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YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, NÜFUS YOĞUNLUĞU VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN CO2 SALIMINA ETKİSİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2018, Prof. Dr. Harun TERZİ Özel Sayısı, 303 - 318, 19.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.441173

Öz

Bu çalışma Türkiye’de 1981-2014 döneminde nüfus
yoğunluğu, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, finansal gelişme, gelir ve karbon (CO2)
salımı arasındaki ilişkilerin çevresel Kuznets eğrisi (ÇKE) hipotezi kapsamında
incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır. ARDL sınır testi ile tahmin edilen uzun dönem
katsayıları nüfus yoğunluğu, finansal gelişme ve ekonomik büyümenin CO2
salımını arttırdığını, alternatif enerji tüketiminin ise çevre kalitesi
üzerinde pozitif bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın
sonuçları ayrıca ÇKE hipotezinin Türkiye için geçerli olduğunu belirtmektedir.
Ancak 12,421$ olarak belirlenen dönüm noktası analiz dönemindeki en yüksek kişi
başına düşen gelir düzeyinin üzerinde yer almaktadır. Bu nedenle Türkiye’de
gelir düzeyi arttıkça CO2 salımı da artmaya devam etmektedir.
Yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin bir göstergesi olarak
kullanılan karbonhidrat içermeyen enerji tüketimi, Türkiye için CO2
salımını azaltmada alternatif bir çözüm olabilir.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, K., Shahbaz, M., Qasim, A. ve Long, W. (2015). The Linkages between Deforestation, Energy and Growth for Environmental Degradation in Pakistan. Ecological Indicators, 49, 95-103.
  • Ahmed, K. ve Long, W. (2012). Environmental Kuznets Curve and Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, 4-13.
  • Akbostancı, E., Türüt-Aşık, S. ve Tunç, G. İ. (2009). The Relationship between Income and Environment in Turkey: Is There an Environmental Kuznets Curve?. Energy Policy, 37(3), 861-867.
  • Arı, A. ve Zeren, F. (2011). CO2 Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 37-47.
  • Arrow, K., Bolin, B., Costanza, R., Dasgupta, P., Folke, C., Holling, C. S., Jansson, B. O., Levin, S., Maler, K. G., Perrings, C. ve Pimentel, D. (1995). Economic growth, Carrying Capacity, and the Environment. Ecological Economics, 15(2), 91-95.
  • Artan, S., Hayaloğlu, P. ve Seyhan, B. (2015). Türkiye’de Çevre Kirliliği, Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 308-325.
  • Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S. ve Ozturk, I. (2015). The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade: Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis for Sub‐Saharan Africa Countries. African Development Review, 27(3), 288-300.
  • Bilgili, F., Koçak, E. ve Bulut, Ü. (2016). The Dynamic Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions: A Revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838-845.
  • Bozkurt, C. ve Okumuş, İ. (2015). Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi, Ticari Serbestleşme ve Nüfus Yoğunluğunun CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Yapisal Kirilmali Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(32), 23-35.
  • Bölük, G. ve Mert, M. (2014). Fossil & Renewable Energy Consumption, GHGs (Greenhouse Gases) and Economic Growth: Evidence from A Panel of EU (European Union) Countries. Energy, 74, 439-446.
  • Bölük, G. ve Mert, M. (2015). The Renewable Energy, Growth and Environmental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: An ARDL Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. ve Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, 37(2), 149-192.
  • Çağlar, A. E. ve Mert, M. (2017). Türkiye'de Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Karbon Salımı Üzerine Etkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Yaklaşımı. Yonetim ve Ekonomi, 24(1), 21-38.
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Dogan, I. ve Topalli, N. (2016). Milli Gelir, Karbon Emisyonu ve Enerji Tüketimi: Türkiye İçin Doğrusal ve Doğrusal Olmayan Nedensellik Analizi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 7(1), 107-121.
  • Durusu-Ciftci, D., Ispir, M. S. ve Yetkiner, H. (2017). Financial Development and Economic Growth: Some Theory and more Evidence. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39(2), 290-306.
  • Dünya Bankası (2018). Dünya Bankası Kalkınma Göstergeleri, Washington, DC.
  • Gökmenoğlu, K. ve Taspinar, N. (2016). The Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and FDI: The Case of Turkey. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(5), 706-723.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (No. w3914). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
  • IEA (2016) https://www.iea.org/media/statistics/IEA_Headline EnergyData _2016.xlsx Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2018.
  • Katircioğlu, S. ve Katircioğlu, S. (2018). Testing the Role of Urban Development in the Conventional Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Turkey. Applied Economics Letters, 25(11), 741-746.
  • Kaygusuz, K., Yüksek, Ö. ve Sari, A. (2007). Renewable Energy Sources in the European Union: Markets and Capacity. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2(1), 19-29.
  • Kocak, E. (2014). Türkiye’de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliği: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62-73.
  • Lee, C. C., Chiu, Y. B. ve Sun, C. H. (2010). The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Water Pollution: Do Regions Matter? Energy Policy, 38(1), 12-23.
  • Liu, X. ve Bae, J. (2018). Urbanization and Industrialization Impact of CO2 Emissions in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 178-186.
  • Mert, M. ve Bölük, G. (2016). Do Foreign Direct Investment and Renewable Energy Consumption Affect the CO2 Emissions? New Evidence from A Panel ARDL Approach to Kyoto Annex Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(21), 21669-21681.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The Saving and Investment nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Nasreen, S., Anwar, S. ve Ozturk, I. (2017). Financial Stability, Energy Consumption and Environmental Quality: Evidence from South Asian Economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 1105-1122.
  • Ohlan, R. (2015). The Impact of Population Density, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Trade Openness on CO2 Emissions in India. Natural Hazards, 79(2), 1409-1428.
  • Onafowora, O. A. ve Owoye, O. (2014). Bounds Testing Approach to Analysis of the Environment Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. Energy Economics, 44, 47-62.
  • Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K. K. ve Taspinar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC Hypothesis by Considering Trade Openness, Urbanization, and Financial Development: The Case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690-16701.
  • Ozcan, B. (2013). The Nexus between Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Middle East Countries: A Panel Data Analysis. Energy Policy, 62, 1138-1147.
  • Özcan, B. (2015). ÇKE Hipotezi Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri İçin Geçerli Mi? Panel Veri Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 16(1), 1-14.
  • Panayotou T. (1993). Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, Working Paper; WP238.
  • Pata, U. K. (2018a). The Effect of Urbanization and Industrialization on Carbon Emissions in Turkey: Evidence from ARDL Bounds Testing Procedure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8), 7740-7747.
  • Pata, U. K. (2018b). Renewable Energy Consumption, Urbanization, Financial Development, Income and CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC Hypothesis with Structural Breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P. C. ve Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Rahman, M. M. (2017). Do Population Density, Economic Growth, Energy Use and Exports Adversely Affect Environmental Quality in Asian Populous Countries?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 506-514.
  • Richmond, A. K. ve Kaufmann, R. K. (2006). Is there a Turning Point in the Relationship between Income and Energy Use and/or Carbon Emissions?. Ecological Economics, 56(2), 176-189.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2011). Financial Development and Energy Consumption in Central and Eastern European Frontier Economies. Energy Policy, 39, 999-1006.
  • Selden, T. M. ve Song, D. (1994). Environmental Quality and Development: Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions?. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27(2), 147-162.
  • Shahbaz, M., Sbia, R., Hamdi, H. ve Ozturk, I. (2014). Economic Growth, Electricity Consumption, Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631.
  • Sinha, A. ve Shahbaz, M. (2018). Estimation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 emission: Role of Renewable Energy Generation in India. Renewable Energy, 119, 703-711.
  • Sulaiman, J., Azman, A. ve Saboori, B. (2013). The Potential of Renewable Energy: Using the Environmental Kuznets Curve Model. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 9(2), 103-112.
  • Suri, V. ve Chapman, D. (1998). Economic growth, Trade and Energy: Implications for the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Ecological Economics, 25(2), 195-208.
  • Tan, F., Lean, H. H. ve Khan, H. (2014). Growth and Environmental Quality in Singapore: Is There Any Trade-Off?. Ecological indicators, 47, 149-155.
  • Yurtkuran, S. ve Terzi, H. (2018). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisinin Ampirik Olarak Analizi: Meksika Örneği. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 20, 267-284.
  • Zambrano‐Monserrate, M. A., Carvajal-Lara, C. ve Urgiles-Sanchez, R. (2018). Is There an Inverted U-Shaped Curve? Empirical Analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Singapore, Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, (1-2), 145-168.

THE EFFECT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY CONSUMPTION, POPULATION DENSITY AND FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT ON CO2 EMISSIONS: THE CASE OF TURKEY

Yıl 2018, Prof. Dr. Harun TERZİ Özel Sayısı, 303 - 318, 19.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.441173

Öz

This paper aims to investigate the relationship between population
density, renewable energy consumption, financial development, income and carbon
(CO2) emissions in Turkey covering the period from
1981 to 2014 within the framework of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC)
hypothesis. The estimated long-term coefficients obtained by the ARDL bounds
testing approach show that population density, financial development and
economic growth increase CO2 emissions while alternative energy
consumption have a positive effect on environment quality. The results of this
study also indicate that EKC hypothesis is valid for Turkey. However, the
turning point determined as $12.421 is above the highest per-capita gross
domestic product (GDP) level in the analysis period. Therefore, income level rises
CO2 emissions continues to increase in Turkey.
Non-carbohydrate energy consumption, used as a measure of
renewable energy consumption, may be an alternative solution to reducing CO2
emissions for Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Ahmed, K., Shahbaz, M., Qasim, A. ve Long, W. (2015). The Linkages between Deforestation, Energy and Growth for Environmental Degradation in Pakistan. Ecological Indicators, 49, 95-103.
  • Ahmed, K. ve Long, W. (2012). Environmental Kuznets Curve and Pakistan: An Empirical Analysis. Procedia Economics and Finance, 1, 4-13.
  • Akbostancı, E., Türüt-Aşık, S. ve Tunç, G. İ. (2009). The Relationship between Income and Environment in Turkey: Is There an Environmental Kuznets Curve?. Energy Policy, 37(3), 861-867.
  • Arı, A. ve Zeren, F. (2011). CO2 Emisyonu ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Analizi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 37-47.
  • Arrow, K., Bolin, B., Costanza, R., Dasgupta, P., Folke, C., Holling, C. S., Jansson, B. O., Levin, S., Maler, K. G., Perrings, C. ve Pimentel, D. (1995). Economic growth, Carrying Capacity, and the Environment. Ecological Economics, 15(2), 91-95.
  • Artan, S., Hayaloğlu, P. ve Seyhan, B. (2015). Türkiye’de Çevre Kirliliği, Dışa Açıklık ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi. Yönetim ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13(1), 308-325.
  • Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S. ve Ozturk, I. (2015). The Role of Renewable Energy Consumption and Trade: Environmental Kuznets Curve Analysis for Sub‐Saharan Africa Countries. African Development Review, 27(3), 288-300.
  • Bilgili, F., Koçak, E. ve Bulut, Ü. (2016). The Dynamic Impact of Renewable Energy Consumption on CO2 Emissions: A Revisited Environmental Kuznets Curve Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 54, 838-845.
  • Bozkurt, C. ve Okumuş, İ. (2015). Türkiye’de Ekonomik Büyüme, Enerji Tüketimi, Ticari Serbestleşme ve Nüfus Yoğunluğunun CO2 Emisyonu Üzerindeki Etkileri: Yapisal Kirilmali Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(32), 23-35.
  • Bölük, G. ve Mert, M. (2014). Fossil & Renewable Energy Consumption, GHGs (Greenhouse Gases) and Economic Growth: Evidence from A Panel of EU (European Union) Countries. Energy, 74, 439-446.
  • Bölük, G. ve Mert, M. (2015). The Renewable Energy, Growth and Environmental Kuznets Curve in Turkey: An ARDL Approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 587-595.
  • Brown, R. L., Durbin, J. ve Evans, J. M. (1975). Techniques for Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships over Time. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, 37(2), 149-192.
  • Çağlar, A. E. ve Mert, M. (2017). Türkiye'de Çevresel Kuznets Hipotezi ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Tüketiminin Karbon Salımı Üzerine Etkisi: Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Yaklaşımı. Yonetim ve Ekonomi, 24(1), 21-38.
  • Dickey, D. A. ve Fuller, W. A. (1981). Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 49(4), 1057-1072.
  • Dogan, I. ve Topalli, N. (2016). Milli Gelir, Karbon Emisyonu ve Enerji Tüketimi: Türkiye İçin Doğrusal ve Doğrusal Olmayan Nedensellik Analizi. Business and Economics Research Journal, 7(1), 107-121.
  • Durusu-Ciftci, D., Ispir, M. S. ve Yetkiner, H. (2017). Financial Development and Economic Growth: Some Theory and more Evidence. Journal of Policy Modeling, 39(2), 290-306.
  • Dünya Bankası (2018). Dünya Bankası Kalkınma Göstergeleri, Washington, DC.
  • Gökmenoğlu, K. ve Taspinar, N. (2016). The Relationship between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and FDI: The Case of Turkey. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 25(5), 706-723.
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement (No. w3914). National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Halicioglu, F. (2009). An Econometric Study of CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, Income and Foreign Trade in Turkey. Energy Policy, 37(3), 1156-1164.
  • IEA (2016) https://www.iea.org/media/statistics/IEA_Headline EnergyData _2016.xlsx Erişim Tarihi: 22.05.2018.
  • Katircioğlu, S. ve Katircioğlu, S. (2018). Testing the Role of Urban Development in the Conventional Environmental Kuznets Curve: Evidence from Turkey. Applied Economics Letters, 25(11), 741-746.
  • Kaygusuz, K., Yüksek, Ö. ve Sari, A. (2007). Renewable Energy Sources in the European Union: Markets and Capacity. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 2(1), 19-29.
  • Kocak, E. (2014). Türkiye’de Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi Hipotezinin Geçerliliği: ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. İşletme ve İktisat Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(3), 62-73.
  • Lee, C. C., Chiu, Y. B. ve Sun, C. H. (2010). The Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis for Water Pollution: Do Regions Matter? Energy Policy, 38(1), 12-23.
  • Liu, X. ve Bae, J. (2018). Urbanization and Industrialization Impact of CO2 Emissions in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 178-186.
  • Mert, M. ve Bölük, G. (2016). Do Foreign Direct Investment and Renewable Energy Consumption Affect the CO2 Emissions? New Evidence from A Panel ARDL Approach to Kyoto Annex Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(21), 21669-21681.
  • Narayan, P. K. (2005). The Saving and Investment nexus for China: Evidence from Cointegration Tests. Applied Economics, 37(17), 1979-1990.
  • Nasreen, S., Anwar, S. ve Ozturk, I. (2017). Financial Stability, Energy Consumption and Environmental Quality: Evidence from South Asian Economies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 67, 1105-1122.
  • Ohlan, R. (2015). The Impact of Population Density, Energy Consumption, Economic Growth and Trade Openness on CO2 Emissions in India. Natural Hazards, 79(2), 1409-1428.
  • Onafowora, O. A. ve Owoye, O. (2014). Bounds Testing Approach to Analysis of the Environment Kuznets Curve Hypothesis. Energy Economics, 44, 47-62.
  • Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K. K. ve Taspinar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC Hypothesis by Considering Trade Openness, Urbanization, and Financial Development: The Case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690-16701.
  • Ozcan, B. (2013). The Nexus between Carbon Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Middle East Countries: A Panel Data Analysis. Energy Policy, 62, 1138-1147.
  • Özcan, B. (2015). ÇKE Hipotezi Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri İçin Geçerli Mi? Panel Veri Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 16(1), 1-14.
  • Panayotou T. (1993). Empirical Tests and Policy Analysis of Environmental Degradation at Different Stages of Economic Development. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, Working Paper; WP238.
  • Pata, U. K. (2018a). The Effect of Urbanization and Industrialization on Carbon Emissions in Turkey: Evidence from ARDL Bounds Testing Procedure. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(8), 7740-7747.
  • Pata, U. K. (2018b). Renewable Energy Consumption, Urbanization, Financial Development, Income and CO2 Emissions in Turkey: Testing EKC Hypothesis with Structural Breaks. Journal of Cleaner Production, 187, 770-779.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds Testing Approaches to the Analysis of Level Relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289-326.
  • Phillips, P. C. ve Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335-346.
  • Rahman, M. M. (2017). Do Population Density, Economic Growth, Energy Use and Exports Adversely Affect Environmental Quality in Asian Populous Countries?. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 77, 506-514.
  • Richmond, A. K. ve Kaufmann, R. K. (2006). Is there a Turning Point in the Relationship between Income and Energy Use and/or Carbon Emissions?. Ecological Economics, 56(2), 176-189.
  • Sadorsky, P. (2011). Financial Development and Energy Consumption in Central and Eastern European Frontier Economies. Energy Policy, 39, 999-1006.
  • Selden, T. M. ve Song, D. (1994). Environmental Quality and Development: Is There a Kuznets Curve for Air Pollution Emissions?. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27(2), 147-162.
  • Shahbaz, M., Sbia, R., Hamdi, H. ve Ozturk, I. (2014). Economic Growth, Electricity Consumption, Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Relationship in United Arab Emirates. Ecological Indicators, 45, 622-631.
  • Sinha, A. ve Shahbaz, M. (2018). Estimation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for CO2 emission: Role of Renewable Energy Generation in India. Renewable Energy, 119, 703-711.
  • Sulaiman, J., Azman, A. ve Saboori, B. (2013). The Potential of Renewable Energy: Using the Environmental Kuznets Curve Model. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 9(2), 103-112.
  • Suri, V. ve Chapman, D. (1998). Economic growth, Trade and Energy: Implications for the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Ecological Economics, 25(2), 195-208.
  • Tan, F., Lean, H. H. ve Khan, H. (2014). Growth and Environmental Quality in Singapore: Is There Any Trade-Off?. Ecological indicators, 47, 149-155.
  • Yurtkuran, S. ve Terzi, H. (2018). Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisinin Ampirik Olarak Analizi: Meksika Örneği. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi, 20, 267-284.
  • Zambrano‐Monserrate, M. A., Carvajal-Lara, C. ve Urgiles-Sanchez, R. (2018). Is There an Inverted U-Shaped Curve? Empirical Analysis of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Singapore, Asia-Pacific Journal of Accounting & Economics, (1-2), 145-168.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm MAKALELER
Yazarlar

Uğur Korkut Pata

Süleyman Yurtkuran Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Eylül 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Prof. Dr. Harun TERZİ Özel Sayısı

Kaynak Göster

APA Pata, U. K., & Yurtkuran, S. (2018). YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ TÜKETİMİ, NÜFUS YOĞUNLUĞU VE FİNANSAL GELİŞMENİN CO2 SALIMINA ETKİSİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Uluslararası İktisadi Ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi303-318. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.441173

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