Breaks in CO2 Emissions: Are They Caused by Climate Change Protests or Other Factors?. Journal of Environmental Management, 266, 110628.
• Baek, J. ve Gweisah, G. (2013). Does Income Inequality Harm the Environment?: Empirical Evidence From the United States. Energy Policy, 62, 1434-1437.
• Baloch, M. A., Khan, S. U. D., Ulucak, Z. Ş., & Ahmad, A. (2020). Analyzing the Relationship Between Poverty, Income Inequality, and CO2 Emission in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Science of the Total Environment, 740, 139867.
• Bekun, F. V., Alola, A. A. ve Sarkodie, S. A. (2019). Toward A Sustainable Environment: Nexus Between CO2 Emissions, Resource Rent, Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy in 16-EU Countries. Science of the Total Environment, 657, 1023-1029.
• Boyce, J. K. (1994). Inequality As A Cause of Environmental Degradation. Ecological Economics, 11(3), 169-178.
• Bozkurt, C. ve Yusuf, A. K. A. N. (2014). Economic Growth, CO2 Emissions and Energy Consumption: The Turkish Case. International Journal of Energy Economics And Policy, 4(3), 484-494.
• Brännlund, R., & Ghalwash, T. (2008). The Income–Pollution Relationship and The Role Of Income Distribution: An Analysis Of Swedish Household Data. Resource and Energy Economics, 30(3), 369-387.
• Chen, J., Xian, Q., Zhou, J., & Li, D. (2020). Impact of Income Inequality on CO2 Emissions in G20 Countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 271, 110987.
• Cho, H. (2021). Determinants of the Downward Sloping Segment of the EKC in High-Income Countries: The Role Of Income Inequality and Institutional Arrangement. Cogent Economics & Finance, 9(1), 1954358.
• Clement, M., & Meunie, A. (2010). Is Inequality Harmful For The Environment? An Empirical Analysis Applied To Developing And Transition Countries. Review Of Social Economy, 68(4), 413-445.
• Demir, C., Cergibozan, R. ve Gök, A. (2019). Income Inequality and CO2 Emissions: Empirical Evidence From Turkey. Energy & Environment, 30(3), 444-461.
• Destek, M. (2019). Türkiye’de Gelir Dağılımının Çevre Kirliliği Üzerindeki Etkileri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 18(4), 1477-1488.
• Destek, M. A., Ulucak, R. ve Dogan, E. (2018). Analyzing The Environmental Kuznets Curve For The EU Countries: The Role Of Ecological Footprint. Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 25(29), 29387-29396.
• Dickey, D. A., ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics For Autoregressive Time Series With A Unit Root. Econometrica: Journal Of The Econometric Society, 1057-1072.
• Dinda, S. (2004). Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis: A Survey. Ecological Economics, 49(4), 431-455.
• Grossman, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental Impacts Of A North American Free Trade Agreement.
• Grunewald, N., Klasen, S., Martínez-Zarzoso, I. ve Muris, C. (2017). The Trade-Off Between Income Inequality and Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Ecological Economics, 142, 249-256.
• Guo, L. (2014). CO2 Emissions and Regional Income Disparity: Evidence From China. The Singapore Economic Review, 59(01), 1450007.
• Hailemariam, A., Dzhumashev, R. ve Shahbaz, M. (2020). Carbon Emissions, Income Inequality and Economic Development. Empirical Economics, 59(3), 1139-1159.
• Hickel, J. (2019). The Contradiction Of The Sustainable Development Goals: Growth Versus Ecology On A Finite Planet. Sustainable Development, 27(5), 873-884.
• Jorgenson, A., Schor, J. ve Huang, X. (2017). Income Inequality and Carbon Emissions in The United States: A State-Level Analysis, 1997–2012. Ecological Economics, 134, 40-48.
• Kasuga, H. ve Takaya, M. (2017). Does Inequality Affect Environmental Quality? Evidence From Major Japanese Cities. Journal Of Cleaner Production, 142, 3689-3701.
• Khan, S. A. R. (2019). The Nexus Between Carbon Emissions, Poverty, Economic Growth, and Logistics Operations-Empirical Evidence From Southeast Asian Countries. Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 26(13), 13210-13220.
• Knight, K. W., Schor, J. B. ve Jorgenson, A. K. (2017). Wealth Inequality and Carbon Emissions in High-Income Countries. Social Currents, 4(5), 403-412.
• Koçak, E., Ulucak, R., Dedeoğlu, M. ve Ulucak, Z. Ş. (2019). Is There A Trade-Off Between Sustainable Society Targets İn Sub-Saharan Africa?. Sustainable Cities And Society, 51, 101705.
• Kusumawardani, D., & Dewi, A. K. (2020). The Effect Of Income ınequality on Carbon Dioxide Emissions: A Case Study of Indonesia. Heliyon, 6(8).
• Kuznets, S. (1955) ‘Economic Growth and Income Inequality’, The American Economic Review, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp.1–28.
• Liu, Q., Wang, S., Zhang, W., Li, J. ve Kong, Y. (2019). Examining The Effects Of Income Inequality on CO2 Emissions: Evidence From Non-Spatial And Spatial Perspectives. Applied Energy, 236, 163-171.
• Ozcan, B. ve Apergis, N. (2018). The Impact Of İnternet Use On Air Pollution: Evidence From Emerging Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(5), 4174-4189.
• Padhan, H., Haouas, I., Sahoo, B. ve Heshmati, A. (2019). What Matters For Environmental Quality in the Next Eleven Countries: Economic Growth or Income Inequality?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(22), 23129-23148.
• Qu, B., & Zhang, Y. (2011). Effect of Income Distribution on the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Pacific Economic Review, 16(3), 349-370.
• Scruggs, L. A. (1998). Political and Economic Inequality andtThe Environment. Ecological Economics, 26(3), 259-275.
• Solt, F. (2020). Measuring İncome Inequality Across Countries and Over Time: The Standardized World Income Inequality Database. Social Science Quarterly, 101(3), 1183-1199.
• Uzar, U. ve Eyuboglu, K. (2019). The Nexus Between Income Inequality and CO2 Emissions in Turkey. Journal Of Cleaner Production, 227, 149-157.
• Veblen, T. (1934). Theory of the Leisure Class. Modern Library, New York.
• Wang, S., Zhang, W., Wang, H., Wang, J. ve Jiang, M. J. (2021). How Does Income Inequality Influence Environmental Regulation in the Context of Corruption? A Panel Threshold Analysis Based on Chinese Provincial Data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15), 8050.
• Wolde-Rufael, Y. ve Idowu, S. (2017). Income Distribution and CO2 Emission: A Comparative Analysis For China and India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 1336-1345.
• World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), (1987). Our Common Future. The Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. Oxford University Press: New York.
• Yang, B., Ali, M., Hashmi, S. H. ve Shabir, M. (2020). Income Inequality and CO2 Emissions in Developing Countries: The Moderating Role of Financial Instability. Sustainability, 12(17), 6810.
• Zhang, C. ve Zhao, W. (2014). Panel Estimation For Income Inequality and CO2 Emissions: A Regional Analysis İn China. Applied energy, 136, 382-392.
• Zhao, W., Hafeez, M., Maqbool, A., Ullah, S., & Sohail, S. (2021). Analysis of Income Inequality and Environmental Pollution in BRICS Using Fresh Asymmetric Approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 51199-51209.
• Zivot, E., & Andrews, D. (1992). Further Evidence of the Great Crash, The Oil-Price Shock and The Unit-Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 10, 251–270.